Forestry Waste Research Articles

Estimation of Higher heating Value of Biomass from Proximate and Ultimate Analysis: A Novel Approach

Biomass is the organic matter formed by photosynthesis that occurs on the earth’s surface. They contain all forms of waste compost, including urban solid waste, municipal bio solids, animal wastes, forestry and agricultural wastes, and some industrial wastes. Efficient use of biomass oil would aid in the resolution of issues caused by fossil fuels. However, the biggest issue about using this energy is due to the gas composition of biomass material. As a result, properties of biomass are the critical parameter for assessing the fuel content of a special biomass substance in energetic applications. Gasification is the most mature thermo-chemical conversion technique available among the various methods of transforming biomass materials to bio resources. In this context, proximate and ultimate analysis has been used to classify two groups of biomass material that carry out in this experiment. The proximate analysis results have been obtained by the TGA technique while the ultimate analysis results will obtain by the GC mechanism. Then, based on the proximate analysis data various empirical equations containing linear and nonlinear terms were evaluated in order to predict the higher heating values (HHV) of the entire sample range. Since, the biomasses used in this analysis have different properties and fuel characteristics, the estimated HHV for the wood pellet sample are between 15.33 and 19.71 MJ/kg, while the rubber seed sample is between 15.18 and 18.64 MJ/kg. According to the experimental findings, the HHV of wood pellet is at around 2.95 MJ/Nm3 while the HHV of rubber seed of about 4.99MJ/Nm3. The comparison on the theoretical analysis have been show 0.19% compared to the results on wood pellet while the rubber seed have at around 2.07% difference compare each other. The experimental results on wood pellets, the findings reveal a 15.35% difference, while rubber seed indicates a 13.81% difference. Nonetheless, the finding and analysis on the properties, the results can be considered within reasonable limits.

Pengaruh Variasi Ukuran Partikel Bahan Biopelet Terhadap Laju Pembakaran Dan Kerapatan Massa Pada Limbah Kayu Mahoni

The potential of biomass as an alternative energy source is very abundant, but not yet well managed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 40 mesh, 60 mesh, 80 mesh, 100 size variations on biopelet waste on mass density values ??and combustion ratesThe potential of biomass as an alternative energy source is very abundant, but not yet well managed. Biomass is an organic material derived from leaves, twigs, dry grasses, agricultural waste and forestry waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 40 mesh, 60 mesh, 80 mesh, 100 size variations on biopelet waste on mass density values ??and combustion rates. Mahogany sawdust waste is sorted, then dried in the sun for 7 hours to reduce water content. Furthermore, mahogany wood powder is refined so that the size of the material becomes smaller. Then do the sifting with a variation of 40 mesh sieve, 60 mesh, 80 mesh, 100 mesh. Mahogany wood waste is sorted, then dried in the sun for 7 hours to reduce water content. Furthermore, mahogany wood powder is refined so that the size of the material becomes smaller. Then sieving with 40 mesh sieve variations, 60 mesh, 80 mesh, 100 mesh. Mahogany wood powder is mixed with adhesive using a ratio of 80% mahogany powder and 20% tapioca adhesive. Subsequently printed using a pressure of 115 kg / cm2, allowed to stand for 2 minutes removed from the mold. The results showed the effect of biopelet size on the characteristics of biopelet with the highest density at 100 mesh sieve size with a value of 1.151 g / cm3, and the lowest burning rate was obtained on biopelet with a size of 100 mesh material with a value of 3.58 g / min

Field Study and Chemical Analysis of Plant Waste in the Fez-Meknes Region, Morocco

