Forestry Production Research Articles

How the Composition of Substrates for Seedling Production Affects Earthworm Behavior

The constant increase in the intensity of agricultural production simultaneously increases the risk of negative effects of long-term agricultural practices. By-products of agricultural, forestry, and food production, as well as other types of organic waste, can be used as raw materials in the production of organic fertilizers and substrates for seedling cultivation through various processes of biological stabilization. In this way, the amount of waste is reduced, which contributes to the preservation of soil fertility and the sustainable use of resources. During waste processing and the stabilization of organic matter can be improved by using earthworms (vermicomposting). The aim of this study was to determine how different substrates, composed of different components and their mixtures, affect the earthworm Eisenia andrei. The effects of investigated substrates on the survival and behavior of earthworms were monitored. In addition, the effect of tested substrates on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was also assessed. The results showed that the most suitable substrates were leaves with horse manure and grape pomace alone and in combination with rock wool and sawdust. The obtained results provide important information on components and mixtures that have the greatest potential in the production of organic fertilizers and substrates for growing seedlings.

Evaluating Environmental Quality and Its Driving Force in Northeastern China Using the Remote Sensing Ecological Index

As one of the three major black soil regions in the world, northeastern China has an important strategic position there. Since the 20th century, the local environment has undergone great changes under the influence of the natural economy, and it is particularly important to quantitatively assess the degree of change. However, there have been few long-term quantitative studies of environmental spatial-temporal variances in the three northeastern provinces. Therefore, in this study, four typical remote sensing indices of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land surface temperature (LST), normalized differential building–soil index (NDBSI) and wetness (WET) were employed to construct the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) using a principal component analysis (PCA) method based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform in northeastern China. The spatiotemporal variations in the eco-environmental quality were detected using linear slope and M–K test, and the direct and interactive effects of different influencing factors on the RSEI changes during 2000–2020 were explored based on geographic detection. The results show that the interannual variations in the RSEI show a fluctuating upward trend, with an increase percentage of 12.45% in the last two decades, indicating that the ecological quality of northeast China has gradually improved. Furthermore, that the western and eastern Heilongjiang provinces and western Jilin provinces contributed substantially to the improvement of environmental quality, while the environmental quality of Jilin provinces and central Liaoning provinces decreased to varying degrees. Compared with 2000, the area with a fair environmental quality grade had the greatest change, and had decreased by 60.69%. This was followed by the area with an excellent quality grade, which increased by 117%. Land-use type had the greatest impact on environmental changes in northeastern China, but the impact degree gradually decreased, while the impact of socioeconomic factors such as the gross production of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery and population density on environmental quality gradually increased. The major reason for the decline of environmental quality in central Jilin and central Liaoning is that urbanization development had occupied a large amount of cropland. This shows that taking into account the virtuous cycle of an ecological environment while promoting urban and rural development may be an important task for northeastern China in the future.

What is the ‘problem’ of gender inequality represented to be in the Swedish forest sector?

Gender equality in natural resource management is a matter of sustainability and democracy for Sweden’s government, however the country’s forest remains a highly gender-segregated sector. We examine how gender inequality is problematized within Swedish forest and rural policy documents using the What’s the problem represented to be? (WPR) approach. We build on previous efforts to investigate gender inequality in the forest sector by expanding the critical analysis to rural development policy. We conduct interviews with forest experts, owners, and practitioners to shed light on where there are gaps within the policy representations and uncover alternative policy options that are presented. Our findings corroborate that gender inequality is represented to be a technical problem, with policy measures aiming to increase the number of women within a forest sector that continues to maintain rigid conceptions about forestry production values. While there are claims of success in the increase of women within the sector in aggregate, there is little change in the numbers of women in decision-making positions. Forest policy relies upon women to bring growth and sustainability to the forest industry, while rural policy expects women to halt rural population decline. Our findings suggest that merely trying to fit more women into a mold that has been shaped for and by inflexible forestry and masculine values is an impediment not only to gender equality but also to the inclusion of other social groups and ideas in the changing rural landscapes of Sweden.

