Forest Streams Research Articles

Postmetamorphic retention of a lateral line system in African slippery frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Conraua)

Adult anurans normally lose their larval lateral-line (LL-)system during metamorphosis. Only some species with an extensive aquatic life style (e.g., Bombina bombina, all pipid frogs) are known to retain that system as adults. The aquatic African Slippery Frogs, genus Conraua, have never been studied for this system. We examined adults of all known Conraua species and tadpoles of six species from this genus for the occurrence of LL-systems. We detected a LL-system in all tadpoles studied, in adults of all West African species (C. alleni, C. derooi, C. kamancamarai, C. sagyimase, C. sp.), as well as in adults of the East African C. beccarii. In contrast we found no LL-systems in adult C. crassipes, C. goliath, and C. robusta from Central Africa. The tadpoles exhibited a LL-system typical for anurans with free-swimming larvae. In particular it was morphologically congruent to other stream tadpoles. Topography and histology of neuromasts in adults indicates their larval origin. Neuromast abundance, topography and histology, may allow Conraua a complex access to spatial information. However, although all species of the genus are aquatic, only two-thirds of them retain a postmetamorphic LL-system. In both major clades within the monophyletic genus we detected species with and without a LL-system. We hypothesize that the ancestor of current Conraua retained the larval LL-system, and that it was aquatic and lived in non or little torrent sections of forest rivers and streams. Those Central African species which live in particularly torrent streams, C. goliath and C. robusta, probably lost the LL-system. Conraua crassipes, which today lives in slow flowing streams, may have had ancestors with a torrenticulous lifestyle.

Influence of some abiotic parameters on the biodiversity of macroarthropods in the "lep-liye" forest stream

A study was carried in the locality of Ngog-mapubi. The objectif was to evaluate the spatio- temporal dynamics of macro-arthropods in relation to seasonal and physico-chemical quality of forest stream. Benthic macro-arthropods were sampled during the short dry season (SDS) and the long rainy season (LRS). Physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide fixation, oxydability of oxygen, carbon dioxide, suspended solids, nitrate, pH were measured and analyzed follow standard methods. A sampling net was used to collect macro-arthropods at (Lep1) up-stream, (Lep 2 and Lep3) med-stream and (Lep 4) down-stream. 313 macro-arthropods predominated by Hexapoda (89%) and Malacostraca (11%) were collected and mainly identified as: Odonata (43.13%), Hemiptera (15.34%), Coleoptera (13.74%), followed by Décapoda (11%), Trichoptera (8.3%), then Ephemeroptera (7.33%) and Diptera (0.98%). Concerning biocenotic analysis, the diversity and abundance index were higher during the LRS, Shannon index showed significant difference between the two seasons, while from a spatial point of view, the Mann-Whitney U-test revealed a significant difference between the coarse substrate stations compared to those with fine substrate stations.

Reproduction and population traits of the Atlantic forest tree frog Bokermannohyla hylax: an exploratory study in an urban forest fragment in São Paulo municipality, Brazil

Bokermannohyla hylax is an endemic tree frog from the Atlantic Forest and despite being a common species, very little is known about its population traits and reproduction. We undertook acoustic and visual encounter surveys, and individual marking studies of a subpopulation in an urban forest fragment, the Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, located in the São Paulo municipality. We detected a small population that breeds in only one forest stream, and deposits eggs inside burrows along the stream’s clayey border. Our findings also suggest that this subpopulation might be vulnerable due to the specific characteristics of its reproduction, which may be affected by the degree of disturbance of this fragment.

Woody debris dominates the exports of carbon and nitrogen from headwater streams in an alpine forest

AbstractThe exports of carbon and nitrogen with water flowing in the headwater streams could be important components of material mitigation in forest ecosystems. Plant debris is a major source of dissolved organic matter for headwater streams, but few studies have investigated the differences between the impacts of woody debris and non‐woody debris inputs on headwater streams in terms of carbon and nitrogen exports. Here, we assessed the effects of plant debris (i.e., woody debris, non‐woody debris and mixed debris) on the concentrations and exports of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in the headwater streams of an alpine forest on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Woody and non‐woody debris only weakly affected the DOC and TDN concentrations in the headwater streams. Compared with those in the reference stream excluding plant debris, woody debris increased the exports of DOC and TDN by 19% and 13%, whereas non‐woody debris decreased the exports of DOC and TDN by 22% and 25%, respectively. However, when fall approached, the role of non‐woody debris reversed to enhance the stream‐water exports of DOC and TDN. The effect of non‐woody debris during the fall season differed from that during the overall growing season, indicating that restricting non‐woody debris inputs might improve the ability of the stream to retain forest carbon and nitrogen. Notwithstanding the relatively limited experimental period, this work revealed the critical importance of plant debris for carbon and nutrients within water conservation regions like alpine forests.

