Forestry Policy Research Articles

Assessment of deforestation in Mashegu Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria: Causes, effects, and reduction strategies

The study assessed the causes, effects as well as providing strategies for reducing deforestation in Mashegu Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria. Simple random sampling technique was employed in the study; 5 wards out of the 10 available in the Local Government Area were randomly selected. A total of 150 copies of questionnaire were randomly administered with 30 respondents selected in each ward. Out of the 150 respondents, 16 respondents were discountenanced, leaving a total of 134 sampled respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages while tables and chart were used to present the results. The results revealed that majority (71%) of the respondents were males, while the rest were females. Majority of the respondents were between the productive ages of 30-49 years representing 72% while age 50 and above accounted for only 11%. In terms of education, 86% of the respondents attained both primary and secondary school education while 4% had no formal education. Farming (31%) is the major cause of deforestation in the study area while mining recorded only 1%. The major effect of deforestation in the study area is soil erosion (29%), closely followed by high temperature (19%) and other environmental hazards accounted for only 2%. The best strategy for reducing deforestation in the study area as suggested by the respondents is through afforestation and reforestation with a response of 48%. The study would enable forestry policy makers, other stakeholders and even farmers in the study area to be better informed about the implications of deforestation and seek innovative means and ways to combat its menace.

Evaluation of the extracts from the renewable parts in Garcinia subelliptica as natural sunscreen additives

In recent years, many investigations have found that artificial sunscreen additives not only have allergic and endocrine disruption problems, but also found that these additives affect aquatic organisms such as corals. Therefore, finding alternative additives to satisfy the needs of users while ensuring environmental and ecological safety has become an important issue today. Natural sunscreen additives with low toxicity, low allergenicity and high environmental friendliness have become the focus of development of new sunscreens. It is known from previous studies that the renewable parts of Garcinia subelliptica are rich in benzophenones, biflavonoids and xanthonoids, indicating potential for application in sun protection. Hence, this study evaluated the potential of the renewable parts (branches, leaves and fruits) of G. subelliptica, and combined the concept of the circular economy to make natural sunscreen additives with environment-friendly value. The results showed that the phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the renewable parts of G. subelliptica are rich, endowing them with good sun protection efficacies and antioxidant ability via absorption of ultraviolet light and scavenging of free radicals, especially the biflavonoids in the leaves. These results indicated that the extract of G. subelliptica leaves has the most potential for development as natural sunscreen additives. The active ingredients in these leaves are worth further investigate. Future research can also combine urban forestry or community forestry policies to develop the renewable parts of G. subelliptica into environmentally friendly raw materials for natural sunscreen additives with multiple functions such as sunscreen and antioxidant, enhancing the utilization values.

Impact of population growth on biodiversity loss in boki agro-ecological rainforests, cross river state, nigeria

In today's world, the rapid growth of human populations, who rely on forest resources as their primary source of income, is a major source of concern. The impact of population increase on biodiversity loss in the Boki rainforest in Nigeria's Cross River State was investigated in this study. The study looked into the causes of rapid population expansion, the proximate causes of deforestation, the effects of deforestation on biodiversity, and the economic values of rainforests to Boki inhabitants. The study gathered information on the factors that contribute to population growth, the pace of biodiversity loss, the causes of deforestation, and the effects of deforestation on biodiversity in the study area. The findings found that a mix of human influences such as rapid population growth, increasing human activities such as lumbering, fuel wood extraction, settlement expansion, agricultural practices, and construction works had aggravated tropical rainforest degradation in the studied area. These factors have aided in the extinction and depletion of important flora and fauna species in the study area. To maintain the Boki rainforests and it’s biodiversity, the report suggests population education, research-based innovative forestry and biodiversity policies, and forest restoration efforts such as community-based forest management.