Simulation model in determining forestry and plantation circumstances

Plantation and forestry systems consist of several dynamic subsystems as well as complexes that are integrated. Plantation and forestry productivity is largely determined by the interactions of each of these sub-systems. Simulation models can illustrate interactions between sub-systems in detail to be analyzed and evaluated in predicting any conditions that may occur. The model is indispensable because it leads to significant savings in time and money. This article is compiled by selecting and analyzing the previous research methods selected to draw conclusions on interactions between sub-systems to achieve effective and efficient plantation productivity. The final results show that how sub-systems affect forestry and plantation productivity can be demonstrated by hybrid simulation models. Therefore, hybrid simulation methods can be used to determine the integration process of each party in affecting the productivity of plantations and forests. The hybrid simulation model incorporated in two distinct approaches, namely Agent Based Modeling and System Dynamics. The models of hybrid simulation are useful as an illustration of interactions between each sub-system taking into account influential input variables.

Chemical Composition of Industrial Wood Waste and the Possibility of its Management

Organic wood waste (sawdust, shavings, pieces of wood and bark), is widely used as a secondary raw material and, after composting, for soil fertilisation and substrate production in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, urban landscaping and rehabilitation of degraded land. However, problematic to process is wood waste that is very dirty with soil. They have limited calorific value and cannot be used in the R10 recovery process of land treatment benefiting agriculture or improving the environment. However, the morphological composition of these wastes indicates that they have good properties and can be used for agricultural use and for the reclamation of degraded land. The research involved wood waste with the code 03 01 99 (other unspecified waste from wood processing and the production of panels and furniture) generated during the preparation of deciduous tree logs for the veneer production process, and ashes from the burning of wood waste generated in the veneer production factory. The aim of the study was to assess the chemical composition of these wastes and the possibility of their agricultural use. In the samples of wood waste and ashes there was determined: pH; chlorines content; conductivity; hydrolytic acidity; content of micro and macroelements and heavy metals. The morphological composition of the waste is dominated by sawdust, with a smaller share of shavings, bark and earth parts, and a small addition of pieces of wood of various sizes. It is rich in easily bioavailble as well as total macroelements and is not contaminated with heavy metals. Analyzed wood waste has deacidifying properties, high sorption and buffering capacity. Studies have shown that the wood waste produced at the veneer factory, can be used as an organic fertiliser, a component of other organic fertilisers, for soil mulching, horticultural substrate and soil and land reclamation.The ash obtained from burning wood is strongly alkaline and rich in alkaline cations, mainly Ca, Mg and K. It is not contaminated with heavy metals. The ash can be used for soil deacidification and fertilization, especially for soil reclamation. The waste from the heap can be used as an organic fertilizer, a component of other organic fertilizers, for mulching soils and as a gardening substrate. However, the possibilities for non-agricultural (e.g.: for the production of pallet, particle board) use are limited due to the high proportion of earthy parts.

Portrait of welfare of mountain communities applying traditional agroforestry model in Ajaobaki Village District of South Central Timor

Mountain communities in Mutis commonly work as farmers, and farm is used as physical capital to provide all life necessities such as food, housing, clothing, and services. Fulfillment of their life necessities depends heavily on income generated from agriculture, farming, forestry, animal husbandry, and other small business products. This research aims to understand the level of welfare of mountain communities applying the traditional agroforestry model in Ajaobaki Village, District of South-Central Timor. The study was conducted from May to July 2021, with the number of respondents being 41 households. The method used in this research was survey methods with descriptive analysis. Community welfare is measured through respondents’ expenditures for one year (2020) to meet the needs of food, housing, and clothing compared to expenditures to meet the needs/consumption of services such as education, health, electronic goods, recreation, and so on. The result of the research showed that the value of consumption of the basic necessities per year to meet comunities’ needs for food was IDR 9,352,902.439 on average, the board was IDR 1,696,341.463 on average, and clothing was IDR 783,902.439 on average. Meanwhile the average expenditure for service consumption per year was IDR 9,916,439.024. Analysis of the level of community welfare through the analysis of the good services ratio (GSR) in Ajaobaki Village showed that the percentage of people who are not prosperous are 56.11%, prosperous 29.26%, and more prosperous 14.63%. The people who are not or less prosperous generally prioritize primary needs such as food, housing, and clothing rather than consumption of service values, while prosperous people are oriented towards the value of consumption of services (services) in the form of education, health, communication, social, and so on.

