Forest Fire Protection Research Articles

Концептуальные основы организации охраны лесов от пожаров

The analysis of the Concept of the draft Federal Law “Forest Code of the Russian Federation” proposed for discussion has shown that it is necessary to consider in detail the problems of organizing forest fire protection. In our opinion, the provisions of clause 3.7.7. The concepts require discussion of two important aspects of this activity. The first aspect concerns the implementation of forest fire protection in the territories provided for forestry on the basis of a license agreement and an agreement on the trust management of protective forests to legal entities and individuals. The second is the definition of the basic principles and criteria, based on which, the forests will be classified according to the methods of monitoring fire hazard and the use of fire extinguishing forces and means. The need to discuss the issue of consolidating the function of forest protection from fires for state specialized organizations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the federal body responsible for the general management of the forest protection system is revealed. The study showed that with the modern organization of fire detection and extinguishing, the approach to zoning and methodological support for making a decision on the advisability of carrying out fire extinguishing work in hard-to-reach forests requires a more thorough justification. At the same time, the development of a methodology should proceed from the zoning goal to reduce damage from fires. When calculating, it is important to take into account not only economic losses, but also negative consequences in the social sphere and in the environmental situation.

Selective Shrub Management to Preserve Mediterranean Forests and Reduce the Risk of Fire: The Case of Mainland Portugal

The recurrent rural fires that occur annually in Portugal have reached great proportions due to a lack of effective landscape management. Attempts to solve this problem led to the legal imposition to cut back the vegetation in the fuel management areas, which has had a negative effect on biodiversity. National legislation protects three native plant species (Quercus suber, Q. rotundifolia and Ilex aquifolium). European legislation, through the Habitats Directive, also identifies some plant species that require strict protection, although it leaves out several endemic and rare plants. In this work we aim to differentiate the types of shrub plant material and their pyrophilic behavior, since the physical and chemical characteristics of vegetation can enhance or inhibit the progression of fire. Thus, based on phytosociological science, specifically at the class level, the dynamics of potential climatophilous vegetation in Portugal are presented and the classes that should be prioritized for control are identified. Based on ecology, it was possible to identify morphological patterns of vegetation. In short, the genera targeted for control under the National Forest Fire Protection Plan belong to the furthest states from the mature potential of a forest, generally consisting of heliophile shrubs and typically growing in degraded soils. The shrub species to be valued belong to dynamic states closer to the mature potential, consisting mainly of broad-leaved shrubs and those growing in better-preserved soils.

Лесные пожары – ущербы и авиапожаротушение

<span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">Лесозаготовительная</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> отрасль и лесное хозяйств</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">о из-за неадекватных</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> институциональных усл</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">овий приносят бюджет</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">ной системе одни убы</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">тки. За счёт доходов</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> от их деятельности </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">не могут быть обеспе</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">чены в нужном объеме</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> ни лесоустройство, ни необходимые</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> мероприятия по защи</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">те лесов от пожаров.</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> Институциональное обеспеч</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">ение системы тушения</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> лесных пожаров не о</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">твечает современным </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">требованиям. Единой методики </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">определения ущерба, </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">причиняемого лесными</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> пожарами, в стране </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">не существует. Применяемые критерии</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> определения ущерба </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">от лесных пожаров и </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">зон контроля не учитывают социальн</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">ые и экологические п</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">оследствия. Ведомств</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">енная разобщенность </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">авиационной техники, исполь</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">зование крупных само</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">лётов-танкеров не по</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">зволяют эффективно о</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">рганизовать тушение </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">лесных пожаров на ранней</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3"> стадии. По мнению а</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">второв, вся система </span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">пожаротушения требует пересмо</span><span class="myItalicChars CharOverride-3">тра</span><span>.</span>

Climate regime shift and forest loss amplify fire in Amazonian forests.

