Forestry Service Research Articles

THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN THE EFFORT OF MANGROVE FOREST CONSERVATION IN THE COASTAL AREA OF TARAKAN CITY, NORTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE

The city of Tarakan has a very wide mangrove forest, as for the phenomena and problems in mangrove conservation, namely the irresponsibility of the community who transfers land functions for personal purposes. Some of the mangrove areas are aquaculture areas by the community and there are residential areas in the mangrove area. The purpose of this study is to analyze and determine the aspects that influence the role of the government in its efforts to preserve mangrove forests in the coastal area of Tarakan City, North Kalimantan Province. The method used is descriptive qualitative. The research was carried out in the City of Tarakan and the City of Tanjung Selor, the Province of North Kalimantan, for data collection the authors visited the Forestry Service of the Province of North Kalimantan, the KPH of the City of Tarakan and the BLH of the City of Tarakan. Data were collected through direct observation, interviews and documentation. This research resulted in the role of the government as a facilitator, regulator, catalyst and efforts to preserve the mangrove forest of Tarakan City, namely mangrove conservation areas, mangrove replanting, restoration/rehabilitation of mangrove areas, public education and factors that have an influence including the availability of facilities and infrastructure, budget availability, partnerships and community participation. The conclusion shows the role of the government in its efforts to preserve mangrove forests in the coastal area of Tarakan City as much as possible, but there are still obstacles in the field that are in direct contact with people who carry out activities around the mangrove area and the need for budget fulfillment for the implementation of mangrove forest rehabilitation.

Analysis of soil and water conservation practices by community throughout the Upper Citarum River Watershed: motivational, technical and institutional aspects

Forest degradation in the Upper Citarum Watershed requires an approach to changing farming patterns that applies techniques of soil and water conservation. The objective of the paper is to examine the extent to which the community in the Upper Citarum Watershed has practiced soil and water conservation techniques in its farming practices, as well as institutional support and community motivation in the application of the conservation practices. This study used a survey of 499 farmers to collect data in Bandung and West Bandung districts. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic analysis. Results of the study indicate that the soil and water conservation practices have been implemented by 45% of the farm household. The households practicing conservation techniques have higher revenue compared to those who not practicing. The sources of information that households learned come from fellow local farmers, while the most reasons motivating households to practice soil and water conservations are to prevent erosion and improve water supply. The local Agriculture and Forestry Service Offices and Watershed Agency are the dominant sources of assistance with the form of assistance are either materials or training. This study recommends improving spatial planning, providing market incentives and assistance, and supporting the agroforestry system.

Analisis Prosedur Pengelolaan Arsip Dinamis Pada Kantor Sub Bagian Keuangan Dinas Kehutanan

This study aims to oversee the management of dynamic records, human resources who carry out archive management activities to monitor obstacles in managing archives at the Sub-Division of Finance Office of the Forestry Service of West Sumatra Province. This research method is descriptive qualitative, with data sources of several informants who are determined based on criteria in accordance with interviews and direct observations to the object of research. Secondary data that supports this research is obtained from documents available at the place of research object. Based on the information from the information, this research can serve that the management of dynamic archives as a whole is almost done well, but it is still not maximized. This is because: 1) based on incoming and outgoing mails, it has not been implemented optimally; 2) the use of dynamic archives has not been implemented properly and archive recovery still takes a long time; 3) archive maintenance has not been implemented optimally; 4) shrinkage archives that are not in accordance with existing procedures. This happens because of several reasons: 1) there is no archivist or special employee who manages the records; 2) Inadequate quality and quantity of archiving facilities. Based on the research above, archives can be provided to employees to increase awareness of dynamic management. The leadership should place human resources who manage archives who have an archivist background, provide adequate and complete facilities and infrastructure.Keywords : dynamic archive management, archive dynamic.