The effects of biochar derived from feedstock with different Si and Al concentration on soil N2O and CO2 emissions

Desilicification and allitization is important characteristic of acidic soil. While decrease in soil silicon (Si) may generate Si limitation, the increase of aluminum (Al) will aggravate soil acidification. Biochar has been used in acid soil improvement, which could mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and alter soil Si and Al concentration. However, the effect of biochar with different Si and Al concentration on greenhouse gas emissions remains unclear. We evaluated the effects of biochar derived from feedstock with different Si (moso bamboo leaves, BL; rice straw, RS) and Al (Camellia oleifera fruit shell, CFS; C. oleifera leaves, CL) concentration on greenhouse gas emissions and soil acidification. Microbial functional gene abundance associated with N2O emissions were measured to further explore the response of microbiological community. The results showed that BL, RS, CFS and CL significantly increased soil pH (by 19.2%, 16.7%, 18.7% and 24.9%, respectively), decreased soil exchangeable acid and exchangeable Al content, and reduced N2O emission rate of soil with nitrogen (N) (by 14.2%, 27.3%, 25.6% and 38.7%, respectively), which correlated with increase in soil nosZ abundance. BL, RS, CFS and CL increased soil nirK (by 325.6%, 66.7%, 155.8%, and 253.2%, respectively) and nosZ (by 198.6%, 174.1%, 72.2%, and 152.0%, respectively) abundance with N. Structural equation model showed that Si input via biochar application directly reduced N2O emissions, and soil acid-extractable Si is inversely proportional to N2O emission rate. In addition, Si input reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions via indirect effects. Al input via biochar addition indirectly affected N2O and CO2 emissions through mainly indirect effects on other soil factors. In intensive management and production activities, Si-rich biochar can be considered instead of sole addition as fertilizer, which will be beneficial to the sustainable development of agricultural and forestry production in acid soil areas, and mitigation of global change.

Performance of two Ips bark beetles and their associated pathogenic fungi on hosts reflects a species-specific association in the beetle-fungus complex.

When Ips bark beetles invade and colonize the host plants, their associated pathogenic fungal partners are carried into the phloem of the host trees. Host trees are lethally attacked by the beetle-fungus complex and the collective damage severely limits forestry production worldwide. It is of great importance to verify whether bark beetles and their associated fungi show concordant performance in terms of biology, physiology, and biochemistry on host trees. In this study, the two Ips bark beetles Ips typographus and Ips subelongatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), their respective associated pathogenic fungi Endoconidiophora polonica and Endoconidiophora fujiensis, and their respective host plants Picea jezoensis and Larix olgensis were selected as test material. Cross-inoculation experiments were conducted indoors and outdoors to investigate the differences in reproduction and development of two beetles and infectivity of two fungi on two plants, as well as the differences in physiological responses of two plants to two fungal infections. The results showed that I. typographus and E. polonica had excellent host performance on P. jezoensis; however, neither successfully colonized and infected L. olgensis. In contrast, I. subelongatus and E. fujiensis showed strong host suitability on L. olgensis and some degree of suitability on P. jezoensis, although the host suitability of P. jezoensis for E. polonica was significantly higher than that for E. fujiensis. In addition, we found that the absolute amount of ergosterol accumulated on the lesion was positively correlated with lesion area. The ergosterol amount and lesion area were both strongly correlated with the release of host monoterpenes, but had no obvious correlation with the concentration of fungi-induced phenols on the lesion area and the side-chain oxidation of lignin in the xylem of the infected sites. Based on these results, we confirmed that "I. typographus-E. polonica" and "I. subelongatus-E. fujiensis" complexes both showed the most suitable consistent performances on their own traditional hosts, establishing a stable species-specific association relationship in these two beetle-fungus complexes, with the "I. subelongatus-E. fujiensis" complex showing broader host suitability. From the perspective of physiological responses of plants to fungal infections, monoterpenes are an important indicator of host suitability.

