Forgotten Chapter Research Articles

A forgotten chapter in the history of immunotherapy: cancer therapy with Blastomyces extracts.

This article recapitulates the discoveries and anti-tumoural therapeutical proposals by Francesco Sanfelice, who in 1931 published an essay entitled The Treatment of Cancer and Sarcoma with Cancrocidin (paraneoforming Blastomycetes). Sanfelice's discoveries are contextualised with subsequent scientific discoveries, especially with those by L. Scott McDaniel and G. Cozad, who evaluated the functionality of murine peritoneal macrophages previously sensitised precisely with Blastomyces dermatitidis antigen extracts. Finally, recent research on the topic of intratumoural microbiota is mentioned showing how Sanfelice's ideas, albeit partly outdated, can still inspire current biomolecular research.

People – the forgotten chapter? From the EU’s neighbourhood policy to post-Brexit Ireland (north and south) – and lasting damage to the integrative capacity of the EU Internal Market project

People – the forgotten chapter? From the EU’s neighbourhood policy to post-Brexit Ireland (north and south) – and lasting damage to the integrative capacity of the EU Internal Market project

The bombing of Pompeii in 1943

In 1943, Pompeii was the object of bombing raids by the Allied forces, a sad and forgotten chapter in the history of the ancient city, which is a topical and prominent issue in light of the recent destruction and war damage suffered by many archaeological sites and museums in the Middle East and North Africa. Along with many Roman buildings, the raids also affected the Museo Pompeiano, resulting in the destruction of most of the objects exhibited. The Museum had been set up according to modern and innovative concepts for the time, and the damage proved to be severe and irreparable, as many of the antiquities on display were of known provenance and contextualized, but still unpublished. After the end of the Second World War, a part of the objects recovered from the ruins of the building were considered hopelessly lost and therefore completely neglected. Among them were hundreds of bronzes belonging to different functional categories: an ongoing project aimed at restoring and studying these artifacts has revealed their potential and some unexpected data, illuminating their complex biography(ies). An attempt is being made to recontextualize these objects in order to trace their provenance on the basis of inventories, archival documents and the bibliography concerning the Museum and its last pre-war layout.

People – the forgotten chapter? From the EU’s neighbourhood policy to post-Brexit Ireland (north and south) – and lasting damage to the integrative capacity of the EU Internal Market project

Following distorted perceptions of the role of people movement in the European Union (EU), the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the EU and the United Kingdom does not enable people movement to the same extent as other Association Agreements between the EU and its other neighbouring states. Even the much discussed Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol (also Windsor Framework) largely ignores people movement, whose protection on the island of Ireland remains weak as a result. This note argues that forgetting the people matters, not only on grounds of the principles, but also for practical relations on the island of Ireland. The island of Ireland accordingly presents an astute case-study for the inherent problems of economic relationships between states which deprioritise person movements. It will start with summarising the principled relevance of free movement of persons, contextualise the state of affairs on the island of Ireland with the EU’s general approach to trade agreements beyond and within its neighbourhood, highlight the complexity of the state of affairs and illustrate its shortcomings through two current examples.

Ordinary men. A forgotten chapter in the Final Solution

The documentary, which lasts just 58 minutes, deals with what is sometimes called the ‘Shoah by bullets’: the massacres perpetrated by German troops and their allies in Eastern Europe, in the villages and towns that the army had just conquered as it advanced. These massacres took place for the entire duration of the war. There were some two million victims: men, women and children, especially but not only Jews, shot down in cold blood by the dozens at the edge of mass graves, most of which remained anonymous.

The Palestine Commission: the forgotten chapter in United Nations peacemaking and peacekeeping in the Arab-Israeli conflict

This article examines the peacemaking and peacekeeping efforts of the United Nations (UN) Palestine Commission, which was charged with implementing the General Assembly’s Resolution 181 on the partition of Palestine between January and May 1948. First, I argue here that the marginalization of the Commission in past literature is unjustified. Its very ineffectiveness in real time made it an important analytical case study in retrospect, elucidating the obstacles that prevented the fulfilment of the Partition Plan and exemplifying the general UN retreat from Resolution 181 shortly after its adoption. Second, the critique levied against the personal/professional abilities of its delegates by some of its contemporaries seems exaggerated; more important were the external, insurmountable problems the Commission faced, which would have likely overwhelmed even the best of diplomats.