Implementation of peatland restoration policies in Jambi Province (case study of the Jambi Provincial Forestry Service)

This research is entitled Regional Government Readiness of Jambi Province in Implementing Peatland Restoration Policy. The problem is that Jambi Province is one of the seven provinces that have prioritized peatland restoration since 2016. Therefore, it is necessary to know how prepared they are in implementing the policy. Knowing the efforts made for the implementation of peatland restoration, and knowing the constraints and solutions provided for the implementation of peatland restoration in Jambi Province. This research method uses qualitative research using a case study approach. Data was collected by means of field observations, interviews, and documentation as evidence of the implementation of peatland restoration policies in Jambi Province. The use of data in this study is primary data and secondary data. Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that: 1) The readiness for the implementation of peatland restoration policies in Jambi Province is mature and has been running since 2017 by the Regional Peat Restoration Agency under the auspices of the Jambi Provincial Forestry Service. 2) The form of effort from the peatland restoration policy is to carry out three restoration programs, namely rewetting, revegetation, and revitalization which have been implemented by all three. These three programs have also been implemented in several areas such as Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency, Muaro Jambi Regency, and Sarolangun. 3) Obstacles that exist such as pros and cons in the community are trying to be overcome by conducting socialization and explanations about the benefits of peatland restoration that will be carried out.

PERANAN POLISI KHUSUS KEHUTANAN DALAM UPAYA MENCEGAH DAN MENANGGULANGI PENEBANGAN LIAR(ILLEGALLOGGING) STUDI DI KECAMATAN MOYO HILIR KABUPATEN SUMBAWA

The research was conducted with the aim of knowing and understanding the role of the special forestry police in preventing and tackling Illegal Logging in the forest area of Moyo Hilir District, Sumbawa Regency to find out, analyze the obstacles faced by the special forestry police in preventing and overcoming Illegal Logging. (Illegal Logging) in the forest area of Moyo Hilir District, Sumbawa Regency.The role of the forest police in preventing and tackling illegal logging (Illegal Logging) has not been as effective as expected, it is proven that illegal logging continues, especially in perhutani forest areas (teak forest). This happened because when Perhutani left the teak forest (HTI) it was not handed over directly to the local government (Sumbawa Forestry Service) but was directly handed over to the central government so that here the Sumbawa Forestry Service was not authorized to maintain and protect the teak forest area. Meanwhile, the obstacles faced by the forest police in preventing and tackling illegal logging are: the provisions of the law are not clear, Human Resources are still lacking, supporting facilities and infrastructure are not sufficient, the condition of the community around the forest and inadequate funds.

PRESIDENT'S SOCIAL FORESTRY IN IMPROVING COMMUNITY WELFARE

Indeed, Indonesia is a country that adheres to the notion of a " welfare state" with a "participatory welfare state" model which in social work literature is known as welfare pluralism. This model emphasizes that the state must continue to take part in handling social problems and the implementation of social security, although in its operation it still involves the community. The main goal of social forestry is the welfare or prosperity of the people. Locally, social forestry in Riau Province has an Indicative Map of Social Forestry Allocation (PIAPS) of 1.2 million hectares. However, the realization of social forestry achievements in Riau is far from the number of PIAPS. This achievement covers an area of 121,464.36 hectares with a total of 77 decrees and 24,136 households. Barriers to social forestry other than land conflicts, Social Forestry and Environmental Partnerships (PSKL), Working Groups (POKJA), the Environment and Forestry Service (DLHK) and the Forest Management Unit (KPH) have different ideas in accelerating social forestry. If the achievement of social for restry is realized in accordance with the number of PIAPS 1.2 million hectares, it can help the community's economy so that the realization of community welfare in accordance with the mandate of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.

Jaringan Korupsi Dinas Kehutanan Riau Pada Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 22/Tipkor/2015/Pt. Bdg

Hand Arrest Operations carried out by the Indonesian Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) to Governor of Riau Province, Annas Maamun, drew much attention. The case originated from the conversion of some parts of protected forest to become a non-forest area in Indragiri Hulu District. This research attempts to understand the involvement of various actors in the corruption case of the Governor through Forestry Service of Riau Province; and secondly, to understand corruption networks within the Forestry Service based on Supreme Court verdict No. 22/TIPIKOR/2015/PT.BDG. The findings show that the actors in the corruption case involved Annas Maamun as Governor, Zulkifli Hasan as Minister of Forestry 2019-2004, and other government institutions in the Riau Province. From corporations, Manurung and Edison Siahaan had been involved as company owners who urged the Governor to facilitate forest conversion. From a presumed independent actor’s side, Koran Riau (a newspaper) played role to minimize or “neutralize” news on such corruption case. In addition, interaction among the actors had a certain pattern, with the modus operandi of the corruption having included gratification, bribery, fraud, and abuse of power.

