Forestry Complex Research Articles

Теоретичні засади розвитку системи управління ризиками на підприємствах лісопромислового комплексу

In the article, a comprehensive study of the theoretical foundations of developing the risk management system at the enterprises of the forestry complex is carried out. The essence and classification of the main risks inherent in this industry are revealed, including environmental (climate change, fires, forest degradation), economic (wood price fluctuations, globalization), and technological and social factors. Modern scientific approaches to risk management, in particular international standards (COSO, ISO 31000), and applied risk assessment methods, both quantitative and qualitative, are analyzed. The specificity of environmental risks is particularly emphasized due to their importance for the forestry sector. The proposed systemic approach to risk management includes integrating innovative technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS), drone surveillance, and artificial intelligence for more effective forest monitoring and risk prediction. This allows enterprises to be flexible in responding to threats and reduce their vulnerability to external influences. It also stressed the urgency of improving management processes through the adaptation of international experience, particularly in the forestry sector. This global collaboration in risk management is crucial for a sustainable development strategy that balances the economic interests of enterprises and the preservation of environmental safety. An innovative approach to risk management based on the introduction of digital technologies allows for increased effectiveness in risk assessment and management, which becomes an important tool for ensuring the long-term stability and competitiveness of enterprises in the forestry complex in the context of global changes. Keywords: risk management, forest industry complex, environmental and economic risks, innovative technologies, sustainable development, system approach, monitoring.

Повышение ресурсного потенциала древесного сырья

According to the strategy for the development of the forestry complex of the Russian Federation until 2030, approved by Order of the Prime Minister of Russia no. 312r dated February 11, 2021, the contribution of the forestry industry to the country’s economy should increase by 2 times, including through deep wood processing. To this end, enterprises for deep processing of wood raw materials will be actively developed. Consequently, there will be a shortage of wood raw materials, which will lead to an urgent need to expand the raw material base of these industries. Despite this, as the analysis of the practical experience of modern logging enterprises has shown, today, during logging operations, only the stem part of the tree is removed from the cutting area, and the rest of the biomass in the form of stumpwood, branches, twigs and tops is burned or buried, although these parts of the tree are valuable raw materials for the production of many types of products of wood processing enterprises. This state of affairs is due to the lack of effective technology for processing potential raw materials in the places of their formation and a complex of mobile machines for its implementation. As a result, a technology for the production of wood and coniferous flour, technological chips and semi-finished wood-fiber products, as well as mobile equipment for its implementation, has been proposed for the processing of logging waste in the form of tops, branches and twigs. The article presents technological solutions and equipment models built in the SolidWorks computer-aided design system. The introduction of the proposed technologies, machines and mechanisms will increase the share of harvested raw materials per unit area, reduce the environmental load from the logging process, and increase the efficiency of the industry.

Strategic priorities to develop enterprises of the forestry complex of the Russian Federation in the context of modern challenges

Subject. We investigate the current state of the timber industry complex of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The purpose is to identify and substantiate strategically important priorities for the development of the domestic timber industry, taking into account the current economic conditions and geopolitical situation. Methods. The study draws on methods of systems and comparative analysis. Results. The paper revealed the main trends and problems of the current stage of development of the domestic timber industry complex. We formulated practical recommendations to solve the problems of the timber industry development, in the face of sanctions pressure. Conclusions. The main priorities for further development of the timber industry complex should be entering to new markets, increasing sales of products in the Russian market, increasing the production of import-substituting products with high added value, modernizing the industry through the supply of equipment from friendly countries.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АУДИТ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ КЛАСТЕРАХ