ALIEN PEST TOUMEYELLA PARVICORNIS (COCKERELL) (HEMIPTERA: COCCIDAE) ON PINUS PINEA L.: SHORT TIME EVALUATION OF ENDOTHERAPIC TREATMENT

The Pine Tortoise Scale Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell) is native to North America and was found for the first time in Italy in 2014, in Campania Region. This alien species gradually colonized woods and urban areas in Latium and subsequently moved northward in Tuscany and Abruzzo, and southward in Apulia. The scale was responsible for severe damages on the Stone Pine Pinus pinea L., a conifer representing an element of great importance in the Italian landscape and included in the Area Natura 2000 Network for its significant naturalistic interest. Heavy attacks of T. parvicornis on P. pinea cause a progressive defoliation on the canopies, and the plants quickly decline and are often irreversibly compromised. Such severe symptoms prompted studies for seeking control strategies with a low environmental impact that are suitable in urban areas. In this context, the National Reference Institute for Plant Protection was commissioned by the Italian Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies to verify the potential of endotherapic methods against T. parvicornis. The effect of abamectin distributed by trunk injection technology (Nuovo Metodo Corradi®) was experimentally evaluated from April to October 2021 in a park in Rome (Central Italy) on 72 pine trees that showed strong and homogeneous scale infestations. 0.9 ml of a commercial product containing abamectin at 18.37 g/l concentration was injected per cm of plant diameter at breast height (dbh) through holes that were 6 mm in diameter and 6-7 cm in depth. This treatment provided an efficient control of T. parvicornis infestations on the pine trees throughout the growing season. The presence of mature females on the one-years-old twigs significantly decreased in treated pines from April to July (about 2 females/twig on average) and to October (about 1.8 females/twig) compared to the control untreated pines (about 40 and 14 females/twig in July and October, respectively). These results showed that a single endotherapic treatment with abamectin can efficiently reduce the populations of T. parvicornis at low density levels at least 25 weeks after the trunk injection. The treated pines also visibly appeared to recover from the severe infestation symptoms and no injury and bark lesions ascribable to the trunk drilling were observed. Key Words: Pine Tortoise Scale, trunk injection, abamectin, urban area.

The role of personal values and personality traits in environmental concern of non-industrial private forest owners in Sweden

Environmental benefits have become priority objectives for the management of forests, including for private forest owners in many countries. Understanding and promoting environmental-friendly private forest management requires a measure of environmental concern of forest owners and knowledge of factors that influence it. Such a measure allows to explore underlying motivations of forest owners to include environmental aspects in their forest management. This in turn helps in developing and implementing effective pro-environmental forestry policies. In this paper, we assess environmental concern in forest management of 226 non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners in Sweden. In particular, we sought to achieve a two-fold objective: a) to quantitatively explore the content and dimensionality of the environmental concern construct of forestry owners and b) to identify the association between environmental concern of forest owners and their personal values and personality traits. A principal factor analysis resulted in a two-dimensional environmental concern construct encompassing: environmental strategy and environmental orientation. Hierarchical seemingly unrelated regressions (SUREG) showed that personal values and personality traits help to explain environmental concern in forest management of NIPF owners. A better understanding of environmental concern of forest owners and its relation with individuals' attributes will help in better designing, framing and targeting of tailor-made interventions to promote environmental considerations in forest management.

Estimation and Spatio-Temporal Change Analysis of NPP in Subtropical Forests: A Case Study of Shaoguan, Guangdong, China

Exploring the spatial and temporal dynamic characteristics of regional forest net primary productivity (NPP) in the context of global climate change can not only provide a theoretical basis for terrestrial carbon cycle studies, but also provide data support for medium- and long-term sustainable management planning of regional forests. In this study, we took Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, China as the study area, and used Landsat images and National Forest Continuous Inventory (NFCI) data in the corresponding years as the main data sources. Random forest (RF), multiple linear regression (MLR), and BP neural network were the three models applied to estimate forest NPP in the study area. Theil–Sen estimation, Mann–Kendall trend analysis and the standard deviation ellipse (SDE) were chosen to analyze the spatial and temporal dynamic characteristics of NPP, whereas structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the driving factors of NPP changes. The results show that the performance of the RF model is better than the MLR and BP neural network models. The NPP in the study area showed an increasing trend, as the NPP was 5.66 t·hm−2·a−1, 7.68 t·hm−2·a−1, 8.17 t·hm−2·a−1, 8.25 t·hm−2·a−1, and 10.52 t·hm−2·a−1 in 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017, respectively. Spatial aggregation of NPP was increased in the period of 1997–2017, and the center shifted from the mid-west to the southwest. In addition, the forest stand factors had the greatest effect on NPP in the study area. The forest stand factors and environmental factors had a positive effect on NPP, and understory factors had a negative effect. Overall, although forest NPP has fluctuated due to the changes of forestry policies and human activities, forest NPP in Shaoguan has been increasing. In the future, the growth potential of NPP in Shaoguan City can be further increased by continuously expanding the area proportion of mixed forests and rationalizing the forest age group structure.