E-Commerce Marketing Strategy & Industrial Packaging Design to Increase Profit for Bontang Manggrove Syrup Products in Tanjung Laut Indah Village, Bontang City

The business industry of the product of the fruit syrup ovata mangrove is an effort belonging to Ibu Amirah, the head of the Fragrant Leaf group (Paguyuban usaha Mangrove village in Tanjung Laut Indah, South Bontang, Bontang City, East Kalimantan province. In the implementation of the activities successfully identified and resolved several problems of the partner namely processing, the provision of business tools processing of mangrove syrup, identification of packaging design shortage, advertisement production of mangrove fruit syrup in the e-site Commerce and demonstration of how to process e commerce and social media sites. In the overall stages of activity, the team of devotion also coordinates and interviews with the forestry service of the province of East Kalimantan which became the authorized institution in the management of the mangrove fruit syrup and its cultivation in the city of Bontang. Hopefully in this stage, partners can independently add products, conduct sales control, and use e commerce sites to the fullest without relying on the team.

WORK PRODUCTIVITY ASSESSED FROM AWARD, WORK EXPENSE, DISCIPLINE, AND EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION STUDY AT THE ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY OFFICE OF KLATEN REGENCY

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a significant influence between the variables of reward, workload, discipline, and employee satisfaction on work productivity. In addition, it is also to determine whether there is a significant simultaneous influence and which variable is the most dominant in influencing the work productivity of the employees of the Environment and Forestry Office of Klaten Regency. The method used is descriptive quantitative method. The population in this study amounted to 43 employees and the entire population was sampled in this study, where the sampling technique used quota sampling. The data used are primary data and secondary data with data collection techniques: observation, documentation, questionnaire and literature study. The data analysis technique in this study used multiple linear tests. The results of the study can be concluded that: The results of the study can be concluded that: 1) There is an effect of appreciation, workload, discipline, and employee satisfaction simultaneously on work productivity of employees of the Environmental and Forestry Service of Klaten Regency, 2) There is an effect of appreciation on work productivity. for employees of the Environment and Forestry Service Office of Klaten Regency, 3) There is an effect of workload on work productivity of employees of the Office of Environment and Forestry of Klaten Regency, 4) There is an effect of discipline on work productivity of employees of the Office of Environment and Forestry of Klaten Regency, 5) There the influence of employee satisfaction on work productivity of the employees of the Environment and Forestry Service in Klaten Regency Keywords: Work Productivity, Rewards, Workload, Discipline, Employee Satisfaction.

APPLICATION OF CUSTOMARY LAW IN PRESERVING THE KARAMPUANG TRADITIONAL FOREST

The title of this research is the application of customary law in conserving the customary forest of Karampuang, Bulupoddo District. This research was conducted with the intention of knowing how to apply customary law in preserving customary forests in Karampuang, Tompobulu Village, Bulupoddo District, Sinjai Regency. The method used in this study uses a qualitative approach. Types of case studies with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews and informants in this study are: Karampuang traditional stakeholders, Tompobulu village government, Tompobulu village indigenous peoples and the Sinjai district environmental and forestry service. The data analysis technique used in this qualitative research is an interactive analysis technique. The collected data is then reduced and the data presentation is then concluded. Based on the results of research and discussion on the application of customary law in conserving customary forests, it has been carried out, but has not been effective becauseUntil now the status of customary forests in Karampuang is not clear, customary law and the imposition of sanctions in the preservation of customary forests in Karampuang are still weak, there are no regional regulations governing the status of Karampuang customary forests.