The subject of this study is issues related to the justification for the inclusion of various enterprises in an industrial cluster that has a multi-industry focus, including the use of wood chemical technologies for recycling waste from the forestry complex. The paper substantiates the need for mandatory technological audit of enterprises when they are included in an industrial cluster with a multi-industry focus. The existing methods of technological audit carried out at enterprises are considered, and several groups of methods for conducting technological audits that can be used at enterprises are identified. The methods of technological audit carried out at the enterprise where the levels of technology readiness are used, as well as the levels of technology maturity are investigated; methods of technological audit at the enterprise, which take into account both the external and internal environment of the business entity, taking into account their impact on the level of its technological development. Methods based on conducting a comprehensive audit of an enterprise are considered, including interrelated specialized audits: commercial audit; technical and technological audit; institutional audit; social audit; economic audit; risk audit; financial audit; technology audit methods, which are carried out only at a certain stage of the life cycle of an economic entity; technology audit techniques that determine the discrepancy between the functional and cost components in the activities of the enterprise. The result of the study was the development of strategic analysis matrices, which allows, based on the methodology of the level of technology readiness, to justify the decision to include an economic entity at a certain level of technological development in the industrial cluster of a multi-industry focus.

Studying the sales market for products of the timber industry complex of the region under external sanctions pressure

Subject. The article addresses conditions and factors of the domestic sales market development of the timber industry in the region. Objectives. The aim is to assess the capacity of the domestic market for timber industry products in the target segment of wooden housing construction. Methods. The study employs statistical data on results of the forestry complex development of the Khabarovsk Krai, interviews with specialists from the Ministry of Forestry and Timber Processing, the Ministry of Construction of the Khabarovsk Krai, heads of forestry enterprises. Results. We revealed trends in the structure of production and exports of enterprises operating in the Khabarovsk Krai timber industry, the dynamics of production and consumption of forest products in the domestic market of the region. As a result of unfavorable conditions in the main (foreign) sales market, the activities of the timber industry complex enterprises became unprofitable. Implementation of government programs and flagship projects opens up opportunities to develop domestic demand. The capacity of the region’s wooden housing construction market is calculated based on three scenarios. Conclusions. Sustainable development of the timber industry complex of the region is possible, if government programs and flagship projects are implemented, aimed at the growth of the domestic market of wooden house construction.

Analysis of forest fires in arid landscapes of the Orenburg region

At the present stage of economic development of the forestry complex of the Russian Federation, solving problems with forest fires is key and fundamental. The inevitability of forest fires and the impossibility of preventing the loss of forest resources have led to the need to conduct analytical work to assess the fire rate of forests, which is an indicator of the conditionally permissible area of forest fires for a certain area or forestry for a certain period. The article presents the results of a review of forest fires in the Orenburg region in the context of 27 forest districts for the analyzed period from 2010-2020. Assessing the results of forest fires is necessary to solve current applied problems when planning work in subsequent fire seasons. The study found that for the period (2005-2023), the most fire-dangerous years in terms of the number of fires were 2010 and 2021. An assessment of the relative fire rate in forest districts of the region made it possible to establish that low fire rate is typical for 6 forest districts (22%), moderate and medium fire rate is established in 8 forest districts (30%), and strong (high) fire rate is found in 13 forest districts - 48%. High values of relative fire intensity with values of 0.9, 0.5 and 0.6 were established, respectively, in the Dombarovsky, Orenburgsky and Kvarkensky forest districts, the main reason for their occurrence is the anthropogenic factor. Depending on the geographical location of forestry areas, the number of fires increases; the reliability of the approximation was R2=0.83.

Regional forest management in the Volga Federal District: trends and prospects

In the 21st century, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of forest resources. Every year the role of forests as the ecosystem is growing due to the settlement of the technogenic impact of domestic industry on the environment. Today, in regions where the forest is the raw material base of the forestry complex, a place of employment of the local population and a source of replenishment of the budget at various levels, it is important to conduct a comprehensive analysis of forest management in Russia and develop a strategy for socio-economic development of the use of forest resource potential to improve the well-being of the local population and ensure the ecological and economic balance of the territory on this basis. The article reveals the trends of regional nature management on the example of the Volga Federal District. It is shown that especially negative trends are manifested in the fight against forest damage and fires, protection of forests from pests and diseases, preservation of forest biodiversity, their social and ecosystem functions. The issues of changing the structure of reforestation and the resulting problems of forest management are disclosed. Measures are proposed for the effective implementation of an intensive model of forestry management

Метод оценки уровня инновационного развития лесопромышленных предприятий с учетом индекса оптимальной доходности

In modern economic conditions, enterprises that are part of the domestic forestry complex are forced to reorient production processes to the existing realities with the search for optimal solutions for the production of innova-tive products. The article presents the results of the research, reflecting the need to form an innovative infra-structure of forestry enterprises in the conditions of crisis and import substitution policy, based on the method that determines the optimal level innovative development. One of the results of the research reflected in the article is a matrix model of interaction between participants in the innovation process of forestry enterprises, which takes into account all participants in the creation of an innovative product. The method developed by the authors proposes an improved system for assessing the degree of innovativeness of forestry enterprises by industry group, based on the optimality formula for an improved assessment system using an optimal profita-bility index.