Synthesis and Analysis of Experiences in Ecosystem Services

Considering that the initiatives of payment for environmental services (PES) are already a reality in Brazil, the present work aimed to promote a critical analysis of experiences in ecosystem services, so that new initiatives can take advantage of it to overcome difficulties in the implementation of PES projects and programs. Using systematization methods, ten experiences were synthesized and analyzed (Oásis Project; Bolsa Floresta Program; Conservador das Águas Project in Extrema/MG; Water Guardian Program; Ecosystem services in APA da Fazendinha; Quintais Amazônicos Project; BioREC Project – Mamirauá; REDD+ projects in practice and the evolution of voluntary markets; REDD+ opportunities for the Amazon; Carbono RECA Project). They were presented and discussed at the Amazon Ecosystem Services Experiences Seminar (online), held between March 23 and 26, 2021. PES projects are consolidated as important instruments to support the recovery and conservation of natural areas, and can contribute, in a transitional way, to other sustainable development initiatives in the Amazon. In deforested regions, crop converted lands, and regions under pressure of illegal deforestation, PES can support reforestation initiatives, combined or not with production systems, for the purposes of biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration and water supply. Combining nature conservation through PES with sustainable production systems (Agroforestry, Forestry and Non-Timber Forest Products Management, Fisheries management and aquaculture, Regenerative Agriculture, Agroecological Livestock, among others) presents itself as a good alternative for the sustainability of the Amazon and for their people.

Analytical assessment of self-sowed forests in Ukraine

It was determined that the need to increase the forest resource potential and increase the efficiency of forestry production forces us to look for more rational scientific and methodological approaches to the use of forests. Of course, for this it is necessary to have reliable information about the existing state of the forest cover of the territory. It is known that statistical data on the area of the country’s forest fund take into account only the area of forests located on the lands of forestry purpose and do not contain information on unaccounted for forests on the lands of agricultural purpose. Self-seeded forests in Ukraine are a fairly common phenomenon that can significantly influence the increase in the country’s forest cover. Currently, the very concept of “self-seeding forest” is not legally defined, and it is not clear how to most effectively use this phenomenon for the good of society from an economic and ecological perspective. That is why it is necessary to determine how widespread self-seeded forests are on the territory of the country and which areas are in question. Taking into account the current trends in the development of technologies for remote sensing of the Earth, an analytical assessment of self-seeded forests in Ukraine was carried out. Analytical assessment consists in the comparison of space images from the Public Cadastral Map of Ukraine and space observation data (RSE — remote sensing of the earth). The photos revealed that large areas of agricultural land are covered with forests and have not been used for their intended purpose for several decades. As a result of the research, a graphic method of determining the area of self-seeded forests was developed and a regularity was established in the change in the coefficients of forest cover and agricultural development of the territory, taking into account the area of self-seeded forests. To visually present the results of the graphic method of determining the area of self-seeded forests, the 2007 cadastral plan of land accounting of CAE (collective agricultural enterprise) “Sosnivske” was used. According to the data of the remote sensing of the land and the data of the Public Cadastral Map, significant areas of self-seeded forests were found on the territory of CAE “Sosnivske”, which were formed during the period 2007–2021.

Ecological Sustainability at the Forest Landscape Level: A Bird Assemblage Perspective