Research on the willingness of Forest Land’s Management Rights transfer under the Beijing Forestry Development

Abstract The research on land-use transfer has always been a hot spot for domestic and foreign scholars, and it is also the focus of practical works. In China, the Beijing Municipal Government has put forward many forestry policies, emphasising the need to improve the collective forest land transfer system against the new background of the capital’s forestry development. This paper built a binary logistic regression model and structural equation modelling (SEM) based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), collected research data through questionnaires and explored the factors that affect the willingness of the transfer of forest land. The research showed that (1) farmers’ attitudes and behaviours had significant negative impacts on the willingness to transfer forest land. When farmers are assured that they know more about the forest land’s management rights transfer policy, and the forest land’s management rights transfer can bring more income to them, they will be satisfied with the existing forest land policy, which is more conducive to the forest land’s management rights transfer; (2) the perceived behaviour control of farmers had no significant impact on the willingness of forest land’s management rights transfer, that is, difficulties that farmers perceived in the implementation of forest land’s management rights transfer did not significantly affect their decision-making willingness and (3) the different results of the two models’ analysis on the impact of subjective norm on the willingness of forest land’s management rights transfer need further study and verification.

State-level forestry policies across the US: Discourses reflecting the tension between private property rights and public trust resources

Policies impacting forest management on privately-owned lands demonstrate remarkable variety across the United States, with each state emphasizing different approaches to balancing private property rights with the protection of public trust resources. Though private property rights are historically paramount in the US, previous researchers have identified a variety of policy approaches on private forest lands, from regulatory to non-regulatory. We expand on these categories through a discourse analysis of state-produced documents (including legislation, rules, and best management practices manuals). Through this analysis, we create a typology of categories that express assumptions about landowner behavior and the appropriate role of state intervention. The typology identifies four discourse categories used to varying degrees within each state: landowner stewardship, forestry expert stewardship, science-bureaucracy, and participatory conservation. This typology allows for comparison of policy approaches and comparison across resources and jurisdictions.

Perlawanan Harian Perempuan untuk Percepatan Kebijakan Tanah Objek Reforma Agraria (TORA) dan Perhutanan Sosial (PS)

This paper analyzes the women’s everyday forms of resistance, in formal and informal spaces, to the acceleration of the Land Objects of Agrarian Reform (‘Tanah Objek Reforma Agraria’—TORA) and Social Forestry (SF) policies in Sigi Regency in Central Sulawesi. The women’s resistance is a broader manifestation of To-Kaili philosophy regarding the role of women as the center and base in maintaining harmony between God, humans, and nature, including in the management of agrarian resources (‘sumber-sumber agraria’—SSA). Women who are fighting for gender-based agrarian justice still encounter some obstacles, including limited awareness of genderbased agrarian justice and the challenge of the resistance not yet being dominant.

Assessment of Charcoal Production and Its Impact on Deforestation and Environment in Borgu Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria

Commercial charcoal production is gradually becoming one of the major sources of sustenance and currently plays a major role in promoting entrepreneurial development in Borgu Local Government Area of Niger State. The study was carried out to assess charcoal production and its impact on deforestation and environment in the study area. Data for the study were generated from a structured questionnaire administered to charcoal producers in the study area. Data obtained revealed that majority (83%) were male with 56% within the age class of 21-40, majority (67%) were married and about (51%) attained primary education. Majority of the producers (82%) used traditional earth mound kiln method for charcoal production and about 56% of the producers obtained their raw material from free area. Most preferred tree species for charcoal production was Prosopis africana and accounted for 61%. Loss of biodiversity ranked 1st as regards impact of charcoal production on deforestation and environment in the study area, closely followed by forest degradation and soil degradation respectively. This study will enable forestry policy makers, charcoal producers, and farmers in the study area to be better informed about the implications of charcoal production on deforestation and environment and seek innovative means and ways to combat its menace.

