Forestry Production Research Articles

Forestry production in Ukraine: formation and reformation on the way to a market economy

Informative sources of forestry production in Ukraine have been investigated in connection with the transfer of the economy to market bases. The subject of the research is the use of land resources for growing forest, related to forestry products, services. The purpose of the study is to develop current forestry regulations, accounting and reporting sources for land resources. It is proved that in the process of management under the principle of «State-outside forest management», accounting and statistical reports were formed mainly in relation to the «State Forest Fund», i.e. products of forestry, instead of land. Hence the name COVV — State Agency of Forest Resources of Ukraine. On the same basis, problems with the definition of the term «Forestry». The most noticeable changes in forestry production of the twentieth century were felt by the economy of enterprises and regions after the adoption of the Forest Law Legislation of the USSR and Union Republics. That is, after the introduction and definition of the term «Single State Forest Fund» and the term «Lands of the State Forest Fund». The mechanisms of accounting and reporting of land use efficiency by financial indicators were lost. At the same time, there is state reporting and control over them.The problems of estimation of the state of lands by taxation categories of their accounting in comparison with the structure of the Standard Statistical Classification of EEC/FAO are covered. It is proposed to move to the division of forest land by ecological components of forest ecosystems. Errors of the Order of the State Land Committee of Ukraine of July 23, 2010 No. 548 «On Approval of the Classification of Specific Purpose of Lands» registered by the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, in general, and in particular, the category «Forest lands and other forested areas», with its classification in section H, Section 9, which contradicts the Forest Code of Ukraine and the ECE/ FAO JCC. Scope of the results of the study: management bodies of the State Land Agency, the State Forest Agency, the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, scientific institutions of the agrosphere, nature protection and environmental safety, etc.

Bioindication of 137Cs forest ecosystem pollution by using test objects

The results of the analysis of native and foreign publications containing data on the accumulation of radioactive substances by different plant species in forest ecosystems in different climatic zones are presented.It is noted that the problems of radioecological monitoring of forest ecosystems and bioindication of radiation pollution are analyzed by radioecologists during the global fallout of radionuclides from the late 1950s — early 1970s. It was found that high concentrations of anthropogenic radionuclides, which were the source of aerial entry into forest ecosystems after nuclear weapons testing, were observed in tree crowns. In the first period after the fall out of the air that high concentrations was observed mainly in the needles and leaves and later in the forest floor.Wood and non-timber components (secondary products) of forest ecosystems are used as a variety of resources. Among the latter, wild berries, medicinal plants and edible mushrooms have considerable diversity. Information on the current levels of radioactive contamination of forest ecosystem components can be obtained on the basis of two approaches: 1) analysis of the results of extensive radioecological monitoring of relevant forest products, with the selection and analysis of a significant number of samples; 2) bio indication method which is related to the analysis of radioactive contamination (137Cs specific activity) in the test objects of radio-ecological monitoring in forest ecosystems and conversion of relevant values for economically valuable products.It is justified that the use of certain types of vascular plants as test objects for radiation monitoring is acceptable. In general, sound selection of radioecological monitoring test objects and study of their characteristics regarding radioactive contamination of forest ecosystems allows predicting radioactive contamination of specific types of forestry products under conditions of radioactive contamination on a forest-typological basis. This method allows detecting quickly and in a timely manner the cases of increase of levels of radioactive contamination in forest ecosystems in comparison with the measurements made earlier (to record falls out on the ground of radionuclides).Such studies are also relevant in the areas of radioecological monitoring in the controlled areas of existing nuclear power plants, for example, Khmelnytsky NPP and Rivne NPP.The test objects used to bio-indicate radioactive contamination in forest ecosystems usually are higher plants (bryophytes and vascular plants), lichens and fungi.However, no specific research has been conducted on this issue in Ukraine, and currently distributed in the scientific literature the numerous data on 137Cs accumulation in the above-mentioned tests objects was obtained in different years, in different regions and forest conditions, in different species, which does not allow them to be used for up-to-date radioecological monitoring.