Influence of granulometry on the distribution of benthic macro invertebrates in some streams of the Mvilla and Haut-Nyong watersheds in Cameroon

This study was conducted from November 2018 to October 2019 in 8 forested streams in the Haut-Nyong and Mvilla watersheds to determine the influence of substrates granulometry on benthic macroinvertebrates. The physicochemical analyses showed highly oxygenated, weakly mineralized and slightly acidic waters. The granulometric analyses reveal 9 categories of substrates depending on the scale of sand, sand+gravel or sand+mud. Sampling of benthic macroinvertebrates allowed the collection of 15058 organisms divided into 5 classes, 14 orders and 49 families. The results showed a taxonomic richness strongly influenced by the nature of the substrate. The combination of coarse sand + silt + dead leaves was more favored the development of benthic macroinvertebrates with 48 families. The taxonomic richness associated to the different index revealed good ecological quality of Sounou, Bengo'o and Lo'o rivers.

Comparing in situ turbidity sensor measurements as a proxy for suspended sediments in North-Western European streams

Climate change in combination with land use alterations may lead to significant changes in soil erosion and sediment fluxes in streams. Optical turbidity sensors can monitor with high frequency and can be used as a proxy for suspended sediment concentration (SSC) provided there is an acceptable calibration curve for turbidity measured by sensors and SSC from water samples. This study used such calibration data from 31 streams in 11 different research projects or monitoring programmes in six Northern European countries. The aim was to find patterns in the turbidity-SSC correlations based on stream characteristics such as mean and maximum turbidity and SSC, catchment area, land use, hydrology, soil type, topography, and the number and representativeness of the data that are used for the calibration. There were large variations, but the best correlations between turbidity and SSC were found in streams with a mean and maximum SSC of >30–200 mg/l, and a mean and maximum turbidity above 60–200 NTU/FNU, respectively. Streams draining agricultural areas with fine-grained soils had better correlations than forested streams draining more coarse-grained soils. However, the study also revealed considerable differences in methodological approaches, including analytical methods to determine SSC, water sampling strategies, quality control procedures, and the use of sensors based on different measuring principles. Relatively few national monitoring programmes in the six countries involved in the study included optical turbidity sensors, which may partly explain this lack of methodological harmonisation. Given the risk of future changes in soil erosion and sediment fluxes, increased harmonisation is highly recommended, so that turbidity data from optical sensors can be better evaluated and intercalibrated across streams in comparable geographical regions.

Can we see the nitrate from the trees? Long-term linkages between tropical forest productivity and stream nitrogen concentrations

Can we see the nitrate from the trees? Long-term linkages between tropical forest productivity and stream nitrogen concentrations

Can the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) be used as an effective sampler of fish diversity? Using molecular assessment of otter diet to survey fish communities

The Eurasian otter Lutra lutra is a generalist carnivore that is widely distributed in many aquatic ecosystems. Based on its inherent attributes of opportunistic foraging behaviour and broad dietary range, it is naturally considered a potential sampler of the diversity of aquatic vertebrates. To test the ability and efficiency of otters as a diversity sampler, we used DNA metabarcoding to investigate the composition in vertebrates of the diet of otters that inhabit a forest stream area in northeast China. Twenty vertebrate prey taxa were detected in 98 otter spraints. Otter diet mainly comprised aquatic fishes (59.4%) and amphibians (39.0%). We also used traditional approaches to investigate fish communities at 60 sampling sites in the same area to determine the relationship between fish population composition in the environment and otter diet. The comparison revealed that 28 species of fish were distributed in this area, of which five are simultaneously detected in otter spraints. This indicates that molecular analysis of the diet of otters is not an ideal approach for investigating fish diversity, at least when using the 12SV5 primer pair. Based on a review of the available molecular research on otter diet, we conclude that the low species resolution may be due to the presence of many closely-related prey species in native habitats and lack of suitable barcodes. Considering the remarkable power of diet metabarcoding analysis in capturing elusive and rare species, it represents an approach that can compensate for the defects associated with fishing methods and we suggest that it can be used as an auxiliary means of measuring traditional fish diversity.