A forgotten chapter of Mexican technology and science: Luis Gutiérrez Villegas and poliomyelitis in Mexico

A forgotten chapter of Mexican technology and science: Luis Gutiérrez Villegas and poliomyelitis in Mexico

Astrology, plague, and prognostication in early modern England: A forgotten chapter in the history of public health

Abstract The ability to foresee the outbreak of epidemic disease, and to predict its course, is a highly coveted skill. Most often associated with statistical techniques, such efforts to improve the health of communities are thought to be exclusively modern. Public health more generally is often said to be categorically distinct from pre-modern medicine, which was interested above all in individual patients and rarely considered the broader health of a population. This article challenges these long-entrenched views by showcasing early modern astrologers at work on disease at the population level. Located at the intersection of medicine and mathematics, astrology was once a promising methodology for monitoring the health of the people. Astrologers made annual predictions about the diseases that would predominate in particular regions, disseminating their forecasts widely alongside advice on what should be done in response. Their ability to think in terms of relatively standardized ‘populations’ — alongside their attempts to correlate the incidence of disease with external factors — made astrologers prime candidates for developing novel approaches to epidemics. Before the epidemiologist there was the astrologer, who looked to the stars to find patterns between celestial configurations and major health events, using their findings to model the rise and fall of epidemics.

A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Psychology? Deviant Sexualities, Psychopathology, and Normality

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo produzir uma análise histórica sobre as intersecções entre Psicologia e sexualidade desviantes da norma no Brasil, de fins do século XIX a meados da década de 1980. Esta temporalidade foi escolhida por abarcar o surgimento das pesquisas científicas sobre sexualidade e desvios sexuais, a consolidação dos estudos psicológicos sobre a temática e o processo mais recente de despatologização da homossexualidade. Em termos teóricos e metodológicos, foram adotados os pressupostos da História Social da Psicologia e da historiografia das homossexualidades no Brasil. Desse modo, buscou-se compreender como as ideias, concepções e práticas psicológicas foram mudando ao longo do tempo, em conexão com as transformações socioculturais e políticas que ocorreram durante o século XX. Para isto, foram utilizadas fontes primárias e secundárias de pesquisa com vistas à produção de interpretações sobre as conexões entre as ideias, os atores e os eventos narrados. Argumenta-se, ao longo do artigo, que as ideias e práticas psicológicas estão intrinsecamente conectadas aos contextos socioculturais e políticos de seu tempo, sendo os movimentos dinâmicos e os conflitos presentes nesses contextos fatores determinantes para a sua constituição.

A forgotten chapter in Egyptology: Sir John Gardner Wilkinson's investigations into a dynamic Nile

Recent landscape archaeology projects have assumed that previous generations of Egyptologists eschewed research into environmental change, with the exception of one mid nineteenth century pioneer, Joseph Hekekyan. This article shows that this narrative is mainly a historiographical artefact with little basis in reality: scholars and travellers in Egypt were interested in environmental change, mainly in relation to the River Nile, as far back as the early eighteenth century. Debate about the extent to which Egypt's present-day topography had been shaped by ongoing geomorphological processes on the one hand, and ancient catastrophic events on the other was particularly lively in the early years of the nineteenth century, as was linking such geographical research to historical problems. This article concentrates primarily on the work of one English Egyptologist, Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (1797–1875), in relation to the ancient extent of the Nile Delta, and of the agricultural lands of the Nile valley, at Thebes. Wilkinson followed leading catastrophist geologists, notably Georges Cuvier and Déodat Dolomieu, and investigated alluvial deposition in relation to ancient sites, including the Isle of Pharos, Alexandria, and the Colossi of Memnon, Thebes, in order to reconstruct the ancient landscape, and answer questions relating to Egyptian prehistory and political economy. Although Wilkinson's work may have fallen short of modern standards, it nevertheless demonstrates that early nineteenth century scholars appreciated that Egypt's landscape was dynamic rather than static, and that they used this knowledge to further their understanding of ancient Egyptian history.