ОСНОВА МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИХ МОДЕЛЕЙ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ КОЛЕСНЫХ ДВИЖИТЕЛЕЙ ЛЕСНЫХ МАШИН С ПОВЕРХНОСТЯМИ ДВИЖЕНИЯ

The purpose of the research, the results of which are presented in this article, is to analyze the scientific description of the properties of weak bearing movement surfaces of forest machines. The analysis has showed that universal mathematical models of the wheel propeller interaction with soil are based on the provisions of soil mechanics. This approach has been tested in the science of forestry production. It is successfully used by modern domestic and foreign researchers. However, with regard to the development and implementation of a mathematical description of interaction of ultra-low pressure
 wheeled mover (for example, in all-terrain wheeled vehicle) with supporting surfaces, it is necessary to take into account the ratio of the sides of the mover’s contact spot with the soil, since: mover pressure on the ground is defined as the partial load of a single mover and the area contact spots; the distribution of compressive stress over the depth of the soil mass depends on the ratio of the length and width of the contact spot; the bearing capacity characterizing the resistance to shear of the soil layers depends not only on its physical and mechanical properties, but also on the parameters of the contact spot, which is
 taken into account by special correction factors, the values of which depend on the aspect ratio of the contact spot. Soil rheology is considered to take into account the number of passes of a wheeled all-terrain vehicle along the route and its speed. One of the characteristics of the impact of the mover is exposure time. Value of the length of the contact spot is also used when determining the impact time of the mover on the soil.

Occurrence of thermophilic fungal communities and its growth rate on different media and temperatures from available natural substrates

Thermophilic fungi are the chief components of the microflora that develops in heaped masses of plant materials, piles of agricultural and forestry products and other accumulation of organic matter. In this investigation, survey was conducted and collected different compost samples from eight localities of Osmanabad district. Among these localities, Naldurg and Dhoki sites showed highest number of organic substrates, while least in Itkal. Physicochemial properties i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total organic matter, total carbon and moisture were analysed from available composts and among them nitrogen was highest in molasses. Isolation of fungi was made from substrates and among five substrates, vermicompost and Farm Yard Manure (FYM) were recorded for highest species richness and % incidence while less in molasses. Among isolated thermophilic fungi, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Rhizoctonia solani, A. fumigatus and Rhizopus sp. found abundant in all the substrates and temperature ranges. Fungal species A. niger, Mucor mucedo, A. flavus and Pythium sp. Highest growth on all three media viz. Potato dextrose agar (PDA), Czapek’s Dox Agar (CZA) and Martins Rose Bengal (MBR) were recorded. A. niger and Rhizopus sp. were found dominant in tested media and temperature. Generally, the fungi show very little growth at 65 °C. Every temperature gradient showed the growth incidence in all substrates but room temperature (RT) and 35 °C showed richness of fungal incidence. Even some species showed the growth on some substrates at higher temperate (65 °C) to some extent.

Preface

22nd International Scientific Conference Reshetnev Readings-2018 (11–15 November 2018) Preface to 22nd edition of Reshetnev Readings Conference Proceedings The Russian Academician Mikhail Reshetnev (1924–1996) is one of the pioneers of the Soviet space program. His contributions were especially important to Soviet (later, Russian) satellite communication and navigation systems. As a sign of gratitude for Reshetnev’s achievements, two institutions – our University and a satellite manufacturing company were named in his honor. 2018 is the 22nd time that the University has organized a scientific conference in memory of Academician Reshetnev.Prior to 2017, the University was named Reshetnev Siberian State Aerospace University. After it merged with the Siberian University of Technology in 2016, its name was changed to Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, or Reshetnev University. 2017 is, therefore, the first time that the University is holding the Conference in a new status. While the traditions sections of the Conference with the fields of aerospace technology and engineering, computer science and telecommunication systems remain as the nucleus of the Conference, new sections, including a significantly developed section or workshop on Materials Science and Engineering have been added. The scope of the section has been broadened, adding new areas of research such as forestry products and biomaterials in engineering, solid-state physics, composite materials, polymers, and other areas related to the science of developing and producing new materials. The Conference is traditionally held in the Siberian city of Krasnoyarsk. Over 200 participants annually take part in the Conference, making it one of the largest scientific events in the city.In 2018, the topic of the Conference was expanded to house a growing demand for research reports in the field of Earth and environmental studies. The majority of these topics are related to remote sensing, geographical information systems, environmental issues, and ecology.The Conference is multidisciplinary. However, the topics of the reports should be relevant to engineering and industry.Pr. Yurii LoginovVice Rector for Science and Research Reshetnev University