Frequent Amazonian fires over the last decade have raised the alarm about the fate of the Earth's most biodiverse forest. The increased fire frequency has been attributed to altered hydrological cycles. However, observations over the past few decades have demonstrated hydrological changes that may have opposing impacts on fire, including higher basin-wide precipitation and increased drought frequency and severity. Here, we use multiple satellite observations and climate reanalysis datasets to demonstrate compelling evidence of increased fire susceptibility in response to climate regime shifts across Amazonia. We show that accumulated forest loss since 2000 warmed and dried the lower atmosphere, which reduced moisture recycling and resulted in increased drought extent and severity, and subsequent fire. Extremely dry and wet events accompanied with hot days have been more frequent in Amazonia due to climate shift and forest loss. Simultaneously, intensified water vapor transport from the tropical Pacific and Atlantic increased high-altitude atmospheric humidity and heavy rainfall events, but those events did not alleviate severe and long-lasting droughts. Amazonia fire risk is most significant in the southeastern region where tropical savannas undergo long seasonally dry periods. We also find that fires have been expanding through the wet-dry transition season and northward to savanna-forest transition and tropical seasonal forest regions in response to increased forest loss at the "Arc of Deforestation." Tropical forests, which have adapted to historically moist conditions, are less resilient and easily tip into an alternative state. Our results imply forest conservation and fire protection options to reduce the stress from positive feedback between forest loss, climate change, and fire.

Ландшафтні пожежі в Україні: поточна ситуація та аналіз чинної системи охорони природних територій від пожеж

In the last decade, the problem of fires in the natural landscapes of Ukraine has aggravated due to climate change, changes in society and land use. Catastrophic wildfires in 2014, 2015 and 2020 indicate that Ukraine is now in the new climate conditions in terms of the level of fire danger. It is clear that in such conditions departmental forest and landscapes fire protection system is incapable of control over the situation. Such situation requires an analysis of the effectiveness of the existing forest and landscapes fire protection system and its improvement in accordance with new risks and challenges. Based on the methods of RS with the help of modern software products, it was established that in Ukraine over the past 19 years wildfires have damaged 38.4 million hectares of natural areas, an average of 2.0 million hectares annually. The most severe problem of wildfires is observed in the southern and eastern parts of Ukraine, where forest cover is low, part of agricultural lands is large (over 70%), which indicates, first of all, a problem of agricultural fires. In comparison to fires (burnings) on agricultural lands, the problem of forest fires does not seem very significant. Yet, taking into the account especially large forest fires in Ukraine during 2007 – 2020 that have led to human deaths, destruction of residential buildings, manufacture and social infrastructure, which has resulted in enormous ecological and economical losses, it is clear that forest fire protection system requires deep analysis and appropriate decisions for its improvement. The article is devoted to the study of fires in the natural landscapes of Ukraine, analysis of the current forest and landscapes fire protection system and ways to improve it. The first step towards establishing a modern fire management system in Ukraine should aim at establishing a reliable national fire statistics system, which would highlight the real problem and include all type of landscape fires - in open lands and in forests. The scientific article represents analyzes the landscape fires for the period 2001-2019 according to the global products of the MODIS system. Also in the article, performed the analysis of the components of the current fire management system and the main shortcomings and key recommendations for its improvement are formulated.

Improving the Efficiency of Protection of the Forest Fire Machine against Forest Fires with the Help of Composite Materials

The article presents the results of work aimed at improving the efficiency of forest fire protection machine from forest fires using composite materials. The composition and technology of composite material “water glass – graphite microparticles” production is proposed. It was found that composite material is able to maintain the phase composition and structure at elevated temperatures. Methods of application of fire-retardant composite material on the protected surfaces are considered. The values of limit loads that lead to the destruction of composite material are revealed. A mathematical model was developed and a numerical experiment of high temperatures on composite material was carried out using it as a fire-retardant coating. The resulting composite material can be used as a protective coating for the surfaces of the enclosure of cabins of forest fire machines, building structures. CM can be used as a lining of equipment in the thermal power and metallurgical industries, as well as in equipment used in emergency situations.

Potential forest fire risk evaluation in Poland

Abstract The term forest fire risk means the existence of such conditions that would make possible the occurrence of a fire in the forest environment. The base for the effectiveness of a forest fire protection system is the evaluation of the forest fire risk followed by adequate organization of the system. This article presents methods for determination of the forest susceptibility to fire known as potential forest fire risk. The below presented methods were developed by Forest Research Institute as the results of the projects commissioned by the General Directorate of State Forests. The forest fire risk category and stand flammability classes are the methods included here. The forest fire risk category was elaborated already in 1975 for the first time. Until today, after the last modification in 2008, it is the fundamental document for the polish forest fire protection system. The purpose of this modification was to increase the determination accuracy of the fire risk category of all polish forest, regardless of its ownership type and at the different administrative level. The categorization method, however, doesn’t reflect the fire risk in micro scale. The attempt to solve that problem was made in 2018 while developing the methodology of stand flammability classes. It was assumed that ground cover fuel models will be developed for the most flammable forest habitat types including ground cover types, dominant species, age class and geographical localisation.