Persepsi dan Partisipasi Masyarakat Adat atas Penetapan Kawasan Cagar Alam Teluk Bintuni di Distrik Wamesa Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni

The indigenous peoples who live and live in the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve Area in Wamesa District, consist of three villages, namely Mamuranu, Anak Kasih and Wasari. The economic activities carried out by indigenous peoples in the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve conservation area are very high. This is related to the type of work or livelihood that the community is engaged in, namely fishermen (fish, shrimp and crab) at 43.75% and farming or gardening at 37.5%. Meanwhile, the public perception of the determination of the Bintuni Bay nature reserve area is quite varied. For example, the perception regarding the desire for community involvement in forest conservation in the Bintuni Bay nature reserve is very high (83.75%). Meanwhile, the perception of socialization or counseling from the Forestry Service / Agencies related to the management of the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve is low (26.25%). Regarding the management of the Bintuni Bay nature reserve area, in general the community hopes to be actively involved in activities related to the Bintuni Bay Nature Reserve Area. In addition, the community wants to be allowed to carry out economic activities in the area, such as labor, gardening, fishing and others. Meanwhile, for the Government, the community hopes that there will be efforts to improve the community's economy and increase infrastructure and other public facilities, but while maintaining environmental sustainability forest in the Bintuni Bay nature reserve area.

Persepsi Masyarakat Lokal Terhadap Pengembangan Hutan Mangrove Sebagai Kawasan Ekowisata Di Kampung Ruar Distrik Biak Timur Kabupaten Biak Numfor

The mangrove forest area of ​​Kampung Ruar, East Biak District, is an area that has traditionally been a place for fishing and lime-making efforts by the community who have been hereditary. This condition raises questions from various parties whether this location is suitable to be developed as a mangrove ecotourism destination. Development of Mangrove Ecotourism by the Papua Provincial Forestry Service as a tourist attraction by utilizing local natural potential and supporting tourism policies in Biak Numfor Regency. This study aims to see the socio-cultural conditions of local communities in the Mangrove Forest Area of ​​Kampung Ruar, Biak Timur District, Biak Numfor Regency as an ecotourism area and to assess the local community's perceptions of the development of ecotourism areas in providing benefits to the community both economically and socio-culture in Kampung Ruar Distik Biak Regency. Timur Biak. The study hasli revealed that the perception of local communities about ecotourism (60%), community knowledge about resources (70%) and understanding of community knowledge about forest damage and aspects of forest protection are very good (67), most (49%) people who understand that the potential for ecotourism development has future prospects. The four alternative strategies for mangrove ecotourism in Kampung Ruar, Biak Timur District, Biak Numfor District in Kampung Ruar are as follows: (a) Development of a Tour Package between Mangrove Ecotourism and TBTA Biak; (b) Increase Knowledge and Community Empowerment; (c) Mangrove Rehabilitation and Community Empowerment; and (d) Mentoring and involvement of local communities in management.

Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja bagi Petugas Kebersihan di Dinas Kehutanan dan Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Bali

The risk from environmental cleaners is very high considering the work they do, where their work is always related to cleaning the garbage that is within the Bali Provincial Forestry and Environment Service. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to reveal the health and safety insurance for cleaners in the Bali provincial forestry office and the government 's legal protection on guaranteeing the implementation of occupational health and safety for cleaners at the Bali Provincial Forestry and Environment Service. This research method is empirical legal research. Primary data is obtained through field research, secondary data is obtained from books, laws and regulations. The legal materials obtained are then classified and combined as well as analyzed systematically and presented descriptively. This study concludes that the regulation regarding health insurance for workers in the Bali Provincial Forestry Service is in accordance with the regulations stipulated by Law no. 13 Year 2003.

The bureaucratic politics in developing Forest Management Unit (FMU) after the forestry decentralization in South Sulawesi province

The construction of Forest Management Unit (FMU) in South Sulawesi province created uncertainty for the FMU development. The institutional transformation of FMU from 16 FMU to 24 FMU has a lag impact development of FMU and waste an invested budget. This study analyzed the formal and informal dimensions of the FMU bureaucracy by using the Weberian tradition to reveal the facts, especially for the main duties, function and authority in forming its institution. The research was conducted at Forestry Service in South Sulawesi province from May up to September 2020. In this case the participants were observed trough the depth interviews and studied the dates of 2019 and 2020 to collect the primary and secondary data; a stakeholder analysis was carried out to achieve the research objectives. The results of the study found 1) The formal dimension in the form of a) Technical Implementation Unit in the area has a difficulty in coordinating the local government due to the resisting of some district governments presence of FMU, b) The FMU operational budget was inadequate and uneven divided proportionally 2) The informal dimension in the form of a) The increase number of FMU was carried out to append the structural positions that were lost due to the Branch of forestry service abolition, b) There were six district Governments were still averse to hand over the forestry assets to the Provincial Government so that the total asset acquisition value was IDR 4,991,898,137.63.