Progress on Pine Derivative Products as Fuel Source in Indonesia

Pine resin is a non-wood forestry product in Indonesia that can be converted into a much higher value product. Pine resin traditionally is converted into rosin and turpentine. Due to the scarcity supply of fossil fuel, turpentine has been studied as fuel for diesel substitution. Pinene, the highest component found in pine resin is the primary fuel source candidate. Pinene dimer, modified pinene using catalysts or ozone have a heating value similar to that of JP-10, a tactical fuel for rockets. This paper discussed the technological development of pinene and pinene dimers as a fuel. The opportunity and challenge for producing pine based fuel in Indonesia were also addressed.

The economic contribution of logging, forestry, pulp & paper mills, and paper products: A 50-state analysis

The existing forest economics literature contains relatively few economic contribution studies at the state level in the U.S. While some prior studies have aggregated the economic contribution of forest sector activities at the regional or multi-state level, none have specifically calculated this in a comprehensive, homogeneous manner across all 50 U.S. states. Utilizing aggregation schemes in the existing literature, this research computes the economic contribution of multiple sectors of the commercial logging, forestry products, pulp & paper mills, and paper products for all 50 states. These findings have important implications, as strengthening these primary sectors of commercial logging and pulp & paper can help enhance wood products industry clusters and their individual industry sectors throughout the U.S. and breed strong regional economies.

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Chemical Structure and Thermal Properties of Softwood-Derived Glycol Lignin.

A large-scale glycol lignin (GL) production process (50 kg wood meal per batch) based on acid-catalyzed polyethylene glycol (PEG) solvolysis of Japanese cedar (JC) was developed at the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Japan. JC wood meal with various particle size distributions (JC-S < JC-M < JC-L) (average meal size, JC-S (0.4 mm) < JC-M (0.8 mm) < JC-L (1.6 mm)) and liquid PEG with various molecular masses are used as starting materials to produce PEG-modified lignin derivatives, namely, GLs, with various physicochemical and thermal properties. Because GLs are considered a potential feedstock for industrial applications, the effect of heat treatment on GL properties is an important issue for GL-based material production. In this study, GLs obtained from PEG400 solvolysis of JC-S, JC-M, and JC-L were subjected to heating in a constant-temperature drying oven at temperatures ranging from 100 to 220 °C for 1 h. All heat-treated GL series were thermally stable, as determined from the Klason lignin content, TMA, and TGA analyses. SEC analysis suggests the possibility of condensation among lignin fragments during heat treatment. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, thioacidolysis, and 2D HSQC NMR demonstrated that a structural rearrangement occurs in the heat-treated GL400 samples, in which the content of α–PEG-β–O-4 linkages decreases along with the proportional enrichments of β–5 and β–β linkages, particularly at treatment temperatures above 160 °C.

Optimizing the location for the enterprise recycling the forestry production waste

The article discusses the optimization of the location of the enterprise for recycling the wood waste from logging and wood processing industries. A promising area of waste recycling is the production of wood-fuel pellets as an alternative renewable energy source. The raw material supply of pellet production means a lot of collection activities, in which transport costs play a decisive role. Sources of raw materials and consumers of finished products are distributed over vast territories. The paper proposes an integrated approach to solving the problems of the territorial location of the recycling plant based on logistic methods and the use of geographic information systems. The paper presents a mathematical model and a technique for optimizing the territorial distribution of pellet production by the criterion of the minimum transportation costs for raw materials. The developed methodology takes into account the existing infrastructure. It involves the full use of sources of raw materials, and also allows us to choose the best option for the location of the enterprise, taking into account the social and economic possibilities of construction. The technique has great versatility, which allows it to be used to place enterprises of various fields of activity. It clearly reflects the results of the problem solution, which simplifies the decision-making process on the location of enterprises.