Personnel training for the forestry complex of the northwestern and Arctic regions of Russia

Introduction. Forestry industry development and management in the North-West and the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is a national priority, focused on the global competitiveness of the Russian timber industry products. The study aimed to analyze personnel training for forestry, offered by the education system of the North-West and the Arctic zone of Russia, in order to bring the qualities of the graduates of higher and secondary vocational education in line with the needs of the forestry industry in this macro-region. Materials and Methods. The research materials were statistical data from 4 forms of state federal reporting for 2021-2022: on admissions and graduations from the higher education system; graduation from the secondary vocational education system; number of employees of organizations by type of economic activity; demand of organizations by type of economic activity. The methods of descriptive statistics, mathematical modeling and comparative data analysis were used. Research Results. The study determined a list of 20 areas and disciplines of higher and secondary vocational education organizations training qualified personnel for the forestry complex, and formed a group of 19 types of economic activities related to the five main areas of forestry complex work. The scope of annual additional personnel demand of enterprises and organizations of the forestry complex of the Arctic and North-West Russia was calculated with the help of macroeconomic methodology for assessing the economy's demand for qualified personnel. The annual demand for personnel with higher education was 3.54%, for mid-level specialists it reached 4.49%, and for skilled workers and employees – 5.41% of the total number of employees with the appropriate level of education working in the forestry industry. The comparative analysis identified entities where personnel demands could be met by graduates from their region and entities needing additional sources, including graduates from other regions. Discussion and Conclusion. Pronounced lack of own personnel with higher education for enterprises and organizations of the forestry complex was identified in Leningrad Oblast, Chukotka, Nenets and YamaloNenets Autonomous Okrugs. Mid-level specialists currently graduate in sufficient numbers, with the exception of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In the next two to three years, a significant shortage of qualified workers and employees (more than 90%) is expected in all subjects of the macroregion. A solution to this problem may be targeted training of specialists in other regions, as well as in regions that are well-known educational centers (for example, Tomsk, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk).

Regulation of Property Relations Based on the Preferences of Economic Agents as a Tool for Increasing Aggregate Total Welfare on the Example of the Russian Forestry Complex

The balance of preferences of economic agents and formal institutions is the key to long-term growth of well-being. The article suggests a mechanism for increasing the compliance of institutional transformations with the revealed preferences (using the example of the Russian forest complex). A categorical apparatus based on the comparison of the functions of subjects of endogenous and exogenous distribution has been developed. It is shown that despite the comparative economic efficiency of the endogenous set (confirmed by the results of regression analysis), the real distribution is characterized by the presence of quasi-market preferences. In this context, the influence of path dependence (using the time preference operator) on rational expectations, and, accordingly, budget sets and production sets of agents, is formalized. The scheme of a limited set of available powers of the lessee of forest plots is presented. A model for regulating the distribution of property rights has been developed based on comparing the dynamics of cash flows with institutional changes. The model has been tested. The concept of institutional transformations of the Russian forest complex in the direction of strengthening endogenous-contractual relations, specification of private and state powers and optimization of forest management and forest accounting functions is proposed.