Throughout the entire world, the biomass plant remains an important source of renewable energy. However, in Morocco, the energy recovery of this biomass is little or badly exploited compared to other solar, hydraulic, and wind resources. The aim of this study is to know the extent to which Moroccan companies are involved in the valorization of green waste and to identify among the latter those that have great energy and industrial value. The field investigation was carried out with the use of a questionnaire to different sectors of activity. The chemical analyses of the waste samples were carried out by different methods: Van Soest to investigate the fiber content, dinitrosalicylic acid and phenol-sulfuric acid to determine sugars, while the Folin–Ciocalteu method was employed for the determination of phenolic compounds. These are the ASTM standard methods to determine elemental, proximate composition, and calorific value (CV). The results of this survey showed that solid vegetable waste is diverse and represents 68.4% of the total green waste, of which 98% is not treated. Moreover, the chemical analysis displayed that forestry waste (FW), extracted parts wastes (EPW), and unused parts wastes (UPW) of medicinal and aromatic plants have high contents of cellulose (respectively 34.75, 48.44, and 54.19%) and hemicelluloses (28.44, 27.19 and 28.50%) and containing low amounts of lignin and phenolic compounds compared to olive waste (OW), olive pomace (OP), and household waste (HW). Almost all biomass wastes, except HW, have a low moisture (<12%), ash content less than 5.1%, a significant percentage of C and H, and CV between 14.5 and 21.6 MJ/Kg. The PCA analysis showed a discrepancy in terms of components between the set formed by FW, UPW, and EPW with other solid waste. In conclusion, FW, UPW, and EPW, specially can be potentially energetic biomass and valorized together in the form of a mixture.

Preparation of solid organic fertilizer by co-hydrothermal carbonization of peanut residue and corn cob: A study on nutrient conversion

With continuous recognition of green, organic and pollution-free products, the organic fertilizer plays an increasingly important role in agricultural production. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an efficient and environmentally friendly biomass treatment technology that can achieve value-added utilization of solid wastes. This study evaluated the potential of two typical agricultural and forestry wastes (corn cob and peanut residue) in preparing as solid organic fertilizers through HTC. The effects of reaction temperature, residence time, and the raw material composition on hydrochar yield, total nutrient content (TNC), nitrogen recovery, and nutrient elements transformation in HTC were investigated. Corn cob was proven to be not an ideal raw material for the preparation of organic fertilizers because of the low TNC and the high C/N ratio of its hydrochar. On the contrary, peanut residue was suitable for preparing organic fertilizers due to its high TNC and appropriate C/N ratio. The co-HTC of corn cob and peanut residue could further improve the N recovery rate from 8.52% (for peanut residue only) to 19.51% due to the synergistic effect between them. Under the optimal hydrothermal conditions of 240 °C, 120 min, and mixing ratio of 1:1, the hydrochar yield was as high as 27.86%, and the C/N value (11.98) and TNC (6.331%) were both appropriate as fertilizer. Furthermore, the potential migration and transformation paths of nutrients including N, P, K and metal elements in the co-HTC were analyzed. The thermodynamic conditions and raw materials composition significantly affect the migration and transformation of N, P and K between solid and liquid. N dissolved into process water (mainly ammonia) would migrate into hydrochar and bio-oil with increasing of reaction temperature. P was fixed in hydrochar through precipitation and adsorption reaction with metal ions. Further, adjusting pH or adding metal salts can promote the fixation of N and P in solid.

Catalytic activity evaluation and deactivation progress of red mud/carbonaceous catalyst for efficient biomass gasification tar cracking

Developing an efficient and inexpensive catalyst to remove tar is critical to biomass gasification technology. Herein, a red mud/carbonaceous catalyst was prepared by in-situ carbothermal reduction of sawdust and red mud and used in tar catalytic cracking with a two-stage fixed-bed reactor. Through the carbothermal reduction process, the catalyst was not only endowed with a porous carbon structure, but also reduced Fe2O3 in red mud to Fe0, which was beneficial to improve the catalytic activity and stability of the catalyst. The tar conversion efficiency of RM/SD catalyst reached 88.70% at the catalytic cracking temperature of 700 °C, which remained at 80.15% after nine cycles compared with RM (61.79%). The catalytic activity and deactivation progress of RM/SD catalyst were investigated by a variety of characterizations for the chemical states, crystallite sizes and pore structure of RM/SD catalyst after different cycles. Coke deposition and metal oxidation were the main reasons causing catalyst deactivation. During the tar catalytic cracking process, alkaline metals in red mud migrated to the surface of catalyst and cooperated with Fe active phase, which promoted the gasification of coke and alleviated the rapid deactivation of catalyst derived from coke deposition. Meanwhile, the presence of carbon support delayed the oxidation of metal active phase and made the catalyst keep a good tar catalytic cracking performance. Therefore, a potential scheme is proposed for the development and utilization of bauxite residue and forestry wastes for tar cracking.