Performance of four meta-heuristics to solve a forestry production planning problem

The use of artificial intelligence as a tool to aid in the planning of forest production has gained more and more space. Highlighting the metaheuristics, due to the ability to generate optimal solutions for a given optimization problem in a short time, without great computational effort. The present study aims to evaluate the performance of the metaheuristics Genetic Algorithm, Simulated Annealing, Variable Neighborhood Search and Clonal Selection Algorithm applied in a model of regulation of forest production. It was considered a planning horizon of 16 years, in which the model aims to maximize the Net Present Value (NPV), having as restrictions age of cut between 5 and 7 years and minimum and maximum logging demand of 140,000 and 160,000 m3, respectively. Different combinations of configurations were considered for each of the metaheuristics, 30-second processing time and 30 replicates for each configuration, all processing being performed in MeP - Metaheuristics for forest Planning software. The Simulated Annealing metaheuristic obtained the best results when compared to the others, reaching the minimum and maximum demand demanded in all tested configurations, in contrast, the Genetic Algorithm was the one with the worst performance. Thus, the capacity to use metaheuristics as a tool for forest planning is observed.

Effect of forestland tenure security on rural household forest management and protection in southern China

Initiated in 2003, China’s recent round of collective forest tenure reform (CFTR) aims to improve tenure security and motivate households to engage in forestry production. For the forested land allocated to households after the reforms, forest management and protection have become key in forestry production. However, few studies have analyzed the effect of different dimensions of forestland tenure security on rural household forest management and protection. Based on survey data from 766 households in southern China, the present study examines this effect using the Negative Binomial and Tobit models. The empirical results indicate that the actual tenure security derived from the possession of forestland certificates has insignificantly increased forest management frequency and management intensity. With regard to perceived tenure security, we found that if forestland is perceived to be adjusted in the future, this can have a significant positive impact on both management frequency and management intensity. In contrast, a perception that certificates may protect forestland rights would have insignificant effect on management frequency and management intensity of forestland. Specifically, for households with certificates for all forestland, perception about future adjustments on tenure security would positively affect management frequency and intensity. For households with certificates for part of forestland, the perception about certificates has a positive impact on management frequency.

Plantation forestry and pellet production in Kenya

Woody biomass is the main energy source in Kenya since most Kenyan households use fuelwood and/or charcoal for heating and cooking needs. It is expected that major reliance of wood fuels will continue for decades, in the face of dwindling feedstock supply due to severe forest loss. As an alternative to charcoal, wood pellets have potential to be widely adopted as a cookstove fuel in high efficiency cookstoves and institutional boilers. This study couples plantation forestry with pellet production to create a sustainable supply of cost effective fuel. This study indicates that production of wood pellets from short rotation eucalyptus production can be an economically attractive approach. The cost of producing and delivering wood chips to a pellet mill was modeled based on yield data with a financial model, and the pelleting operation was modeled using a mass-and-energy-balance approach. Pellet costs were found to be lower than the equivalent charcoal cost, and an optimum production point exists with a sizeable employment benefit to the community. While it may be argued that it is preferable to adopt a policy that encourages abandonment of charcoal and fuel wood in favor of fossil fuels, it may be worth considering rethinking this approach, given the potential for producing pellet fuel in a manner that generates local economic benefit, maintains or reduces costs to the end user, and maintains the renewable, sustainable aspect of this sector of the nation's energy economy.

Implementation of the GB Plant Health and Biosecurity Strategy 2014–2019 with foresight on a new strategy for 2020

Plants have an essential role in addressing the great social and environmental challenges of our time. However, the risk from invasive plant pests and pathogens is also significant and constantly growing as a result of increasing globalisation and environmental change. The UK’s plant health regime aims to manage that risk to protect the enormous value of plants and trees; from the value of crops and forestry products to ecosystem services and societal benefits. The implementation of the Great Britain Plant Health and Biosecurity Strategy 2014–2019 is described, including the risk-based approach to protecting the plants and trees, and the approaches being taken to manage different kinds of risks, including import controls, management of threats once established, preparedness, utilising citizen science and awareness raising. Looking ahead, there is foresight on a new strategy for 2020 including building a world-class biosecurity regime, which delivers a step change in plant health protections, allows our plant-based industries to thrive and acknowledges the value that healthy plants contribute to society and the environment. International Year of Plant Health 2020 provides a unique opportunity to raise the profile of plant health globally.