Water temperature dynamics in a headwater forest stream: Contrasting climatic, anthropic and geological conditions create thermal mosaic of aquatic habitats.

The thermal regime of streams is a relevant driver of their ecological functioning. As this regime is presently submitted to numerous alterations (among others, impoundments, and climate change), it seems important to study both their effects and potential recovery from the latter. Thus, we investigated the surface and hyporheic water temperature along a small headwater stream with contrasting environmental contexts: forest landscape, open grassland landscape without riparian vegetation, several artificial run-of-the-river impoundments and one discharge point of a by-pass impoundment. The main objectives were to study the influence of these contrasting contexts on surface and subsurface water temperature at a local scale. Contrasting contexts were supposed to create effects on both surface and hyporheic thermal regimes at a local scale. Differences of thermal regimes between surface and hyporheos were expected, as well as between geological contexts. Sensors located at multiple stations allowed monitoring of stream and hyporheos temperature along the stream, while comparison with adjacent reference stream allowed for surface water thermal regime benchmark. Impoundments and landscapes significantly influenced stream thermal regime at a local scale (impoundments created up to +3.7°C temperature increase in average). Their effect on hyporheos thermal regime was less marked than the ones generated by solar radiation or geological features. Hyporheos thermal regime varies from stream one by temperature dynamics delay (up to 18h) and decrease (up to -7°C between surface and hyporheos temperature in average). These coupled effects create a mosaic of thermal habitats, which could be used for river biodiversity preservation and restoration.

Factors and thresholds determining sediment delivery pathways between forest road and stream in mountainous watershed

Road erosion is a global environmental issue. The transport of eroded sediment from road to stream can devastatingly impact water quality. Research efforts to combat this issue have prioritized maintaining roads and preventing erosion. Little research has explored the fate of eroded road materials in their transport from road to stream. Therefore, taking the Xiangchagou watershed in the Dabie Mountains of China as a case, this study investigated how local geography determines the formation and thresholds of different delivery pathways (gullied, partially gullied, and diffuse pathways) for road-eroded sediment through runoff, based on the binary logistic regression analysis, random forest model, and the lowest point data fitting methods. It explored how these different pathways have variable impacts on local plant and soil communities. Our results showed that soil D50, bulk density, shrub-grass coverage, and local plant diversity varied significantly (p < 0.05) between different delivery pathways. In particular, soil bulk density and local plant diversity varied significantly (p < 0.05) among different position of these delivery pathways. Specifically, the diffuse pathways are characterized by lower soil bulk density, looser soil structure, and higher species diversity, likely explained by the deposition of sediment-loaded runoff. Gullied pathways, conversely, had significantly more compacted surface soil and lower local plant diversity, likely as a result of scouring by sediment-loaded runoff. Slope gradient of upslope catchment (Us), road segment (Rs), and lower hillslope (Ds) and effective contributing area (Eca), which determine the intensity and kinetic energy of sediment-loaded runoff, are the main external drivers that determine the occurrence of gullied pathways. By contrast, the soil median particle size, surface roughness, and shrub-grass cover of lower hillslope, which contribute to erosion resistance of hillslope, are the primary intrinsic drivers promoting development of pathways from partial to full gully. Furthermore, we found that the critical topographic thresholds for the initiation of the gully pathways and the continued development of gully from partial to complete gully pathways could be expressed as Ds = 0.35Eca−0.13 and Ds = 0.41Eca−0.17, respectively. These results are expected to provide basis for understanding the formation and development mechanism of sediment delivery pathways from road to stream.

Phragmidium rosae-multiflorae on Rosa multiflora reported from Pennsylvania, USA.