Facile preparation of lignin nanoparticles from waste Camellia oleifera shell: The solvent effect on the structural characteristic of lignin nanoparticles

This study investigated the water-organic co-solvent for the fractionation of lignin in camellia oleifera shell and further fabrication of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs). The highest dissolution (88.6 wt%) of lignin was obtained in H2O/GVL (3/7, v/v) co-solvent, which was mainly ascribed to the adjacent Hildebrand solubility parameter (δ) between lignin and co-solvent. The LNPs prepared by solvent-shifting method and precipitation exhibited round or oval shape with even distribution. Among which, LNPs obtained from the lignin fraction dissolved in H2O-ethanol co-solvent (denoted as LNP-ETH) showed the smallest average particle size of 136 nm and the highest negative zeta potential of − 39.6 mV, which implied the relatively stable lignin nanoparticles prepared from H2O-ETH co-solvent. The structural analysis of lignin nanoparticles revealed that LNPs maintained the lignin aromatic skeleton, C-O-C/C-C linkages and basic structural units (G, S and H). So far, this research offered great potential for the preparation of lignin-based materials from abundant forestry waste camellia shell.

Efficient construction of a carbon-based symmetric supercapacitor from soybean straw by coupling multi-stage carbonization and mild activation

Hierarchical porous carbon materials were successfully prepared and controlled through a multi-step carbonization and mild-activation route using soybean straw from agricultural and forestry waste as raw material. Developing the unique hierarchical structure of soybean straw as a template during pre-carbonization process, is beneficial for regulation of micro-mesoporous structure at mild-activation route. The specific surface area of the obtained sample is controlled by adjusting the pyrolysis temperature, and reaches 2266.19 m2 g−1 in the presence of a small amount of alkaline activator (mass ratio of soybean straw carbon: KOH=1:2). Moreover, the abundant porosity and specific chemical structure of nitrogen and oxygen in soybean straw-based carbon materials are favorable for an better electrochemical behavior of carbon-based supercapacitor devices. In the three-electrode system, the optimal sample (SSC-700) exhibits the capacitance as high as 380.5 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, and capacitance retention 73.97% after 10000 charge and discharge cycles, and produces a high energy density of 13.2 W h kg−1 at a power density of 52.03 W kg−1. In the two-electrode system, the SSC-700-based symmetric supercapacitor exhibits a high energy density of 8.95 W h kg−1 at a power density of 25 W kg−1 and is able to maintain 5 W h kg−1 at 2500 W kg−1. Furthermore, carbon-based symmetrical supercapacitors also show good cycle capacity, with a capacity loss rate of 0.5% in 5000 cycles. This work shows that soybean straw-based carbon materials have great application potential in high-performance energy storage devices

Enhancing the efficiency of power- and biomass-to-liquid fuel processes using fuel-assisted solid oxide electrolysis cells

Power- and biomass-to-liquid fuel processes (PBtL) can utilize renewable energy and residual forestry waste to produce liquid synthetic fuels, which have the potential to mitigate the climate impacts of the current transportation infrastructure, including the long-haul aviation sector. In a previous study, we demonstrated that implementing a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) in the PBtL process can significantly increase the energy efficiency of fuel production, by supplying the produced hydrogen to a reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reactor to generate syngas, which is then fed downstream to a Fischer–Tropsch (FT) reactor. The tail gas emitted from the FT reactor consists primarily of a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane, and is often recycled to the entrained flow gasifier located at the beginning of the process. In this analysis, we investigate the efficiency gains of the PBtL process as a result of redirecting the tail gas of the FT reactor to the anode of an SOEC to serve as fuel. Supplying fuel to an SOEC can lower the electrical work input required to facilitate steam electrolysis when reacting electrochemically with oxide ions in the anode, which in turn can reduce oxygen partial pressures and thus alleviate material degradation. Accordingly, we develop a thermodynamic framework to reveal the performance limits of fuel-assisted SOECs (FASOECs) and provide strategies to minimize oxygen partial pressures in the SOEC anode. Additionally, we elucidate how much fuel is required to match the heating demands of a cell when steam is supplied to the cathode over a broad range of inlet temperatures, and demonstrate the influence of a set of reaction pathways of the supplied fuel on the operating potential of an FASOEC and the corresponding efficiency gain of the PBtL process. Based on preliminary calculations, we estimate that implementing an FASOEC in the PBtL process can increase the energy efficiency of fuel production to more than 90%, depending on the amount of FT tail gas available to the system.