Evaluation of the Potential of Biomass to Energy in Portugal—Conclusions from the CONVERTE Project

The main objective of the Portuguese project “CONVERTE-Biomass Potential for Energy” is to support the transition to a low-carbon economy, identifying biomass typologies in mainland Portugal, namely agri-forest waste, energy crops and microalgae. Therefore, the aim was to design and construct a georeferenced (mapping) database for mainland Portugal, to identify land availability for the implementation of energy crops and microalgae cultures, and to locate agricultural and forestry production areas (including their residues) with potential for sustainable exploitation for energy. The ArcGIS software was used as a Geographic Information System (GIS) tool, introducing the data corresponding to the type of soil, water needs and edaphoclimatic conditions in shapefile and raster data type, to assess the areas for the implantation of the biomass of interest. After analysing the data of interest in each map in ArcGIS, the intersection of all maps is presented, suggesting adequate areas and predicting biomass productions for the implementation of each culture in mainland Portugal. Under the conditions of the study, cardoon (72 kha, 1085 kt), paulownia (81 kha, 26 kt) and microalgae (29 kha, 1616 kt) presented the greater viability to be exploited as biomass to energy in degraded and marginal soils.

Вірусні хвороби рослин в агроценозах і лісових екосистемах: діагностика та профілактика

Goal. To analyze the already known results of virological tests and to investigate virus diseases in agricultural lands and forest ecosystems. Methods. Visual examination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in various modifications, allocation of total RNA from plant material, purification of cDNA, electrophoresis of nucleic acids, CT-PCR, and me­thod of statistical data processing. Results. They analyzed the results of domestic and foreign researches on phytovirusology. Joint research was conducted in the Institute of Agroecology and environmental management of NAAS and the National University of life and environmental Sciences of Ukraine regarding the prevention of viral infections of plants at the use of the composition of basidiomycetes fungi. For the recovery of plants from viral diseases, they used a process of simulated microgravity. Conclusions. Taking into account scientific, environmental and social importance of biological security in agriculture as an important condition of balanced development of Ukraine and the production of quality food products, agriculture and forestry should be based primarily on the use of quality certified disease-free seed of resistant varieties. So pressing is the problem of the creation of the Depositary of the main viruses affecting agricultural and forest crops, and scientific center «Virus», which was initiated by the Bureau of the Presidium of the National Academy of agrarian sciences of Ukraine on 18 September 2019.

The walnut plantations (Juglans spp.) in Italy and Spain: main factors affecting growth

Walnut tree species ( Juglans spp.) are commonly used for high-quality wood production in plantation forestry. In this paper, the most relevant walnut plantations in Italy and Spain have been reviewed and analysed under a geographic and technician management point of view. Between 2016 and 2019 a total of 96 plantations (15 - 25 years old) were visited distributed in the North-western part of the Mediterranean basin. A statistical analysis (linear model no interaction and PCA) was then performed to evaluate the relative importance of some environmental and management variables for walnut trees in analysed plantations. Results highlighted a variable situation with many different adopted planting schemes across the regions as well as a not standardised spatial layout and management type (thinning). Lower densities and smaller trees were adopted in Italy with about 200 trees ha -1 versus 330 trees ha -1 in Spain. In addition to the age of the plantation as one of the most influencing parameters also the plantation density and the average crown diameter were highly statistically significant. Overall, the interesting potentiality of walnut for timber production with active management in suitable areas was detected as the focal point for a successful timber production from walnut trees.