Прогнозирование поведения пожаров растительности

The necessity for predicting the behavior of vegetation fires, including forest fires, is keenly felt in a time of severe droughts, which periodically recur in this or that area, and their precise prediction is still hampered. It is unfeasible to maintain sufficient forces and means in each region for suppressing all emerging fires. Merely the increase of technical power won’t solve the problem, as evidenced by the experience of developed countries, where much attention, along with fire danger rating, has long been given to the development of a fire behavior prediction system. Such system in Russia isn’t available yet, and the use of international practices seems to be impossible, since it is complicated by several factors and, above all, different historically developed approaches to the pyrological classification of vegetation and its inventory. Currently, there are all opportunities for creating the Russian system for vegetation fire behavior prediction (including forest fires): fundamental pyrological developments based on the research results of the nature of fires; a fire monitoring system has been created and is being developed; and fire danger (both natural and due to the weather conditions) rating is being improved. The article presents a principle diagram of the vegetation fire behavior prediction and considers its main components. A practical model was chosen for prediction the burning spread rate. The necessary data base for the model is available in the GIS system. Software for creation vegetation fuel (VF) maps and prediction the behavior of surface forest fires, which are up to 97 % of all occurring fires has been developed, retrospectively verified and registered. Examples of the VF maps for the Chunskoye Forest District (Krasnoyarsk Krai) for different periods of the fire season are given. They are created based on the use of forest management information and a type identifier of primary fire carriers (i.e. the first VF group), which is directly shown in the maps. Information on the other groups of VF supporting, delaying burning or not participating in the process of burning spread, is attached to the map in the form of a pyrological description. A list of the data included in the pyrological description is given, as well as the reasons, which hold back on practical application of pyrological developments available in Russia for predicting the behavior of vegetation fires into the forest fire protection service. For citation: Volokitina A.V., Sofronova T.M., Korets M.A. Vegetation Fire Behavior Prediction. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2020, no. 1, pp. 9–25. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2020-1-9-25

Legal regulation of forest fire protection: the European experience for Ukraine

Problem setting. The article analyzes the status of the main normative legal acts in force, both domestic and international legislation. Some aspects of the legal regulation of forest fire protection are revealed. It is noted that Improvement of the forestry regulatory framework is a key and essential aspect for the development of an advanced state. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Commitment to reforestation after logging, sanitary felling after forest fires, diseases or as a result of winds and sailboats is a sustainable practice in European societies and an important aspect in the relationship between forest owners and society. At one time, this issue was paid attention to scientists: E.M. Gulid, O.V. Gulak, V.V. Deca, D.S. Chris, O.I. Lozynsky and so on. Target of research. The purpose of the article is to analyze the aspects of legal regulation of forest protection against fires. Special attention will be paid to comparative legal research on forest protection in Ukraine and European countries. Article’s main body. According to Art. 13 of the Constitution of Ukraine forest, like other natural resources of Ukraine (land, water, subsoil), is a national property that is the object of property rights of the Ukrainian people. Currently, the total land area of the forest fund of Ukraine is 10.8 million hectares, of which 9.5 million hectares is covered with forest vegetation, that is 15.7% of the territory of our country. According to V.P. Pechulyuk, legal regulation in the field of forestry in Ukraine cannot be called optimal and in line with international standards. In this context, scientists should agree that the important step in ensuring the fire safety of domestic forests is the full functioning of such monitoring system at the central, regional, local and local levels, its appropriate informational implementation, taking into account the specific features of individual regions regarding the level of fire safety. Forests at one time or another and the coordination and interaction of joint efforts by designated authorities, local governments and the public to minimize fire safety or mitigation. In view of the above, international instruments covering aspects of cooperation in the field of forest fires are few international agreements and acts of the European Community. Such as: 1. Ghana / Province of British Columbia (Canada). Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Ghana and the Government of British Columbia, 1999 (On fire fighting training and advice). 2. Finland / Burkina Faso. Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of Burkina Faso on Finland’s support in the fight against landscape fires, 1998 3. Indonesia and Malaysia. Standard Procedures for a Memorandum of Understanding on Disasters between Indonesia and Malaysia. This is the document that sets out the procedure for implementing the Memorandum of Understanding and so on. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Therefore, based on the above, on the basis of international regulations, the FAO’s recommendations regarding future actions on the legal aspects of forest fires management in Ukraine should be taken into account: regularly update information on international agreements and national legislation; further develop a plan for the development of international agreements and develop new contours of relevant operational guidelines and operational plans; including fire logistics; further review and evaluation of national forest fire legislation; to develop guidelines for the formulation of national legislation on forest fires.