Natural grass to all-biomass biodegradable tape and superior oil-water separation fabric

Valorization of agricultural and forestry wastes is a promising and meaningful strategy to turn wastes into treasure. Here, we developed a simple and easy-to-scale method to fabricate all-biomass biodegradable tape and superior oil-water separation fabric from the natural grass. The natural Hybrid Pennisetum grass was transformed into the biodegradable and low-cost tapes by partially removing hemicellulose to destroy “biomass recalcitrance” and following a direct dissolution/regeneration process in ionic liquids, because the regenerated all-biomass films from grass exhibit high tensile strength of 58.6 ± 2.9 MPa, which achieves the standard of engineering plastics. In addition, the all-biomass ultrafine fibers with micron-scale diameters were prepared by the air-blowing spinning process. Due to the outstanding hydrophilicity and under-water super-hydrophobicity, the non-woven fabric consisting of 8–12 μm fibers had excellent oil-water separation performance with a super-high flux of exceed 25,000 L•m −2•h −1 (only with gravity) and an extremely high separation efficiency of 100%, which are much better than the previous reports. Furthermore, the all-biomass oil-water separation fabric can be easily prepared and is completely feasible in the high salty solution and acid/alkaline solution. Therefore, a simple and practical process is demonstrated to construct high-performance matetials from low-cost biomass wastes, providing a huge potential in circular economy, environmental protection and bioresource utilization.

Mn-embedded porous rubber seed shell biochar for enhanced removal of copper ions and catalytic efficacy of the used adsorbent for hydrogenation of furfural

Using some metals and their oxides modified biochar adsorbents to purify copper-containing wastewater is effective. However, the degraded reuse performance of waste adsorbents prevented their large-scale application. Thus, in this work, a MnOx-modified porous biochar was firstly obtained by KMnO4 activation of rubber seed shell wastes for Cu(II) ions removal, and then the waste adsorbent was skillfully constructed to Cu-Mn bimetallic catalyst for efficient selective hydrogenation of furfural, realizing the proper disposal of waste adsorbent. The adsorption experiments showed that the optimized Mn-modified biochar (i.e. Mn18%-rssBC) had a good purification capacity for the Cu(II)-containing wastewater with a wide pH range and high strong resistance to some common coexisting ions, and the maximum adsorption capacity of Cu(II) could be up to 200.59 mg/g. The characterization results showed that the oxygen-containing functional groups and a large number of MnOx particles on the surface of Mn18%-rssBC could form stable complexes with Cu(II), making it exhibit efficient and spontaneous multilayer adsorption behavior. In addition, after the reduction of the waste adsorbent, the Cu and Mn species on the surface were uniformly dispersed in the porous carbon in the form of electron-rich nano-polycrystalline aggregates at about 3.5 nm. Under the optimized conditions, the obtained catalyst (i.e., Cu14.3Mn16.5-rssBC) had high catalytic efficiency, which can achieve 100% of furfural conversion and 87.06% of furfuryl alcohol selectivity. In conclusion, this work provided a composite solution for the reuse of copper-containing waste adsorbent, the resource recovery of agricultural and forestry wastes and the efficient transformation of biomass platform compounds.

Microwave-Assisted Conversion of Carbohydrates.

Catalytic conversion of carbohydrates into value-added products and platform chemicals became a trend in recent years. Microwave activation used in the processes of carbohydrate conversion coupled with the proper choice of catalysts makes it possible to enhance dramatically the efficiency and sometimes the selectivity of catalysts. This mini-review presents a brief literature survey related to state-of-the-art methods developed recently by the world research community to solve the problem of rational conversion of carbohydrates, mostly produced from natural resources and wastes (forestry and agriculture wastes) including production of hydrogen, synthesis gas, furanics, and alcohols. The focus is made on microwave technologies used for processing carbohydrates. Of particular interest is the use of heterogeneous catalysts and hybrid materials in processing carbohydrates.

Techniques and applications of lignocellulose biomass sources as transport fuels and other bioproducts

Abstract Lignocellulosic materials are important, cheap and abundantly available biomass feedstock, which include agricultural waste or residues, micro algae, forestry and urban solid wastes for the production of fuels and platform chemicals. These renewable energy supplies assist in decreasing dependence on fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions and thus environmental pollution. The various stages necessary for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and bio products include pre-treatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and product recovery. However, there are many challenges that need to be overcome for successful conversion into useful commercial products while minimizing the formation of by-products at the same time. Each technology involved in the bioconversion has its own characteristics and limitations. A general overview of the different technologies involved in the conversion of lignocellulosic materials is explored, assessed and analysed in this study. Lignocellulosic biomass is most likely to be an indispensable renewable source for the economic biofuels and bioproducts production because of its availability and sustainability. The biofuels and bioproducts have potentials to decrease the use of imported fossil resources thus providing economic benefits. The development of clean, green and renewable technologies will pave the way for commercialization.