On the Question of the Implementation of the Industrial Symbiosis Model in Timber Industry Complex of the Irkutsk Region

Since the middle of the last century and to this day, the economic development of countries is achieved by increasing industrial production, while causing great harm to the environment. In 2015, the 21st Conference of the Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted the Paris Agreement signed by 197 countries to reduce environmental impact by reducing greenhouse gases. Russia has also joined the policy of decarbonization of the national economy. The pulp and paper industry of the forestry complex of the Russian Federation is the main polluter of soil, air and water resources, which poses the problem of finding optimal solutions to reduce environmental impacts. The author presents the data of large timber enterprises in Eastern Siberia, which are the main environmental pollutants. The concept of industrial symbiosis is given, the prerequisites for the formation of industrial symbioses in the context of political, regional, socio-ecological and macroeconomic components are given. The author substantiates the introduction on the territory of the Irkutsk region of a special cluster form in the format of industrial eco-parks, which will allow the use of waste from enterprises as a subsequent resource in the activities of other enterprises. Thus, this recommendation will enable the Russian Federation to scale up the applied experience by introducing the proposed model to other industries.

Лесная промышленность горного региона: оценка территориальной организации и рисков развития (по материалам Республики Тыва)

Searching for ways to develop the territories along the eastern border of Russia, including mountainous areas, their manufacturing sectors, among them those in the forestry complex, becomes extremely relevant in current conditions due to the sanctions imposed by the Western countries. In keeping with the goals of this paper and based on studying the stages in the development of economic sectors, analysis and synthesis of data from official statistical sources and authorities as well as modeling of future processes in the mining region, it has been established that in such border mountainous regions of the country as the Republic of Tyva do not fully utilize the existing potential and opportunities for the development of manufacturing, exportoriented industries, especially in the timber industry. In particular, it is shown that in this region, half of the territory of which is covered with forests, there exists a significant potential to increase the volume of harvesting, treatment and deep processing of forest resources (including the volumes of timber up to 1500 thousand m³ per year) and the production of high-quality goods, including the export-oriented ones, provided that environmental protection measures are taken and the level of environmental risks is reduced. The formation of the necessary favorable legislative and legal conditions is proposed for the development of the forest industry in a depressive mountainous region.

Strategic guidelines for the development of forest industry of Ukraine in the post-war period

This research presents the peculiarities of the formation of a modern strategy for the development of forest industry in Ukraine. It was determined that the implementation of strategic management in the postwar period should be based on ensuring the balance of forest use. In order to increase the role of forest resources in the share of national wealth, it is necessary to move to such a model of forest use, which would ensure the proper profit of forest enterprises in a unified relationship, minimize the destructive impact on forest resources, and also ensure the appropriate level of environmental and economic security for the state. A comprehensive scientific assessment of the institutional aspects of economic relations in the context of the existing vector and conditions of development of the forestry industry of Ukraine, including the strategic guidelines approved by the State Forest Management Strategy until 2035, was carried out. The modern features of forest use caused by military operations in Ukraine are revealed. And the algorithm of their further development at different levels of the economic hierarchy is also substantiated. Conceptual approaches to the post-war management of forest resources of Ukraine in the conditions of climatic changes observed in recent decades, as well as in accordance with modern climate-oriented strategies in the world, approved at the summit in Glasgow in 2021, are outlined. Attention is paid to ways of counteracting the destructive impact of climate change on the forestry complex, as well as to the problematic issues of reforestation technologies, afforestation and forest care in order to adapt them to modern climate changes. It has been proven that the main task of state policy in the field of forest resource management is to ensure effective and proper protection, balanced use and formation of forest reproduction mechanisms, as well as the availability of appropriate tools. It was also noted that at the local levels, the implementation of the approved strategy for the development of forestry requires a comprehensive approach to individual areas of innovative activity in the forestry industry. It was found that the appropriate level of implementation of the set of specified measures creates favorable conditions for the effective implementation of the provisions of the approved normative legal acts regarding the use and reproduction of forests in Ukraine.

Active trailer with variable base for the timber industry

For forest machines (skidders, forwarders), due to the peculiarities of work cycles and a wide range of changes in resistance to movement, a power plant with a heat engine most of the time operates in a non-optimal mode. It is proposed to overcome this disadvantage by using an active trailer link. The issues of the features of the use of active trailers as part of road trains of forest machines are considered. A trailer with a variable base was chosen as the basis, as the most popular and widespread in the forestry complex. The structure of an electromechanical transmission based on the principle of using a central electric motor and a controlled interwheel power distribution mechanism is proposed. The principles of determining the power of thermal and electric motors are considered. A method for calculating the external parameters characterizing the power distribution mechanism based on the principle of matching the radii of the kinematic and power turn is proposed, and a design scheme for turning the road train is given. The main assumptions are formulated to justify the possibility of the proposed calculated dependencies. The way of synthesis of kinematic schemes of such mechanisms, approaches to design and production are indicated. A technology for controlling such mechanisms is proposed. An example is considered, a variant of the kinematic scheme of the power distribution mechanism is given. The ways of project realization are shown.