Оценка состояния лесопожарной системы страны

Проанализировано состояние системы базовых компонентов, составляющих лесопожарные формирования и оказывающих влияние на всю систему охраны лесов от пожаров. Приведены количественные показатели анализа современной лесопожарной инфраструктуры и их сравнение с данными до 2000 г. Отмечена проблема неправомерной передачи части сети пожарнохимических станций на содержание арендаторам лесных участков и пространственного размещения лесопожарных формирований. Сформулированы основные задачи, которые необходимо решить для повышения эффективности системы охраны лесов от пожаров. The article is devoted to the study of the state of the system of basic components that make up forest fire formations and have an impact on the entire system of forest fire protection. The actual problem of increasing the efficiency of the forest fire protection system in terms of rationing the working process of forest fire formations was also studied. Quantitative indicators of the analysis of modern forest fire infrastructure were given, as well as their comparison with the data that were in the period of the old Forest code. They show the need to solve from a scientific point of view with the analysis of longterm statistical data and the use of modern methods of information processing. In this regard, the legal regulations were analyzed, which regulate the provision of forest fire units, including in related departments, and information about the available resources of fire fighting studied. Evaluation of the data was carried out, which include such parameters as the coordinates of the locations of forest fire formations, their type, number of employees, the number and composition of machinery and equipment, their wear and tear, etc. A survey of regional specialists was conducted on the possible optimal composition and number of machinery and equipment, after processing of which a database containing information on 1,467 structural forest fire formations was compiled. A detailed analysis of the situation in some regions revealed the facts of unjustified inclusion of forest firefighters, forestry workers and inspectors engaged in forest supervision. Forest plans and master plans for extinguishing of forest fires of Russian Federation subjects were analyzed for regions in which there were discrepancies of the data with the available information. The assessment of the spatial location of forest fire formations showed that in the European part of the country the network of firechemical stations is the most developed, in some regions even excessive both in the number of stations and the number of equipment. There is a paradoxical phenomenon when on a set of firechemical stations there are only 2 3 workers. The number of pieces of equipment exceeds the actual number of employees. This indicates that the resources available in the region are not being used optimally. The main problems that need to be addressed in order to improve the effectiveness of the forest fire protection system have been identified.

Factors influencing fire suppression success in the province of Quebec (Canada)

In the managed forest of Canada, forest fires are actively suppressed through efficient initial attack capability; however, the impact of different factors on the suppression success remains to be understood. The aim of this paper was to analyze the influence of operational suppression objectives (fire detection, initial attack, and fire control) along with fire intensity, fuel type, fire ignition cause, year, workload, and homogeneous fire regime zones on the achievement of the fire suppression objective (fire < 3 ha) using the Forest Fire Protection Agency of Quebec (SOPFEU) as a case study. The overall success of the suppression objective was very high (88%) over the study period (1994–2015). Both detection and control had significant effects on the suppression success through their interaction with fuel type, ignition cause, fire intensity, and zone variables. When the suppression objective was not achieved, final fire size was influenced by control, fuel type, fire intensity, and zone. The paper highlights the importance of the operational objectives and of regional differences for both fire suppression success and final fire size. Our results can help forest fire protection agencies to better understand their wildland fire suppression systems for a better adaptation to the upcoming fire regime changes.

Incêndios florestais, o contributo da GNR para o sucesso da missão. Lições a retirar dos incêndios de 2017

A partir de 2006, a GNR passou a ter uma intervenção muito mais ativa na problemática dos incêndios florestais, sendo indiscutível que trouxe uma nova dinâmica à proteção e socorro, tendo assumido um dos três pilares do Sistema da Defesa da Floresta Contra Incêndios (SDFCI) e passando a atuar no designado pilar do “combate, rescaldo e vigilância pós incêndio”, sendo a única instituição nacional com intervenção em dois pilares do sistema o que lhe permite agir no âmbito do “safety” e “security”.Os grandes incêndios rurais da atualidade, revelaram que Portugal enfrenta um problema estrutural de ordenamento do território que constitui uma grave ameaça à segurança das populações, tendo sido constatado que há lacunas e lições a reter. Futuramente pretende-se um maior envolvimento dos cidadãos, reforçando a consciência coletiva de que a proteção e a segurança são responsabilidades de todos, uma maior participação das autarquias locais, tudo com a finalidade de evitar comportamentos de risco e adotar medidas de autoproteção.