Effect Of Work Ethos On Organizational Commitments And Its Impact On Employees Performance Of Forestry Office Of North Kalimatan Province

Destination: to analyze and prove the effect of work ethic on organizational commitment and its impact on employee performance. This type of research is included in explanatory research or explanatory research. The population in this study were all employees atNorth Kalimantan Forest Service
 Design / methodology / approach: The data analysis technique used in this study is a path analysis approach.
 Findings:The results showed that partially work ethic has a significant effect on employee performance with the assumption that organizational commitment is considered constant. In addition, the results of this study also indicate that partially work ethic has a significant effect on employee organizational commitment. Then partially organizational commitment has a significant effect on employee performance with the assumption that the work ethic variable is considered constant. Furthermore, a simultaneous test was carried out where the results of this study showed that work ethic and organizational commitment together had a significant effect on employee performance. Organizational commitment is able to mediate the effect of work ethic on employee performance.
 Practical implications: Intensifying work ethic towards organizational commitment and its impact on the performance of forestry service employees
 Paper type: Research paper
 Keywords: Work Ethic, Organizational Commitment, Employee Performance

Peran Pendidikan Dan Pelatihan, Kegiatan Non Diklat, Promosi Dan Motivasi Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Pada UPTD KPH UNIT XXIV Gularaya Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect; 1) The effect of education and training on employee performance. 2) The influence of non-education and training activities on employee performance. 3) The effect of promotion on employee performance and 4) The influence of technology motivation on employee performance. The research method is to use quantitative research. The data used are secondary and primary data. Data analysis usingSPSS software version 20. The sampling technique uses saturated sample amounted to 50 employees at UPTD KPH UNIT XXIV Gularaya Forestry Service of Southeast Sulawesi Province. The results showed that; 1) education and training have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. 2) non-education and training activities have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. 3) promotion has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. 4) motivation has a positive and significant effect on employee performance.

Modelling natural regeneration of European beech in Saxony, Germany: identifying factors influencing the occurrence and density of regeneration

The potential utilisation of natural regeneration of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) for forest conversion has received little attention to date. Ecological knowledge is necessary to understand and predict successful natural regeneration of beech. The objective of this study was to improve understanding of what drives the occurrence of beech regeneration and, once regeneration is present, what drives its density. In the study, we utilised a forest inventory dataset provided by Sachsenforst, the state forestry service of Saxony, Germany. The dataset was derived from 8725 permanent plots. Zero-altered negative binomial models (ZANB) with spatial random effects were used to analyse factors influencing occurrence and density simultaneously. The results provided by the spatial ZANB models revealed that the probability of the occurrence of beech regeneration is highly dependent on seed availability, i.e. dependent on source trees in close proximity to a plot. The probability of beech regeneration rises with the increasing diameter of a potential seed tree and decreases with increasing distance to the nearest potential seed source. The occurrence of regeneration is affected by overstorey composition and competition exerted by spruce regeneration. Where sites are affected by groundwater or temporary waterlogging, the impact on the occurrence of regeneration is negative. Although distance to the nearest potential seed source has an influence on occurrence, this variable exerts no influence on density. A high regeneration density arises in conjunction with a high beech basal area in the overstorey. Beech regeneration density, but not occurrence, is negatively affected by browsing intensity. These variables can be used to predict the occurrence and density of beech regeneration in space to a high level of precision. The established statistical tool can be used for decision-making when planning forest conversion using natural regeneration.