Maintaining landscape integrity in terms of ecological functions is a key principle of sustainable forest management. Bird assemblages use all parts of forest landscapes and provide an opportunity to analyze their broad-scale integrity in those regions where bird census data are of sufficient quality and detail. In this study, I modelled likely landscape-composition consequences of different scenarios of even-aged (clear-cutting-based) silviculture on breeding-bird assemblages. The models were parameterized using high-quality territory-mapping data from Estonia. I considered three approaches for obtaining the model parameters. Of these, (i) a formal analysis of rank-abundance curves was rejected due to the inconsistency of the curve shapes among habitat types. Two other approaches were used and complemented each other: (ii) smoothed forest-type specific functions of total assemblage densities along post-clear-cut succession, and (iii) empirical average densities of each species by forest type and age class (for species composition analyses). The modelling revealed a parallel loss of bird densities and, to a lesser extent, of species at shorter rotations; currently, this effect is disproportionately large on productive soils. For conserving the productive hotspots, the 30% protection target of the EU Biodiversity Strategy overperformed other scenarios. In all landscape settings, typologically representative old-forest reserves (even artificially drained stands) helped to mitigate rotational forestry. The potential of even-aged production forestry to host early-successional species was already realized at much longer rotations than currently (given uniform stand-age structure). Comparing potential and realized bird assemblages provides a tool for assessing ecological integrity at the landscape scale, and the results can be used for elaborating regional management goals of ecologically sustainable forestry.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of AMT and NRT Gene Family in Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) Seedlings Revealed a Preference for NH4+-N.

Nitrogen (N) is a major limiting factor for plant growth and crop production. The use of N fertilizer in forestry production is increasing each year, but the loss is substantial. Mastering the regulatory mechanisms of N uptake and transport is a key way to improve plant nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, this has rarely been studied in pecans. In this study, 10 AMT and 69 NRT gene family members were identified and systematically analyzed from the whole pecan genome using a bioinformatics approach, and the expression patterns of AMT and NRT genes and the uptake characteristics of NH4+ and NO3- in pecan were analyzed by aeroponic cultivation at varying NH4+/NO3- ratios (0/0, 0/100,25/75, 50/50, 75/25,100/0 as CK, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). The results showed that gene duplication was the main reason for the amplification of the AMT and NRT gene families in pecan, both of which experienced purifying selection. Based on qRT-PCR results, CiAMTs were primarily expressed in roots, and CiNRTs were majorly expressed in leaves, which were consistent with the distribution of pecan NH4+ and NO3- concentrations in the organs. The expression levels of CiAMTs and CiNRTs were mainly significantly upregulated under N deficiency and T4 treatment. Meanwhile, T4 treatment significantly increased the NH4+, NO3-, and NO2- concentrations as well as the Vmax and Km values of NH4+ and NO3- in pecans, and Vmax/Km indicated that pecan seedlings preferred to absorb NH4+. In summary, considering the single N source of T5, we suggested that the NH4+/NO3- ratio of 75:25 was more beneficial to improve the NUE of pecan, thus increasing pecan yield, which provides a theoretical basis for promoting the scale development of pecan and provides a basis for further identification of the functions of AMT and NRT genes in the N uptake and transport process of pecan.

Landscape changes over 30 years of intense economic activity in the upper Paraná River basin

In this study, we show the complexity associated with the recent land cover changes by elucidating the paths of 30 years of changes in the Upper Paraná River Basin (UPRB), a region severely impacted by agricultural activity, one of the areas with the highest density in the production of hydroelectricity, biofuels and food in the world. In this sense, a post-classification comparison approach based on Landsat images was used to identify detailed ‘from-to’ paths behind those land cover changes. The most expressive changes were the expansion of Cropland and Forest areas and the reduction in savannas, with a net change of 17.9%, 4.1%, and −16.9% of the UPRB area, respectively. Cropland areas showed an expressive increase between 1985 and 2015, rising from 249,439 km2 (27.7%) to 412,909 km2 (45.9%). Forest areas increased from 149,389 km2 to 185,839 km2 in the period. Notably, for this class, an intense spatial dynamic of losses (7.5%) and gains (11.6%) took place between 1985 and 2015. This behavior is related to the disappearance of native vegetation fragments in some sub-basins, as well as to afforestation, reforestation, and/or forest restoration in others. The Cerrado (a typical tropical savanna in South America), the most impacted natural biome of the Basin, decreased from 21.9% of the UPRB in 1985 (196,746 km2) to only about 5% of the whole UPRB area in 2015. Grassland areas, mostly used for livestock, decreased from 271,827 km2 (30.2%) to 229,007 km2 (25.5%). This net decrease was associated with a reduction of 160,830 km2 (17.8%) and the appearance of 118,010 km2 (13.2%) in new areas, previously occupied by tropical savannas in 1985. In conclusion, economic factors were the main drivers for land cover changes, especially agriculture and livestock activities, besides forestry and hydroelectric energy production. In addition, Grassland areas that predominated on the left banks of the UPRB in 1985 retreated with the advance of Cropland areas, mainly due to the expansion of sugarcane for ethanol production, a biofuel widely used in Brazil. In turn, pasture areas migrated to the right bank and occupied a significant part of the Cerrado. Finally, our results demonstrate that the transition dynamics among land cover classes can involve complex political-economical mechanisms that are not always captured by remote sensing.