Policy forum: Challenges of forest governance: Biomass export from Leningrad oblast, North-West of Russia

Russia accounts for approximately 20% of the world's forest cover. More than 59% of the total territory of the Russian Federation is classified as forest land. However, the forest sector contributes only 1.3% to Russian gross domestic product and the Russian forest industry accounts for less than 4% of the world's forest products trade. This paper analyzes the most significant challenges facing Russian forest management including example of wood chips export to the EU and will suggest specific policy proposals that could be made in order to improve the forest management and forest transportation in Russia. Russian forestry has a lot of challenges such as lack of proper forest infrastructure, inadequate forest fire protection, unqualified personnel and unclear legislation. Most of these challenges are linked to one another and solving one problem can lead to the solution of others. The improvement of Russian forest governance is difficult and hard for policy, but without significant changes in current Russian forest management practices, forest degradation in Russia will continue to increase. The degradation of Russian forests could lead to a loss of global resources in general.

Contemporary Problems of Legal Regulation of Forest Fire Protection

Forest fires constitute a major factor that negatively affects an environmental and resource potential of Russian forests. The problem of fighting forest fires in the context of forest legislation reform is becoming more and more topical. The article highlights that, despite the measures taken, the majority of negative tendencies that negatively influence protection of forests from fires, remain. The author analyzes the legal consequences for the formation of an effective system of prevention and suppression of emergency situations caused by forest fires by means of adoption of Federal Law of June 23, 2016 № 218-FZ "On Amendments to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation and Separate Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation with regard to Improving the Legal Relations concerning Forests." It is shown that legislation in the field of protection of forests from fires has undergone drastic changes aimed at ensuring effective coordination of actions of various departments and bodies for the purpose of prevention and suppression of forest fires, as well as increasing responsibility of all participants of forest relations including citizens. On the basis of the analysis the author formulates proposals for improving legal mechanisms of forests protection.

How wildfire risk is related to urban planning and Fire Weather Index in SE France (1990–2013)

Wildfires burn >450,000ha of forest every year in Euro-Mediterranean countries. Many fires originate in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) where housing density and weather conditions affect fire occurrence. Housing density is determined by long term land use policies while weather conditions evolve quickly. The first objective was to quantify the impacts of land use policy on WUI characteristics and fire risk in SE France during 1990–2012. The second objective was to quantify how Fire Weather Index (FWI) is related to fire occurrence. WUI was mapped from 1990, 1999, and 2012 building layers and crossed with a NDVI derived vegetation layer. In all, 12 WUI categories were derived: 4 building density classes and 3 vegetation layers. The I87 FWI was based on daily temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and soil water content. Despite a 30% increase in the number of new buildings, WUI area increased by only 5% as new housing filled in open space in existing WUI area. This trend can be linked to national level urban planning legislation and forest fire protection laws. Major driver variables determining housing location were aspect, slope, and distance to city centers. Fire frequency and burned area were nonlinearly related to FWI: 73% of the 99 fires occurred during weeks with FWI values ≥90 even though these accounted for only 44% of all weeks. Burned area was even more sensitive to FWI since 97% of total burned area occurred during weeks with mean FWI values ≥90. All days with burned areas >100ha had FWI values >150. The study demonstrated that WUI legislation can be an efficient tool to limit WUI fire risk. FWI results suggest the predicted increase in extreme summer heat events with global warming could increase burned area as firefighting resources are stretched beyond capacity.

Tropical Forest Fire Susceptibility Mapping at the Cat Ba National Park Area, Hai Phong City, Vietnam, Using GIS-Based Kernel Logistic Regression

The Cat Ba National Park area (Vietnam) with its tropical forest is recognized as being part of the world biodiversity conservation by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and is a well-known destination for tourists, with around 500,000 travelers per year. This area has been the site for many research projects; however, no project has been carried out for forest fire susceptibility assessment. Thus, protection of the forest including fire prevention is one of the main concerns of the local authorities. This work aims to produce a tropical forest fire susceptibility map for the Cat Ba National Park area, which may be helpful for the local authorities in forest fire protection management. To obtain this purpose, first, historical forest fires and related factors were collected from various sources to construct a GIS database. Then, a forest fire susceptibility model was developed using Kernel logistic regression. The quality of the model was assessed using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, area under the ROC curve (AUC), and five statistical evaluation measures. The usability of the resulting model is further compared with a benchmark model, the support vector machine (SVM). The results show that the Kernel logistic regression model has a high level of performance in both the training and validation dataset, with a prediction capability of 92.2%. Since the Kernel logistic regression model outperforms the benchmark model, we conclude that the proposed model is a promising alternative tool that should also be considered for forest fire susceptibility mapping in other areas. The results of this study are useful for the local authorities in forest planning and management.