RISK OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISK PARAMETERS NO2 AND COMPLAINTS OF RESPIRATION ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION DRIVERS (NEW CAMPUS-CITY) IN KENDARI CITY

Background:For Kendari City, the NO2 concentration in the air measured on Jl.Abdullah Silondae street still below the quality standard. However, the NO2 concentration has increased and decreased based on the results of air monitoring from the Environment and Forestry Service regarding the Air Quality Index which is measured 2 times a year with NO2 parameters in 2017, the first measurement is the value obtained of 1.58 µg / m3 and the second measurement. amounting to 1.57 µg / m3. In 2018 the NO2 value in the first measurement was 4.2 µg / m3 and the second measurement was 5.23 µg / m3. Whereas in 2019 the NO2 value in the first measurement was 5.8 µg / m3 and in the second measurement was 3.8 µg / m3. Methods:This type of research is descriptive quantitative (Field Research and Laboratory Research). The population is the total number of public transportation and the number of drivers for the Baru-Kota Rayon 02 route, amounting to 154 public transportation units and 154 public transport drivers with the male gender. The samples are some of the public transport drivers for the New Kampus-Kota rayon 02 route. Results:Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) measurements were obtained96.85 µg / Nm3, 108.79 µg / Nm3 and 100.83 µg / Nm3 for 3 different locations. The highest respiratory complaints were cough symptoms for 47 people and the lowest was shortness of breath as many as 8 people. Conclusion:Risk management is carried out by reducing exposure time, planting trees that can absorb air pollution, maintaining endurance, limiting the age of motor vehicles and using environmentally friendly fuels.

Implementasi Kebijakan Penanggulangan Kebakaran Lahan Gambut di Indonesia: Konflik Pelaksanaan Restorasi Lahan Kawasan Hutan Tanaman Industri

The purpose of this study was to analyze the implementation of policies and conflicts between actors in restoring peatlands in HTI areas in Riau Province. This research method is qualitative. Secondary data is obtained through literature studies, or from other written sources that do not interact directly with the object of research in order to obtain data. Some of the secondary data used by researchers are documentation and data containing information on the theme of policy implementation, both from electronic and print media. The results of the study show that the inhibiting factors for the achievement of BRG's performance are First, overlapping policies related to the restoration area / map between the executors of activities, namely BRG and KLHK, which causes conflict. Second, coordination between central and local governments in the implementation of restoration so that the Riau Provincial Government is not proactive in supporting the restoration agenda. The Riau Province Environment and Forestry Service does not have a significant role in implementing the peatland restoration agenda in Riau. Third, the inactivity of the Riau Provincial Government is indicated by the fear of disruption to the Industrial Plantation Forest (HTI) and Oil Palm sectors due to peat restoration. This is related to the regional development agenda itself. The disruption of these two sectors has implications for the economy of Riau Province as a whole.

Territorial administration of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the management of the natural resources of the grand-ducal domain in the 15th and 16th centuries (formation and function)

The administrative structure and territorial judiciary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) underwent significant changes at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. The establishment of a group of administrative and judicial officials allegiant to the ruler of the GDL became a priority during the reign of Grand Duke Vytautas. These processes led to the emergence of a new class of new civil officers whose competencies were incorporated into the existing administrative system of the GDL. The 16th century marked a new period of changes which were further accelerated under the reign of the last Jagiellonian monarchs. During that time, a new model was proposed for exploiting, controlling and protecting natural resources of the GDL. The departure from traditional forms of management required time and the rulers’ willingness to accept the idiosyncrasies of Lithuanian territorial administration. The exploitation of forests and water resources for the benefit of Grand Duke and the colonization of Lithuanian forests were supervised by territorial administration officials. The starost enjoyed considerable authority, and he supervised key masters (klucznik), forest rangers (hajewnik) (who supervised the production and distribution of honey and wax), beaver masters (bobrowniczy) and fishing masters (niewodniczy) who managed fishing operations in grand-ducal waters. Foresters (leśniczy) became independent from the starosts. They were responsible for organizing hunting and forestry services involving battue masters (osocznik) and shooters. Foresters also supervised forest management. In the 16th century, grand ducal auditors were appointed to supervise and control the territorial administration and management of grand ducal estates.