Hydrothermal carbonization of forest waste into solid fuel: Mechanism and combustion behavior

The structural characteristics and fuel performance of hydrochars prepared by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of forestry waste (FW) were studied. Proximate analysis and ultimate analysis were used to characterize the chemical composition of the samples, scanning electron microscopy and specific surface area analysis were used to characterize the microscopic results of the samples, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the microcrystalline structure, and non-isothermal thermogravimetry was used to characterize the combustion properties of the HTC products. The results show that with the increase of the HTC temperature, the mass yield of hydrochar decreases, and the content of gas products and liquid products increases. With the increase of HTC temperature, the volatile content of hydrochar gradually decreases, and the fixed carbon content gradually increases. The high heating value (HHV) of FW-280 sample is 1.46 times that of the FW. The porosity and specific surface area increase first and then decrease with the increase of the HTC temperature, and reach the maximum value at 240 °C. With the increase of HTC temperature, the IG/IAll value of the sample increased from 0.282 to 0.346, and the order degree of the carbonaceous structure gradually increased. The combustion process of hydrochars can be divided into two stages: volatile matter removal and carbon combustion. FW-280 has better combustion performance due to its higher carbon content and Rmax2 value of 0.002616. Therefore, the comprehensive research on the physicochemical properties and combustion performance of FW hydrochar will facilitate the expansion of the application of FW resources.

Natural bioaugmentation enhances the application potential of biochar for Cd remediation

As the reuse of agricultural and forestry waste, leaf biochar can remove heavy metals from the environment, avoid secondary pollution while creating economic and environmental benefits for society. Our research presents an innovative approach to preparing efficient adsorbents for the first time using natural bioaugmentation (decay) pretreatment of fallen leaves biomass followed by pyrolysis to biochar. Compared with the pristine biochar derived from leaf (BC), the natural bioaugmentation biochar (NBC) characterization showed that the enhancement of microstructure increased the specific surface area, the change of surface composition increased the oxygen-containing functional groups and active adsorption sites, and the increase of porosity improved the mass transfer rate, resulting in a 2-fold increase of Cd(II) fixation capacity. Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models demonstrated that Cd(II) adhered to the NBC core sites through chemical reaction sites by a spontaneous process. The release of nutrients and changes in soil pH after NBC addition to contaminated soil enhanced the stability of the ecosystem and promoted plant growth. This study illustrates for the first time the great potential of natural bioaugmentation (decay) leaf-derived biochar for heavy metal adsorption and provides a new idea to explore the reuse of cellulose waste resources.

Synthesis, characterization, and methylene blue adsorption isotherms of hydrochars derived from forestry waste and agro-residues

Synthesis, characterization, and methylene blue adsorption isotherms of hydrochars derived from forestry waste and agro-residues

Food Loss and Food Waste for Green Cosmetics and Medical Devices for a Cleaner Planet

To stay wealthy in a world where all can live in prosperity and wellbeing, it is necessary to develop sustainable growth at net zero emissions to stop climate change, neutralizing both risks and diseases such as the COVID-19 pandemic and inequalities. Changing the worldwide use of the great quantity of food loss and waste can help to move in this direction. At this purpose, it seems useful to transform food waste into richness, extracting and using its content in natural ingredients and biopolymers to make new sustainable products and goods, including cosmetics and medical devices. Many of these ingredients are not only bioactive molecules considered of interest to produce these consumer products but are also useful in reducing the environmental footprint. The active agents may be obtained, for example, from waste material such as grapes or olive pomace, which include, among others natural polymers, phythosterols, vitamins, minerals and unsaturated fatty acids. Among the polymers, chitin and lignin have shown particular interest because biodegradable, nontoxic, skin- and environmentally friendly ingredients can be obtained at low cost from food and forestry waste, respectively. According to our experience, these polymers may be used to make nanocomposites and micro-nanoparticles that encapsulate different active ingredients, and which may be embedded into gel and non-woven tissues to realize advanced medications and smart cosmeceuticals. However, to utilize food waste in the best possible way, a better education of both industry and the consumer is considered necessary, introducing all to change the ways of production and living. The consumer has to understand the need to privilege, food, cosmetics and goods by selecting products known to be effective that also have a low release of carbon dioxide. Thus, they must pay heed to purchasing cosmetics and medical devices made by natural ingredients and packaged by biodegradable and/or reusable containers that are possibly plastic free. Conversely, the industry must try to use natural raw materials obtained from waste by changing their actual production methods. Therefore, both industry and the consumer should depart from the linear economy, which is based on taking, making, and producing waste, to move into a circular economy, which is based on redesigning, reducing, reusing and recycling. Some examples will report on the possibility to use natural polymers, including chitin and lignin, to produce new cosmeceutical tissues. These innovative tissues, to be used as biodegradable carriers for making smart cosmetics and medical devices, may be produced at zero waste to save our health and the planet biodiversity.