Rosa multiflora Thunb. is a perennial shrub native to eastern Asia. It is commonly found on habitat margins, such as forest edges, streams, and roadsides (CABI n.d.). Due to its aromatic flowers, its usefulness in erosion control, and as a living livestock fence, R. multiflora was introduced to North America as an ornamental in the early 1800's (Hindal and Wong 1988). However, R. multifora, grows rapidly and frequently outcompetes native species, and is therefore considered invasive in North America (Hindal and Wong 1988). In May 2020 Phragmidium rosae-multiflorae Dietel, or rose rust, was collected from R. multiflora in Patton Woods Park, a small residential park in Patton Township, Centre Co., PA, USA (40° 47' 28.40" N; 77° 55' 33.37" W). P. rosae-multiflorae is an autoecious macrocyclic rust fungus known to occur on R. multiflora in the plant's native range. To our knowledge, there are no previously published records of P. rosae-multiflorae in North America. The host exhibited conspicuous aecia on the stems and petioles. Aecia were caeoma form, orange, irregular, erumpant, and pulverulent. Aeciospores were one-celled, verrucose, hyaline to pale yellow, variable in shape, ranging from ellipsoidal to globose (Fig.1), measuring 22.5 ± 3 × 15.5 ± 5 μm (n = 30). Disease symptomology and aecia are consistent with P. rosae-multiflorae Dietel (Wei 1988; Liu et. al 2020). Fungal DNA was extracted from infected petioles. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the 28S region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat was conducted with primers Rust2inv and LR6 following protocols in Aime (2006). The sequence shares 98.77% identity (900 / 487 bp) with P. Rosae-multiflorae from China (MN264739). A voucher specimen has been preserved in the Arthur Fungarium at Purdue University (PUR N23123) with corresponding 28S sequence (GenBank accession #MZ323415). The recorded occurrence of P. rosae-multiflorae on R. multiflora in North America is significant, given the ecological impact of the host plant as an invasive species and need for biocontrol. While no formally published records of this fungus in North America exist, there are putative occurrences across the northeastern United States reported on Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and the Maryland Biodiversity Project websites.

Is the Current Forest Management to the Northernmost Population of Cordulegaster heros (Anisoptera: Cordulegastridae) in Central Europe (Czech Republic) Threatening?

Cordulegaster heros is included in the EN category on the IUCN Red List for the territory of the Czech Republic, where it inhabits an area of approximately 100 km2. All of the localities are located in the forest complex in Chřiby hills, and all of the forests fall into the category of management forests. Most of the forest stands have a high and very high degree of naturalness; they are natural forest stands. The predominant management units are Nutrient sites in middle elevations (78.2% of the area) and Oligotrophic sites in middle elevations (2.1% of the area), with stand types of Fagus sylvatica representing 92.5% of the area, and forest stand types of Quercus sp. representing 5.7% of the area. The wider alluvia in forest streams are classified as being in management unit alder and ash sites on waterlogged and floodplain soils (1.1%), with the forest stand type of Alnus glutinosa. The forest stands are restored by regeneration under shelterwood (97.8% of the area). The waterlogged alluvia, if a separate management unit is established for them, are restored by a regeneration by strip method. Realistically, seven factors were recorded in C. heros habitats, but they mostly have only point effects. Within forestry management, the factors of logging directly in the habitats and the subsequent transport of harvested timber in the habitat were recorded. The most intrusive effects were found on tractor logging roads, where fine soil washes into the stream and causes prolonged turbidity. Of the water management structures in the study area, logging roads with bridges and culverts are constructed, stream banks are reinforced with longitudinal walls at points, and stone steps in the channels are constructed only sporadically. The current forest management system can be described as a nature-friendly system, and therefore, it fully ensures the conditions for the survival of the C. heros population in the Czech Republic.

Food Habits of Five Fish Species from A Blackwater Creek in The Colombian Amazon

To provide baseline life history information for some of the many small fishes found in blackwater forest streams in the Colombian Amazon near the town of Leticia, we describe trophic aspects of five species of fishes. Collections were made in April (high water), July (falling water) and November (rising water) of 1999. Diverse fishing gear was used, and sampling occurred in the afternoon and night, and usually lasted an average of five hours. We studied stomach contents of four characids: Ctenobrycon hauxwellianus (Cope 1870), Moenkhausia melogramma Eigenmann 1908, Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier 1816, Hemigrammus bellottii (Steindachner 1882) and one cichlid: Bujurquina cf. peregrinabunda (Eigenmann 1922). Most are feeding generalists but M. melogramma had a great preference for aquatic invertebrates, and B. cf. peregrinabunda ate both aquatic invertebrates and fishes.