森林総合研究所十日町試験地における冬期の気象および雪質の調査資料 （9）（2014/15年～2018/19年 5冬期）

森林総合研究所十日町試験地における冬期の気象および雪質の調査資料 （9）（2014/15年～2018/19年 5冬期）

Agricultural Funding-Based Contributions and Performance of Nigerian Agricultural Sector

On the account of assessing the performance of the Nigerian agricultural sector, this study puts in focus the relationship between agricultural funding-based contributions and performance of the Nigerian agricultural sector from 1986 to 2018, following the prescription of financial intermediation theory. It relies on ex-post facto research design, employs and makes use of data from the statistical bulletin of Central Bank of Nigeria, 2018 and Work Bank Economic Outlook 2019. Total government expenditure (TGE), agricultural credits (ACG) and foreign direct investment (FDI) serve as the independent variables; while crop production (CRP), livestock production (LSP), forestry production (FRP) and fishing production (FSP) represent the dependent variables. The study utilizes Jarque-Bera, Breush-Godfrey, Breush Pagan Godfrey, and Ramsey reset for normality tests, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) technique for stationarity test, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Engle-Granger Single Equation Co-integration Tests for the search of possible link between the sets of variables. From the analyses, the results of the study reveal that TGE and AGS are significantly and positively related to CRP, LSP and FSP while FDI maintains a negative relationship with them. On another hand, TGE and FDI have negative relationship with FRP, but AGS is positively related to FRP. The Co-integration analysis reveals that there is a long run relationship between all the variables used in the four models. On this basis, the study concludes that agricultural funding-based contributions have significant and long run relationship with the performance of the Nigerian agricultural sector. The paper recommends that government should strengthen agricultural credit guarantee scheme and increase expenditures on the sector.

Residues and bio-energy generation: A case study modelling value chain optimisation in Tasmania

Internationally biomass residues, primarily from forestry and agricultural production cycles, are increasingly being used to produce bio-energy. This case study presents modelling of the potential socio-economic impacts from a proposed co-generation bio-energy plant (under 50 MW) in the Valley Central Industrial Precinct (VCIP) in Northern Tasmania. The modelling uses data related to residue availability and bio-energy generation output to examine and evaluate potential impacts under a range of scenarios. Potential bio-energy residue feedstock is categorised into viable onsite and offsite sources and quantified in terms of their different bio-energy outputs for different sized bio-energy plants. To complete the evaluation of the potential socio-economic impact of the proposed plant, analysis is conducted using the JEDI (Jobs and Economic Development Impact model). The results of the modelling indicate that the location, quality and quantity of biomass residue feedstock and optimal socio-economic impacts are best aligned with the local supply chain by a bio-energy plant of (10 MW). Importantly, the modelling presented in this paper excludes consideration of forest harvest residues as a potential source of biomass residues due to the lack of certainty on the viability of commercial supply to the VCIP. In this context, it is anticipated that the underlying assumptions and approach used in this case study will be of value to other regions exploring the viability of bioenergy generation from biomass residues.

Determinants of Non-Timber Forest Product Planting, Development, and Trading: Case Study in Central Vietnam

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) play an active role in economic development, improving household livelihoods, raising the value of forestry production, and supporting sustainable forest management. This study involved a comprehensive assessment of the growth, development, and trade of NTFPs in Vietnam by combining logistic and tobit methods. Surveys were used to interview 400 households in three regions of Central Vietnam. Results showed that the planting, development, and trading of NTFPs are shaped by forestry production experience, the number of laborers, the percentage of wage earners, agricultural income, timber income, per capita income, the presence of bank deposits, the distance between forest and house, an understanding of forestry economic policies, and participation in technical training. Each factor had a different level of influence. Among the six NTFP groups, the groups generating yarn and medicines produced the highest income and had a strong impact on household reliance on NTFPs. This was followed by NTFPs used to generate food, oil, and plastic. The proportion of people with wages, and the income variable system, negatively impacted NTFP planting and income generation, which reduced household reliance on NTFPs. This means that there is a trade-off between NTFPs and other income generating activities. In the future, the government should develop specific plans, policies, and strategies for developing each type of NTFP suitable to each region’s natural conditions. The policies should include supporting people with low-interest bank loans; expanding the number of training courses to increase their understanding of forestry economic policies; and implementing cultivation techniques and forest care to improve the productivity, quality, and efficiency of NTFP products.