Leveraging the Entrepreneurial Method as a Tool for the Circular Economy: The Case of Wood Waste

New global and domestic policy and regulatory initiatives promoting a circular economy have renewed interest in the beneficial repurposing of commercial waste streams. Likewise, consumer trends and customers’ increased understanding of what they purchase, where it comes from, and what happens to it post-consumption have forced firms to consider reducing and reusing their production waste streams. The forest products industry is an exemplar of becoming more adept at reorganising and exploiting repurposed waste streams for beneficial reuse. This paper explores three case studies from the Australian forestry sector that illustrate how wood waste is being profitably repurposed as an input into other products. We use the lens of the entrepreneurial method to explore how firms recognise, strategically access, and exploit the sustainable opportunities that can range from sustainably sourced inputs to environmental-, social-, and governance-driven consumption and investments. Effectual logic allows the reconceptualisation of forestry waste streams into inputs for use in creating new commercial products and provides a theoretical framework. While the repurposing of wood waste is profitable for the forestry firm, we found that social and economic gains reach far beyond the region in which these activities occur. Innovations often stimulate other innovations, resulting in a virtuous cycle within regional Australia’s emerging circular economy.

Трансформация изопропанола с использованием гибридных цеолитсодержащих систем типа H-ZSM-5 и H-Beta

The continuous depletion of hydrocarbon sources contributes to a wide study of the use of biorenewable raw materials to obtain synthetic hydrocarbons from them. Isopropyl alcohol is traditionally produced by chemical hydration of propylene, however, with the development of biotechnology, broad prospects have opened for its production by fermentation of glucose-containing substrates obtained from agricultural and forestry waste. This way, isopropyl alcohol can also be considered as a bio-renewable raw material and it can be widely used for the production of chemical synthesis products, including hydrocarbons. One of the possible ways of processing isopropyl alcohol is the catalytic transformation of alcohols on zeolites and zeotypes of various natures with the formation of hydrocarbons. Currently, zeolite H-ZSM-5 and zeotype SAPO-34 are the most frequently used catalysts for the transformation of alcohols into hydrocarbons, however, their rapid deactivation due to the formation of a carbon residue remains an unresolved problem. The formation of core-shell structures with H-ZSM-5 zeolite in center and an outer shell consist of H-Beta zeolite with large pores can reduce the deactivation of zeolite because of increase in reagents diffusion rate. In this article is devoted to synthesis of ZSM-5/Beta sample with a core-shell structure, as well as a study of its catalytic and physicochemical properties. To form the H-ZSM-5 zeolite, a colloidal solution of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide, a colloidal solution of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, sodium hydroxide of distilled water was used. The colloidal solution was placed in an autoclave, heated to 140 °C and kept at this temperature for 48 hours, after which the crystals formed were centrifuged, washed with distilled water and kept in a 1M solution of ammonium nitrate for a day. Then, to form the H-Beta layer, H-ZSM-5 was suspended in a colloidal solution consisting of tetraethylammonium hydroxide, tetraethylammonium chloride, a colloidal solution of silicon oxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and distilled water. The suspension was placed in an autoclave and kept at a temperature of 140 °C for 48 hours, followed by centrifugation, washing in distilled water, suspended in a 1M solution of ammonium nitrate, with repeated washing with distilled water, drying and calcining at 600 °C. Testing of the synthesized of H-ZSM-5/Beta zeolite sample showed a significant decrease in the rate of deactivation compared to the synthesized sample of H-ZSM-5; it is also necessary to note a slight increase in the fraction of liquid hydrocarbons for the sample H-ZSM-5/Beta.