Ocorrência e avaliação de risco ecológicos de compostos farmaceuticamente ativos em pequenas bacias neotropicais, Brasil

Abstract: Aim The aim of our study was to evaluate the contamination levels of selected pharmaceutically active compounds (PAC) and their potential ecological threat to forested streams. Methods Samples of stream water were collected in the second largest city in Mato Grosso do Sul State in center-west of Brazil. Physicochemical parameters and concentrations of PAC were quantified in samples collected in six field campaigns. Ecological risk assessment (ERA) based on risk quotient (RQ) was performed based on the maximum measured concentration of PAC in water. Results Six pharmaceutical compounds were successfully quantified in the forested streams, namely caffeine, naproxen, diclofenac, estriol, estradiol and ethinylestradiol. From the point of view of ecological risk, ethinylestradiol (22,57), estradiol (1,46), diclofenac (16.99) and caffeine (5.30) can be considered as priorities PAC, as they present moderate to high risks to aquatic organisms and may also cause damage to the food chain. Conclusions This study provides valuable information to emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring of forested streams in the west central region of the country, as well as efforts to control the input of these micropollutants into watercourses.

Agricultura afeta a diversidade funcional de insetos aquáticos em riachos Subtropicais de Mata Atlântica

Abstract: Aim We evaluated the effects of native vegetation and agricultural activities on functional characteristics of aquatic insects’ assemblages in Atlantic Forest streams southern Brazil. Methods We collected information on land uses, riparian zone structural characteristics, and limnological variables of ten streams to characterize their environmental quality. In the same streams, we collected aquatic insects (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) and determined their functional characteristics (e.g. food habits, mobility, shape, and body size). The information for each trait category was quantified using a fuzzy code technique. To test the environmental conditions on aquatic insect functional attributes, we used an RLQ analysis. Results In our study, only five environmental variables showed variation in streams (temperature, pH, DO, native vegetation, and agriculture use). We collected a total of 2591 organisms distributed in 21 EPT genera. We observed that the functional attributes of EPT formed distinct groups in relation to the stream categories defined by the measured environmental variables. We observed that shredders and larger and flattened organisms were associated with natural streams. These attributes were associated with the genera Phylloicus, Anacroneuria, Tupiperla, and Farrodes. On the other hand, we observed greater proportions of scrapers, with spherical bodies and shelter builders in streams impacted by agriculture. The most frequent genera in these streams were Itaura, Wormaldia and Helicopsyche. Conclusions The modification of natural landscapes by agricultural areas caused significant functional changes in the aquatic invertebrate communities. Since aquatic insects participate effectively in ecological processes, alterations in the functional characteristics of these communities can cause changes in the streams’ functioning.

Fish responses to multiple scales in coastal blackwater Atlantic Forest streams in Southeast Brazil

Abstract Environmental factors act at multiple spatial scales in a hierarchical manner to shape the organization of biota. However, the relative influence of different scale-related factors is poorly known, especially in Atlantic Forest Blackwater streams. Therefore, we herein aimed to evaluate local, landscape and spatial factors that shape fish assemblages in 14 blackwater restinga coastal Atlantic Forest streams under natural conditions and verify species occurrence patterns among four sub-basins during the low-precipitation season. When we combined local, landscape and spatial factors, variance partitioning explained a high proportion of variation in species matrix. Local variables pH and Total Dissolved Solids explained most of the variability, and these were the most important factors in determining fish community structure. Significant differences in fish assemblage structure among the four sub-basins were observed, and Mimagoniates microlepis, Phalloceros harpagos, and Hollandichthys multifasciatus were the species that most contributed to this dissimilarity. The important contribution of local predictors, the high number of endemic species herein recorded, the presence of an endangered species (Spintherobolus broccae), and near pristine conditions, may be used as baseline conditions for the assessment of similar environments.