Analysis of Importance and Performance of Mountain Village Revitalization Policy for Balanced Regional Development: Focused on Forestry and Agriculture Policy in 8 Regional Governments

Background and objective Due to the recent demographic crisis driving the extinction of certain local communities, it is necessary to promote core projects to revitalize mountain village and rural areas. Methods This study collected a total of 443 policy projects based on major policies and major business plans in the forestry and agricultural sectors of the eight regional governments in 2021. The collected 443 policy projects related to revitalizing the mountain villages were classified by 3 experts into 5 domains in the forestry sector, which further broke down into 27 types, 3 domains in the agricultural sector, and which further broke down into 23 types, for a total of 8 domains and 50 types, and an online survey of 42 policy stakeholders was then conducted. Analysis methods were t-test and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA), and implications were derived through comparison between forestry and agricultural sectors. Results The analysis produced several findings. first, it was positive that many projects in the sustainability field appeared in both forestry and agricultural sectors, but it was found that the policy projects needed to be reviewed due to the lack of types corresponding to projects in the intensive promotion area. Intensive core efforts included “discovering forest cultural assets” and “creating forests to improve the environment.” Second, it is necessary to pay attention to the forestry policy sector, as the forestry policy sector were generally lower in importance and performance than the agricultural policy sector. Third, the domains with high importance and performance to mountain village revitalization were “forest welfare services”, “improving settlement environment”, and “increasing incomes” while the domains with low importance and performance were mountain villages and forest culture areas. Conclusion In summary, to revitalize mountain villages in response to the issue of the pending extinction of local communities, forest welfare service projects should continuously be promoted and strategic responses are required for “discovering forest cultural assets” and “creating forests for environmental improvement,” which are suggested as key strategic project types.

Local perception and attitude toward community forest concessions in the Democratic Republic of Congo

The effects of community forestry on biodiversity conservation and local development have been highlighted in Africa and elsewhere. However, little is known on the perception and attitude of local forest users toward community forestry programs. This study aimed to address this gap by identifying the factors that influence the perception and attitude of local forest users toward Local Community Forest Concessions (LCFCs) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). A survey of 138 households was conducted in three villages of the Bisemulu LCFC in eastern DRC. The responses to the close-ended questions were analyzed with a multinomial Probit regression to determine the factors explaining LCFC perception. The results revealed that the key factors determining positive attitude toward the LCFC include education, age, occupation, knowledge of the legal framework and family size. However, challenges remain to the local acceptability of the LCFC, as government employees, elders, youth and larger households expressed negative attitudes. Awareness campaigns mobilizing civil society organizations that have higher level of trust in the communities may overcome some of the challenges. Administrative procedures and the associated costs were seen as major obstacles to LCFC implementation and operation. Procedure simplification and funding support to the LCFCs would thus be needed. The results of this study will contribute to the formulation of sustainable forestry policies to make LCFCs a lever for local development in the DRC and elsewhere.

Simulation Study on Complex Systems of Forest Biomass Power Generation Supply Chain in China.

Based on the perspective of complex system management of forest biomass power generation (FBPG) supply chain, this paper explores a new way to reduce the operation cost of forest biomass raw materials supply chain and improve the operation efficiency of forest biomass supply chain in China. Firstly, the supply chain model of FBPG is summarized through the survey data, and the existing problems are found. Then, the behavior strategies among farmers, middlemen, and enterprises are analyzed, and the data that cannot be obtained in the model are estimated by using statistical methods. Finally, the complex supply chain system is simulated by computer. Through setting different forestry policies, this paper compares and analyzes the profit of the supply chain and puts forward policy suggestions to promote the development of the FBPG industry in China. In this paper, the actual situation, principles of statistics, and system simulation are effectively combined to make the behavior rules of various stakeholders fit the reality, and the research conclusions are more practical.