The Effect of Green Urbanization on Forestry Green Total Factor Productivity in China: Analysis from a Carbon Neutral Perspective

Based on panel data from 30 provinces from 2001 to 2018 in China, this paper explores the effects and mechanisms of green urbanization on the forestry green total factor productivity (FGTFP) in the context of carbon neutral strategy using a two-way fixed effects model and instrumental variables. The results show that: Firstly, as a sector with ecological and economic benefits, ignoring carbon sink output tends to make FGTFP overestimated. Secondly, green urbanization has a significant positive contribution effect on FGTFP, and this finding still holds after a series of robustness tests including instrumental variables. Thirdly, green urbanization can indirectly promote FGTFP by stimulating the integration of forestry and tourism and strengthening environmental regulations. Fourthly, there is regional heterogeneity in the impact of green urbanization on FGTFP, i.e., the promotion effect of green urbanization on FGTFP is more significant in non-state forest areas compared with state-owned forest areas. Based on the above conclusions, the following countermeasures are proposed: firstly, attaching importance to green urbanization and strengthening environmental constraints; secondly, relying on green urbanization to drive the integration of forestry and tourism; thirdly, actively promoting the construction of green urbanization and green development of forestry in non-state forest areas, while vigorously developing the carbon sink economy to crack the transformation dilemma of backward state forest areas.

Analysis of the Structure And Composition of The Production Forest Floor Vegetation in Nenuk, Naekasa Village, Tasifeto Barat District, Belu Regency

The pupose of this study was to identify the types of forest floor vegetation, the sctructure and composition of the forest floor vegetation and environmental factors that influence the growth of forest floor vegetation in the Nenuk Production forest area. Data collection was carried out in the Nenuk Production forest ,Naekasa village, Tasifeto Barat district, Belu regency usingplots as many as 25 observating plots with a size 2m x 2m . From the result of study found 18 types of floor vegetation consisting of 13 families, forest floor vegetation which has the highest important value index of the Seedling level is the Tectona grandis, L.with INP by 94,74%, at the Herbs level is Ottochloa nodosa, Kunth. with INP by 74,79%, at the bush level is Flemingia strobilfera, L.with INP by 58,32%, at the Shrub level is Passiflora foetida, L. with INP by 79,19% .Enviromental factors affecting the growth of forest floor vessel forestry production of the Nenuk production is the temperature, humidity and the pH with an average temperature of 31,7ºC, moisture 68,8% and pH 6,8. The sctructure and composition of the Nenuk production forest needs to be preserved to maintain the balance of he Nenuk production forest ecosystem in the future.

Does the Collective Forestland Tenure Reform Promote Rural Households’ Forestry Inputs? Based on Dual Perspectives of Rural Households’ Divergence and Inter-Generational Differences

As the most direct subject of collective forestland tenure reform, rural households’ forestry production behavior is an important guarantee for the promotion of sustainable forestry development. Based on the survey data of 12,760 rural households in 9 provinces in China, we construct a theoretical analysis framework of the impact of collective forestland tenure reform on rural households’ forestry inputs from the perspective of rural household differentiation and inter-generational differences, and elucidate the mechanism of the effect of collective forestland tenure reform on rural households’ forestry inputs in the context of rural household differentiation and inter-generational differences. The results of the empirical analysis show that collective forestland tenure reform significantly increases rural households’ forestry inputs; this effect has a differentiated impact on rural households with different degrees of differentiation and inter-generational differences. Although the collective forestland tenure reform provides a good institutional environment for households to increase the enthusiasm of forestry inputs, the positive incentive effect of collective forestland tenure reform tends to decline as the degree of households’ differentiation and inter-generational differences deepen. Therefore, this research tries to provide an “indirect” policy adjustment idea to deepen the policies related to collective forestland tenure reform by starting from the differentiation of households and inter-generational differences.