A study of the ITK used in fisheries and Bioresources of Lai Lyngdoh area, West Khasi Hills, Meghalaya

Indigenous traditional knowledge (ITK) has been in use different districts of Meghalaya and it is of different types. In West Khasi hills of district few important ITK is used especially in connection with fish. Besides ITK, bioresources are seen to play an important role in the lives of indigenous communities in Lai Lyngdoh area. The Lai Lyngdoh area in Nongstoin is a group of 34 villages that falls under the jurisdiction of the three Lyngdoh i.e. Marskuin, Nonglwai and Nongkhlaw located in West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. The locals in the area mostly depend on the surrounding environment for their livelihood. From the surrounding forests and forest streams, a variety of minor products are harvested and a number of edibles which include wild fruits, leafy green, wild vegetables, mushroom, fish, frog, crustaceans, tubers and medicinal plants are also gathered. Indigenous traditional knowledge (ITK) in the use of bio-resources is still preserved and practised in the indigenous communities and the documentation of local culture and knowledge will play an important role in conservation process. These resources, however, need to be valued and used sustainably so that they can continue to support the community.

Dynamics of heavy metals in the fine sediments from a subtropical forest headwater stream during a rainy season

ABSTRACT Headwater streams, as the capillaries of rivers, largely control the functional integrity of the entire river network. Headwater stream sediments, especially fine sediments, are essential ecosystem components and dominant reservoirs for heavy metals, with these reservoirs significantly affecting their cycling in streams. However, the dynamics of heavy metals in headwater stream sediments are not well assessed in the literature. Here, we assessed the temporal and spatial storage dynamics of several common heavy metals (i.e., Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Pb) in the fine sediments from a typical subtropical forest headwater stream during the rainy season of 2021 (Mar–Aug). We found that (1) the mean storage of fine sediment of heavy metals was ordered Mn (21.57 g m−2) > Pb (2.53 g m−2) > Zn (2.27 g m−2) > Cr (0.66 g m−2) > Cu (0.12 g m−2) > Cd (0.006 g m−2); (2) their storage had a transient increase during the rainy season, followed by a decrease, but storage of both Zn and Cr was unevenly distributed from stream source to mouth; and (3) the key factors controlling heavy metal storage were water alkalinity, temperature, and pH, as well as monthly precipitation. These findings suggest that forest headwater streams can store heavy metals, but the amounts vary across temporal and spatial scales. Our results help us better understand the role of headwater streams in storing and transferring materials in forest ecosystems.

Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Dissolved Organic Matter Biodegradation along the Aquatic Continuum in the Southern Taiga Bog Complex, Western Siberia

The inland aquatic ecosystems play a significant role in the global carbon cycle, owing to the metabolism of terrestrially derived organic matter as it moves through fluvial networks along the water continuum. During this transport, dissolved organic matter (DOM) is microbial processed and released into the atmosphere, but the degree and intensity of this processing vary greatly both spatially and temporally. The Western Siberian Lowlands is of particular interest for a quantitative assessment of DOM biodegradation potential because the global areal-scale effects of DOM biodegradation in abundant surface organic-rich waters might be the highest in this region. To this end, we collected water samples along a typical aquatic continuum of the Bakchar Bog (the north-eastern part of the Great Vasyugan Mire) and, following standardized protocol, conducted an experimental study aimed at characterizing the seasonal and spatial variability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) biodegradability. The biodegradable DOC fraction (BDOC) over the exposure incubation period ranged from 2% to 25%. The natural aquatic continuum “mire–forest–stream–river” demonstrated the systematic evolution of biodegradable DOC among the sites and across the seasons. The highest biodegradation rates were measured during spring flood in May and decreased along the continuum. The maximum possible CO2 production from DOM yielded the maximum possible flux in the range of 0.1 and 0.2 g C-CO2 m−2 day−1 d, which is an order of magnitude lower than the actual net CO2 emissions from the inland waters of the WSL. This study suggests that although the biodegradation of the humic waters of the WSL can sizably modify the concentration and nature of the DOM along the aquatic continuum, it plays only a subordinary role in overall C emissions from the lakes and rivers of the region.

Richness and structure of an Odonata larval assemblage of a cloud forest stream in western Mexico

Richness and structure of an Odonata larval assemblage of a cloud forest stream in western Mexico