A network approach to assessing social capacity for landscape planning: The case of fire-prone forests in Oregon, USA

Management of ecological conditions and processes in multiownership landscapes requires cooperation by diverse stakeholder groups. The structure of organizational networks – the extent to which networks allow for interaction among organizations within and across ideological and geographic boundaries – can indicate potential opportunities for cooperation on landscape-scale problems. In the arid landscapes of the western United States, where increasingly large wildfires burn irrespective of property boundaries and land designations, organizations involved in the restoration of forests and the protection of property from wildfire could benefit from working together to share information and coordinate strategies. We investigated patterns of interaction among organizations concerned with increasingly uncharacteristic wildfire risk in the Eastern Cascades Ecoregion of Oregon for evidence of structural conditions that create opportunity for cooperation. Through social network analysis of interview data, we found that despite sharing concern about wildfire risk in an area with a common set of ecological conditions, organizations with forest restoration and fire protection goals comprised distinct networks, as did organizations that focused on different geographic areas of the ecoregion. When interpreted through the lens of social capital and organizational theory these findings raise questions about the extent to which the structure of the organizational network reflects capacity to address wildfire risk in fire-prone forests on the ecoregion-scale. This study provides insights on the utility of a structural approach for investigating social capacity for landscape-scale planning.

Perlindungan Hukum Masyarakat Kota Palangka Raya Akibat dari Pembakaran Hutan dan Lahan

The purpose of this study is to determine the cause of land and forest fire protection of the law and to find out on the community a result of land forest fire. The result of this research; paradigm human thinking today thought that nature and living environment is abundant treasures provided the optimal for the interests of human prosperity, so that nature with its entire contents and explored beyond the limits of exploitation and to disregard the maintened and the sustainability of the environment and destructive natural resources it self. As a result occurs in various environment damage resulting from forest fires and land has to the pont that very worrying. The absence of legal protection for the community resulting from forest fires and land and still loitering the incendiary land and forest.

Metoda određivanje stepena ugroženosti šuma od požara

Articles 20, 22, 23, 24 and 27 of the Law on Fire Protection ('Official Gazette of RS', No 111/09) stipulate who and in what manner must prepare fire protection plans and what these plans must contain. The Regulation on classification of buildings, activities and land into a fire threat category ('Official Gazette of RS' No. 76/2010) prescribes a method of categorisation of fire protection subjects, stipulating that the legal entities classified into the first and the second fire threat category must prepare fire protection plans. A novelty in sub-legal regulation is the adoption of a special rulebook on preparation method and content of fire protection plans of autonomous provinces, local self-government units and subjects classified into the first and the second fire threat category ('Official Gazette of RS' No. 73/10). This sub-legal act prescribes the method and guidelines for preparation of fire protection plans, which is a substantial step forward in creation of a uniform procedure on preparation of fire protection plans. A serious shortcoming of this rulebook is that it only takes into account buildings, whereas the Law also stipulates categorisation of land and good-quality forested areas, as well as preparation of forest fire protection plans. Furthermore, the preparation of forest fire protection plans substantially differs from the preparation of fire protection plans for buildings. Creation of a planning act, such is a forest fire protection plan, entails development of methodologies that will provide the basis for the assessment of threat, or a fire occurrence risk, in a specific forest area.

Climate change and wildfires in Russia

Russia for 1998-2010 accounted for 8.2 ± 0.8 × 10 6 ha, with about twothirds of wildfires occurring on forest lands and half on the forested lands. The average annual fire carbon balance during the above period was 121 ± 28 Tg C yr -1 , including 92 ± 18 Tg C yr -1 emitted from the forested land. The forecasts based on the General Circulation Models suggest the dramatic acceleration of fire regimes by the end of the 21st century. Taking into account the increase in the dryness of the climate and the thawing of permafrost, this will likely lead to a dramatic loss of forested area and the impoverishment of the forest cover over a major part of the forest zone. A transition to adaptive forestry would allow a substantial decrease of the expected losses. This paper takes a brief look at the general principals of adapting forest fire protection system to climate change, which is considered an integral part of the transition to sustainable forest management in Russia.