Telling the Untold Story: Jewish Wartime Refuge in Haiti in Louis-Philippe Dalembert’s Avant que les ombres s’effacent

Abstract Literary narratives of Jewish refugees in the Caribbean uncover a forgotten chapter of wartime history. A key example is Haitian author Louis-Philippe Dalembert’s novel Avant que les ombres s’effacent (2017), which tracks the traumatic dispersion of a Polish Jewish family to Haiti, Cuba, Israel, and the US in the late 1930s. Dalembert interweaves the tale of his Jewish protagonist’s flight to Haiti with portrayals of the Haitian émigré community in Paris and the Haitian concentration camp prisoner Jean-Marcel Nicolas. Blending fact and fiction, the novel highlights the Haitian state’s little-known efforts to aid Holocaust refugees and connects those efforts to the island nation’s own revolutionary history. In this article, I argue that fiction’s unique traits as a medium of cultural memory enable Dalembert to reframe the wartime past from a Haitian perspective. Avant que les ombres s’effacent harnesses the fictional privileges of literary narrative, mediating between the real and the imaginary and combining Jewish and Caribbean memory systems in unexpected and often startling ways. Generating images of the wartime past that transform our perception of it, the novel moves Haiti to the center of the story and in so doing uncovers global dimensions of Jewish experience.

Ethnic Cleaning for Progress: A Forgotten Chapter of the Panama Canal

Ethnic Cleaning for Progress: A Forgotten Chapter of the Panama Canal

Perceptions. The Unbuilt Synagogue in Buda through Controversial Architectural Tenders (1912–1914)

The unbuilt synagogue in Buda is an almost forgotten chapter in Hungarian architectural history which drew great attention between 1911 and 1914. It was discussed extensively by the contemporary press in the early 20th century and by architects in the Hungarian capital of Austria–Hungary. Between 1912 and 1914 three tenders for the design of the synagogue of Buda were announced, with the participation of well-known (synagogue) architects of Hungary, who represented the diverse architectural styles of the period. The efforts to build the synagogue, including the three failed tenders, the 30 competition designs and the opinions of contemporaries raised, and continue to raise, many provocative questions. The present study is based on the analysis of the designs submitted and criticisms published in official architecture magazines between 1912 and 1914, but not yet studied and published elsewhere. Through these, the study showcases the controversial architectural decisions that could have changed the appearance of a neighbourhood but failed to do so. The study puts the townscape of Széll Kálmán Square in Buda in a new context, revealing another layer of architecture, urban design and architectural-sociology and perception of the capital’s synagogue on the eve of World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

A Parapsychologist, an Anthropologist, and a Vitalist Walk into a Laboratory: Ernesto de Martino, Mircea Eliade, and a Forgotten Chapter in the Disciplinary History of Religious Studies

While the work of the Italian historian of religion, Ernesto de Martino (1908–1965), has frequently been compared to that of Mircea Eliade, Claude Lévi-Strauss, or Clifford Geertz, he has hardly received any attention in anglophone scholarship to date. Taking an all-but-forgotten controversy between de Martino and Eliade at a conference on parapsychology in France in 1956 as its starting point, the article fills part of this lacuna by first reconstructing the philosophical universe underlying the Italian thinker’s program of study. In the process, it introduces the reader to three Weimar scientists, who have never before been inserted within the canon of the study of religion, namely the parapsychologist Albert von Schrenck-Notzing (1862–1929), the anthropologist Leo Frobenius (1873–1938), and the biologist and philosopher Hans Driesch (1867–1941). Contextualizing these thinkers within their historical context, it becomes clear that they were part of a larger scientific crisis that affected the Western world during the first half of the twentieth century. Finally, the article uncovers surprising affinities, particularly the fact that the Romanian thinker had his very own parapsychological phase during his youth.