РАСЧЁТ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ РЕЖИМОВ СИСТЕМ ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ

When solving the issues of creation and improvement of power supply systems, calculations of steady-state modes are the most common. Since power supply systems contain nonlinear elements, their steady state mode is described by nonlinear equations. Solving such equations is possible only by iterative methods, which is associated with the problem of convergence of the iterative process. The proposed method calculations of steady-state modes are the most common in solving the issues of creation and improvement of power supply systems, and the algorithms implementing it are relatively easy to program and provide the necessary speed and accuracy of calculations. They are designed to solve a number of practical problems related to the design and operation of complex closed power supply systems. Due to a number of features of electrical systems, which are inherent in the power supply systems of the agricultural and forestry complex, the convergence of the iterative process may be delayed and even not provided. In this regard, the authors proposed a direct calculation method with cyclic correction of the initial information for each cycle in order to take into account the nonlinearity of the elements of the electrical system. The proposed method is based on universal calculation formulas for determining eigenand mutual resistances, which are obtained as a result of transformation and solution of nodal equations

Parameters of optimization of transfer operations of the harvesting process

The development of the forestry complex, its technical equipment, the increase in the volume of harvested wood in the Republic of Belarus, as well as increased competition in the timber market have become prerequisites for the need to study issues in the field of optimizing transport processes and ensuring the rhythm of logging production. Moving operations in the cutting area, including the collection and loading of timber, their sorting and skidding, the formation of stacks in an intermediate warehouse, are the most labor-intensive in logging production. In turn, the effectiveness of these operations largely depends on the optimal placement of technological elements in the cutting area and their geometric parameters. Among the ways to improve the efficiency of the development of the forest fund, one can single out the solution of the problem of optimizing the relocation operations of logging production, for which it is necessary to determine the appropriate parameters and restrictions.

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЙ ЛЕСНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА РОССИИ НА ОСНОВЕ ПРЕДПОЧТЕНИЙ ЭНДОГЕННЫХ АГЕНТОВ

The article proposes the concept of institutional transformations in the direction of expanding endogenous distribution, taking into account the stated preferences of agents of the forest complex. The steps of deregulation and decentralization of formal institutions, transition to differentiated subsidization of forestry activities, introduction of the concept of inseparable improvements, optimization of the taxation function based on expert committees and improvement of endogenous contractual relations of the Russian forestry complex have been developed.

ЛІСОВЕ ГОСПОДАРСТВО ЯК ПЕРЕДУМОВА ПІДВИЩЕННЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ ДЕРЕВООБРОБНОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ

The presented article analyzes the financial and economic indicators of the functioning of the newly created SE "Forests of Ukraine", which have a tendency to improve. The author also noted that the domestic wood market has an artificially formed surplus, which does not contribute to the development of the woodworking complex for all market participants. This is evidenced by the inflated wood prices of the State Enterprise "Forests of Ukraine", excessive balances in branch warehouses, the use of re-sorting in corruption schemes, etc. The provided material confirms the unsatisfactory level of personnel policy in the management of the State Enterprise "Forests of Ukraine" (its structural subdivisions), in particular, regarding the elimination of all existing corruption schemes, as well as the involvement of creative business managers. The problem of underutilization of the volume of forest stands to meet the needs of the market, especially of coniferous origin, has been studied. A significant increase in wood harvesting without harming future generations and a constant increase in the level of use of the annual growth of forest stands is substantiated. The author noted that at the legislative level, there is no strategic mission of the State Enterprise "Forests of Ukraine" to ensure state policy, the goal of which is to increase the added value of the national forestry and forestry clusters. There is an imbalance between the goal declared by the state leadership, in particular, the development of the competitiveness of the domestic forestry complex on foreign markets, on the one hand, and the actual activity of the State Enterprise "Forests of Ukraine" in terms of not providing equal conditions for the activities of enterprises in the woodworking industry, on the other. In addition, the justification of experts regarding a certain threat of monopolization of the woodworking market in certain regional business entities with sufficiently large production capacities is given. Ways to ensure equal conditions for the development of business entities in the woodworking industry are proposed, which can serve as a road map for the entry of Ukrainian woodworkers into the world market.