Institutions and power relations and the implementation of community forestry: a case study of Taiwan

Abstract Policy implementation outcomes occur through the interplay between the political interests and power relationships of actors within the underlying institutional arrangements. Using the Community Forestry Program in Taiwan as a case study, this study aims to (1) identify how the historical development of forestry policies shapes current institutional arrangements and the political interests of actors, (2) determine how institutional arrangements shape the power relationships and interactions between actors and (3) understand how these interactions produce the policy implementation outcomes. Focusing on eastern Taiwan, 24 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The respondents included officers at different tiers of Taiwan’s forestry authority and the communities that had participated in the policy between 2013 and 2017. Findings from the thematic analysis reveal that the forestry officers and communities have divergent political interests and expectations for the policy, and when disagreements arose, the political interests of forestry officers often prevailed over those of the communities. These findings further exemplify the state’s dominance in Taiwan’s forest management, wherein local communities are placed at the periphery and power has not yet been devolved formally to the communities under the existing institutional arrangements. Amendments to the broader legal framework are required to alter the existing power relationships and achieve decentralization of forest resource management.

Land Use/Land Cover Evaluation Using Trajectory Maps Based on Landsat TM/OLI in Southwest China

This study mainly aims to detect the county-level spatio-temporal variability of LULCC (Land Use and Land Cover Change) spatial patterns in Southwest China. Multi-temporal Remote Sensing (RS) images (Landsat TM/OLI in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015) were applied to extract land use/cover types at each of the four-time nodes using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method. Then, the trajectory map methodology was adopted to identify the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of LULCC patterns throughout the given time series. According to the results, the area of unused land decreased continuously, 0.094% total. An evident decline of grassland by 2.17% was documented, and a notable increase was observed in forestland by 63.94 km2 during the period from 2000 to 2015. Water bodies, built-up land, and unused land showed no significant change throughout the study period. The conversion from grassland to forestland and vice-versa (code 13 or 31) was prominent due to an adjustment made to local forestry policy during the first two periods (2000-2005 and 2005-2010), accounting for 17.55% and 17.56% of the study region, respectively. The anaphase trajectory transition type occupied the smallest area of all the trajectory maps. By contrast, the repetitive trajectory was the leading land-use transition type and covered the largest area. Trajectory analysis provides an effective approach for detecting the spatio-temporal changes in LULCC patterns.

Public awareness and willingness to pay (WTP) for forest conservation in Malaysia

Protecting forests and their wildlife from threats such as encroachment, illegal logging and poaching is vital to safeguard their existence for future generations, and is crucial for the balance of our ecosystem. The Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) currently has a man-made forest under its protection where the forest area is managed sustainably and systematically to ensure the ecosystem in Kuala Lumpur remains in balance. In order to assess forest conservation and its impacts on the urban community, this study focuses on the level of public awareness for forest conservation and willingness to pay (WTP) to maintain the area. The importance and value of a forest are determined using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The mean WTP is affected by household income and education level. This research provides a guideline for stakeholders in forest areas and evaluates public awareness via their WTP for forest conservation. Moreover, knowledge of forest conservation by communities helps governments in resolving common problems relating to forestry policy, administration, and management.

Recent trends in the agrometeorological climate variables over Scandinavia

The impacts of global climate change in response to increasing greenhouse gasses are spatio-temporally heterogeneous and are observed in a number of essential climate variables (ECVs). Among the ECVs that are highly relevant for the agriculture and forestry applications are clouds, precipitation and the incoming surface solar radiation (SIS). The past trends in these three agrometeorological ECVs and, more importantly, the co-variability among them can impact future agriculture and forestry policies and practices, their resilience and conservation. Therefore, using 37-year long climate data records spanning from 1982 to 2018 from the satellite- and surface based observing systems, we investigate the co-variability of trends in cloudiness, precipitation and SIS over Scandinavia during the summer months (April through September).The results reveal a complex nature of such co-variability among the trends in these three climate variables over Scandinavia. We report that the total cloudiness has decreased over much of Scandinavia. The decrease is most pronounced and statistically significant over southern Scandinavia in April, over the western coast in July and over much of northern Scandinavia in August. These decreasing trends are mainly due to reductions in the low and middle level clouds. The trends in all-sky incoming surface radiation are opposite in nature and broadly follow the spatio-temporal patterns of the trends in total cloudiness. The precipitation trends are heterogeneous, both spatially and temporally. The analysis of co-variability of trends reveals three distinct area-regimes that are relevant for assessing the changes in the land use and land cover.