Social Network Relationships between Biomass Industry Stakeholders in the Agricultural Waste Power Generation Industry—A Case of Northern Jiangsu, China

This study aimed to explore the impact of the interaction between stakeholders in the sustainable development of the biomass industry and to reveal network issues relating to material flow and information flow under the current biomass energy development model. This study focused on the agriculture and forestry waste power generation industry. Taking the biomass industry in Nanjing, Suqian, and Yancheng as examples, the study selected six stakeholder groups involved in the industry and conducted field investigations by using semi-open interviews and questionnaires. The research mainly applied social network analysis methods, combined with UCINET software, to draw a network diagram of the stakeholder relationships and to quantitatively analyze stakeholder centrality and overall network density. The results revealed that (1) the biomass enterprises had the highest centrality in the overall network, which played a vital role in the construction of the overall network; (2) the farmers were positioned at the outer fringes of the industrial social network and their information acquisition capabilities and degree of control over the network were the lowest; and (3) the overall network density was low, which showed that the connections between stakeholders were not close enough to support the circulation of material and information in the overall network.

不同改良剂对黄土高原丘陵区山地果园土壤质量的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 不同改良剂对黄土高原丘陵区山地果园土壤质量的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202106091529 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2021YFD1900700）；国家自然科学基金项目（42125705）；唐仲英基金会项目；陕西省重点研发计划项目（2020ZDLNY07-04） Effect evaluation of soil amendments on soil quantity of mountain apple orchards in the hilly region of Loess Plateau, China Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:土壤质量是影响黄土高原丘陵区山地果园健康可持续发展的关键因素之一。针对黄土高原目前存在的土壤保水能力差，肥力低及微生物群落结构单一等问题，选取保水剂、生物炭和植物根际促生菌三种改良剂，研究其对土壤质量的影响。研究设置5个处理，分别为：生物炭处理(BC)，施用量为5%；枯草芽孢杆菌处理(PGBS)，施用量为0.25%；胶质芽孢杆菌处理(PGBM)，施用量为0.25%；腐殖酸型保水剂处理(SAP)，施用量为0.1%，不施用土壤改良剂作为对照(CK)。通过主成分分析法和最小数据集法筛选出相关指标，分别与对照处理(CK)进行对比，并进行综合评价。结果表明：土壤全氮、速效磷、β-1，4-葡萄糖苷酶、真菌Chao1指数、纤维素酶和细菌Chao1指数对土壤质量的影响较大；同时土壤改良剂的施用可以明显提高果园土壤质量。通过综合评价，发现不同改良剂改善土壤质量效果为：生物炭(BC)>保水剂(SAP)>枯草芽孢杆菌(PGBS)>胶质芽孢杆菌(PGBM)。综合考虑土壤质量和改良成本，保水剂在黄土高原山地果园土壤改良方面的适用性最好，若农林废弃物可资源化则生物炭在黄土高原土壤改良方面具有很大的应用潜力。 Abstract:Soil quality is the main bottleneck restricting the healthy and sustainable development of mountain orchards in the hilly region of Loess Plateau. In order to solve the problems of poor soil water holding capacity, low fertility and single microbial community structure in the Loess Plateau, three amendments were selected and five treatments were set up in this study:biochar application rate was at 5% of soil weight (BC), bacillus subtilis application rate was at 0.25% of soil weight (PGBS), bacillus glia application rate was at 0.25% of soil weight (PGBM), humic acid water retaining agent application rate was at 0.1% of soil weight (SAP), and not application any amendment as a control (CK). The relevant indexes were selected by principal component analysis (PCA) and minimum data set (MDS) to comprehensively evaluate soil quality. The results showed that soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, β-1,4-glucosidase, fungal Chao1 index, cellulase and bacterial Chao1 index had a significant effect on soil quality, and application of soil amendments could significantly improve the soil quality in apple orchards. The improvement effects of different amendments on soil quality as follows:BC > SAP> PGBS > PGBM through a comprehensive evaluation. Considering soil quality and cost, water retaining agent is more suitable for soil quality improvement in mountain apple orchards in the hilly region of Loess Plateau. Biochar has great application potential in soil amendment, if agricultural and forestry wastes can be recycled. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献