Graphene Oxide Exhibits Antifungal Activity against Bipolaris sorokiniana In Vitro and In Vivo.

The antimicrobial properties of graphene in vitro have been widely reported. However, compared to research performed on graphene’s antibacterial properties, there have been relatively few studies assessing graphene’s antifungal properties. In particular, evaluating graphene’s pathogenic effects on host plants in vivo, which is critical to using graphene in disease control, has rarely been performed. In this study, the fungal pathogen of wheat, barley, and other plants, Bipolaris sorokiniana (B. sorokiniana) and graphene oxide (GO) were selected for materials. A combination of physiological, cytological, and biochemical approaches was used to explore how GO affects the growth and pathogenicity of B. sorokiniana. The mycelial growth and spore germination of B. sorokiniana were both inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by GO treatment. The addition of GO significantly alleviated the infection of pathogenic fungi in host plants. The results of scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of GO on B. sorokiniana was primarily related to the destruction of the cell membrane. Our study confirmed the antifungal effect of graphene in vitro and in vivo, providing an experimental basis for applying graphene in disease resistance, which is of great significance for agricultural and forestry production.

Port-city symbiosis and uneven development: a critical essay on forestry exports and maritime trade from Coronel, Chile

This article explores the concept of port-city territory symbiosis in combination with social and environmental impacts of logistics, port handling, and the global value chains (GVC) of forestry products. Based on fieldwork and a mixed method approach, our analyses of the port-city of Coronel, its forestry hinterland, the port company PuertoCoronel, and the pulp mill MAPA, illustrate a more general pattern of uneven economic, social and spatial development. While forestry and port companies improve and modernize their processes and facilities, the city of Coronel and its territories seem to be left behind. As this case study shows, symbiosis makes an exciting contribution to the study of port-city-territories, if one expands the latter to include its connections to other territories upstream of the GVC, and conceives them as an integral part of the global economy. Additionally, our analysis challenges the concept of symbiosis by providing a critical twist to include phenomena such as environmental injustices and asymmetric relations between companies and local communities and their territories.

The effectiveness of extension methods for the development of self-reliance of agroforestry farmer groups in accelerating Forestry Development

The ability of forestry extension agents, forestry extension materials to be delivered and the intensity of the extension are classified as effective. In terms of developing farmers ' independence and making extension workers more confident in assisting farmers. effective extension of agroforestry farmers, choosing extension materials must be strictly in accordance with the needs of the target in this case the main actors and agricultural businesses. The development of farmer groups is directed at improving the ability of agroforestry groups in carrying out their functions, namely increasing the ability of members to develop agribusiness. The existence of extension workers is the spearhead in the acceleration of Forestry Development has the skills to invite people to be more advanced and creative. The level of understanding of agroforestry farmers and the number of extension workers is still less effective, because the information and motivation of farmers is still lacking and the number of extension workers is not proportional to the number of farmer groups targeted by extension workers. Self-reliance development of agroforestry farmer groups to be achieved in Bongguron Village, Raya District, Simalungun Regency in order to realize independent and dynamic farmer groups, where farmers have discipline, responsibility and are skilled in cooperation to manage their business activities to increase forestry production, for this reason, a market with a high enough price is needed to market the production in order to restore the costs incurred by farmers in running their farming business and increase farmers ' income by increasing productivity so that it can support the acceleration of Forestry Development.

Анализ роста осины (Populus tremula L.), полученной методом in vitro в условиях Республики Татарстан

The paper presents the results of an experiment on the aspen clones (Populus tremula L.) reproduction resistant to heart rot of the diploid and triploid genotype by micropropagation methods and their introduction into forestry production in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan. The expediency of using this method in the conditions of the republic for obtaining healthy planting material of aspen, which is characterized by rapid growth, is substantiated. The prospects of clone No. 35 with a triploid genotype reproduction and its introduction into forestry production in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan are shown.