Farmworkers, Climate Change, and “Converging Crises”

This past summer in the Pacific Northwest has made painfully clear what climate justice writer Mary Annaïse Heglar (2020) meant by “converging crises.” Glaring inequality, drought, a record-shattering heat wave that killed 569 people in British Columbia, a wildfire season that burned an entire town to the ground, and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have all merged in ways that palpably exemplify how the climate emergency acts as a “threat multiplier.”I took these photos as part of my 2017 fieldwork in B.C.’s Okanagan Valley (Weiler 2021a, 2021b), Syilx territory, during the worst wildfire season the province had ever seen. The following year was even more devastating.The Okanagan region is famous for its wines and cherries. For agricultural workers who train grapevines and harvest cherries beneath muddy orange skies, access to health is already threatened by inequalities of race, class, gender, and immigration status (Caxaj and Diaz 2018). These health threats are amplified by the climate crisis, alongside ill-advised forestry policies. Climate-related extreme weather events such as the heat wave this season have been deadly for agricultural workers, who have simultaneously faced disproportionate exposure to COVID-19. Researchers predict that over the next few decades agricultural workers who currently work an average of twenty-one dangerously hot days annually will encounter twice as many such days (Tigchelaar, Battisti, and Spector 2020). Alongside health concerns, agricultural workers who are paid based on the amount of fruit they pick have reported that that wildfire smoke can threaten their source of income by tainting fruit, such as grapes (Gale and Olmos 2021).As researchers grapple with the emerging science of how wildfires affect our lungs and heat waves affect our hearts, what do we collectively owe food-chain workers exposed to the worst of climate chaos?Grassroots farmworker justice groups, such as Community to Community Development in Washington State, have been pushing for stronger labor protections to prevent illness and death from heat waves and other events. Our occupational health and safety policies—alongside enforcement—must be updated to adequately contend with the new climate reality. Such advocacy should receive at least as much public support as, say, how to mitigate smoke taint from wildfires in our wine glasses.

Monitoring the Multiple Functions of Tropical Rainforest on a National Scale

National Forest Inventory (NFI) protocols have traditionally been designed to assess land coverage and the production value of forest. We propose that this approach needs to evolve toward multipurpose resource survey with broader scope, including data on plant and animal biodiversity, forest carbon pools, and carbon sequestration, given the role of forests in addressing climate change. New Guinea hosts the third largest tropical rainforest in the world and is a globally recognized center of biological diversity and endemism. Here, we report on the NFI by the Government of Papua New Guinea (PNG); designed to assess and monitor the country’s forests for multiple parameters including timber and nontimber resources, greenhouse gases sequestration and storage, and biodiversity. Stratified sampling with clusters of plots was applied to collect quantitative data on a wide range of variables including soil, tree and nontree species as well as birds and three types of insects: ants, geometrid moths, and fruit flies. In total 43 cluster sites, each with multiple plots were assessed. These partial results, from the projected total of 200 clusters, have demonstrated the feasibility and usefulness of the expanded approach to national forest surveys. They contributed to the Biennial Update Report on climate change for PNG and the formation of climate change policies such as the National Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation+ Strategy and the developments of PNG’s Forest Reference Level, and the enhanced (second) Nationally Determined Contributions for PNG. They will also inform the biodiversity conservation and forestry policies in the future.

Research on the driving factors for the high-quality development of China’s forestry economy under the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals

Under the development path of green circular economy with the goal of “double carbon”, the highquality development of forestry economy is an important driving force for tapping the new momentum of green transformation of industrial structure. Based on panel data of 31 provinces in China from 2009 to 2018, this paper constructs a two-way fixed-effects model to explore the drivers of high-quality development of the forestry economy, using forestry economic output value as the explanatory variable. The study found that forestry protection efforts, average forestry salary levels, forestry employees, annual afforestation area, technology level and regional industrial structure significantly contributed to forestry economic development. Therefore, China should formulate targeted forestry development policies based on the drivers of the forestry economy, so as to support and ensure the quality development of the forestry economy.