L’oubli des Russes: An (Almost) Forgotten Chapter in the History of 19th-century Orientalism

L’oubli des Russes: An (Almost) Forgotten Chapter in the History of 19th-century Orientalism

Algebraic Geometry between Noether and Noether — a forgotten chapter in the history of Algebraic Geometry

Algebraic Geometry between Noether and Noether — a forgotten chapter in the history of Algebraic Geometry

James Bruce's ‘Fourth’ Manuscript: Solving the Mystery of the Provenance of the Roman Enoch Manuscript (Vat. et. 71)

For four centuries the book of Enoch was lost to Western Christianity and Judaism. That was until 1773, when Scottish explorer James Bruce brought back from Ethiopia ‘three’ copies of it to France and England. Yet, by the end of the eighteenth century there was another copy of the book of Enoch in Rome, in the library of Cardinal Leonardo Antonelli. This was an Ethiopic manuscript that, around 1825, would be acquired by Angelo Mai for the Vatican Library, where it is currently preserved (Vat. et. 71). The provenance of the manuscript has remained until now unknown. Through the recovery of eighteenth-century neglected letters and documents, this article uncovers a forgotten chapter in James Bruce's biography, his adventurous journey to Rome immediately after his return from Ethiopia, his meeting with Pope Clement XIV, and the ‘fourth’ Enoch manuscript he donated to the Antonelli Library. Personal and political reasons led Bruce to suppress the memory of his precious gift.

A Forgotten Chapter in the History of International Commercial Arbitration: The Slave Trade's Dispute Settlement System

AbstractThis article is part of the ongoing efforts to write a critical history of international arbitration in commercial and investment matters. It examines the ways in which the Spanish crown and its concessionaries set up a mechanism to settle legal disputes pertaining to the transatlantic slave trade. The transformation ofasientos de negrosfrom limited royal contracts to large-scale monopolies awarded to foreign chartered companies during the sixteenth, seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was accompanied by the creation of an international commercial arbitration system. Why was this system set up, how did it work, and what was its faith? The overall aim of the article is to invite international lawyers to rethink the history of international arbitration and pay closer attention to the ‘private’ dimensions of formal and informal imperialism. It also attempts to bridge the historical investigation and contemporary commentary. In the conclusion, I argue that this study allows us, in a mirroring effect, to question the idea that today's dispute settlement mechanism was conceived as a means to ‘depoliticize’ international investment law. What the introduction of arbitration achieves is to place some fundamental questions out of sight. Today, as in the past, arbitrators work from within the system; their work rests on a series of unspoken – and yet highly political – premises about the organization of economic life and the distribution of values.

Liverpool “lunatic asylum”: A forgotten chapter in the history of Australian health care

BackgroundHistorical accounts of Australia’s early colonial lunatic asylums often neglect to mention the asylum that operated in Liverpool, NSW between 1826 and 1839. AimTo find and explore the earliest available evidence of the mental health care provided within Liverpool lunatic asylum. MethodsA literature search was followed by manual searches of primary sources held by the State Records Authority of New South Wales, the State Library of NSW, Liverpool Library and Liverpool Regional Museum. International records available through Ancestry.com were also accessed. FindingsContrary to previous historical accounts, Liverpool lunatic asylum was located within the parsonage of St Luke’s Church in Liverpool. This building was better suited to mental health care than the disused military barracks previously home to the patients of Australia’s first asylum at Castle Hill. DiscussionDespite the substantial challenges of delivering mental health care in the early colony of NSW, the lunatic asylum at Liverpool retained long term staff who worked there throughout the 13 years of its operation. Payment of wages to a nurse within the Liverpool lunatic asylum indicates a shift in approach to nursing in colonial mental health care that makes an important contribution to the historical identity of nursing in Australia. ConclusionClarifying historical information using primary sources that illuminate care within Liverpool lunatic asylum is important because history has the potential to inform and contextualise modern approaches to health care.

Notes on Contributors

Notes on Contributors