СУЧАСНА МОДЕЛЬ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ ЛІСОПРОМИСЛОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the state of investment in the forestry and forestry complex of Ukraine. The priority of the forestry industry as an implementer of economic-social, recreational and natural-strategic development is highlighted. Dialectical, institutional, structural-functional, historical, comparative, sociological and other methods were used in the research process. The legal and legal nature of investment activity in Ukraine and aspects of its adaptation in Ukraine are conceptualized in accordance with the profile Law of Ukraine "On Investment Activity" No. 1560-XII dated September 18, 1991 (edited October 10, 2022). A study of the domestic investment market of the forestry sector of Ukraine, its conjuncture, was carried out. The priorities of domestic and foreign investment in Ukraine in the forestry sector in modern conditions are defined. The provisions of the Forest Code of Ukraine No. 3852-XII dated 01.21.1994 (ed. dated 07.10.2022) have been specified on the subject of a hypothetical doctrinal and normative implementation of the facts of a favorable investment climate in the forestry industry. Adapted to the theory of investment in relation to the forestry of Ukraine. As a result, the following appropriations were specified: the forestry sector of Ukraine as an object of real investments; assessment of the forestry sector of Ukraine as an object of real investment; financial investments in the domestic forestry sector: features and forms of implementation, etc. As a derivation from this theory, the economic essence of the innovative forestry process has been specified, the place of forestry innovations in the formation of an attractive investment climate has been reconsolidated. In order to fully review the prospects of investment management of the forestry industry in Ukraine, the general provisions of the EU doctrine on investment (the "Innovative financing and investment" projection) and specific approaches to investing in the forestry sector (the concept of "Private investment in the forest sector: opportunities and limitations") were studied. The author's forecasts of the effective deliberation of these principles in the legal field of Ukraine were carried out. The place of the forestry sector of Ukraine in the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine as a tool for filling local and state budgets, a recreational and health asset, and a source of national eco-development profiling (to the issue of European integration and Ukraine's fulfillment of the provisions (conditions) of Section V of Chapter 6 (Articles 360-366) of the Agreement on association with the EU) as a mandatory factor of domestic European progress. The practical significance of the obtained results is that the theoretical and methodological provisions and conclusions presented in the work are the basis for solving practical issues of improving the modern model of investment management of the forestry complex of Ukraine.

Influence of Scott pine seed size on the quality of seedlings produced

The creation of highly productive forests should be based on the use of high quality seedlings. Those machines and technologies that have been used for cleaning and subsequent sorting of coniferous seeds with their subsequent sowing in the nursery do not fully provide the forestry complex with good-quality planting material. The reason for this is the use of seeds of unsorted fractions in nurseries, the failure to observe conditions during sowing that ensure the amicable emergence of seedlings and conditions in the sowing rows for the normal development of plants, excluding their large mortality and obtaining non-standard seedlings. It should be noted that modern requirements for silvicultural production largely depend on the quality of planting material. Seedlings obtained by growing them without overshooting give a high silvicultural effect if they meet the intended purpose of the cultivated area, have biometric parameters determined by GOST, which make it possible to grow high-quality planting material without overshooting in two growing seasons. The use of innovations in the restoration of forest landscapes is necessary for the cooperation of engineers and researchers. The integration of scientific and technical research and engineering design contributes to the speedy achievement of stringent environmental requirements for vehicle engines and tools. Obtaining high-quality seed is possible while maintaining the sowing qualities of seeds, reducing the degree of injury and treatment cycles, reducing losses during processing and sowing in the nursery. Based on this, there is a need to develop a device for sorting seeds of coniferous species, which will ensure the quality and efficiency of the technological process, as well as obtaining high-quality seed material in a minimum number of processing cycles.