Foreseeable Effects Research Articles

Evolutionary adaptation to climate change.

When the notion of climate change emerged over 200 years ago, few speculated as to the impact of rising atmospheric temperatures on biological life. Tens of decades later, research clearly demonstrates that the impact of climate change on life on Earth is enormous, ongoing, and with foreseen effects lasting well into the next century. Responses to climate change have been widely documented. However, the breadth of phenotypic traits involved with evolutionary adaptation to climate change remains unclear. In addition, it is difficult to identify the genetic and/or epigenetic bases of phenotypes adaptive to climate change, in part because it often is not clear whether this change is plastic, genetic, or some combination of the two. Adaptive responses to climate-driven selection also interact with other processes driving genetic changes in general, including demography as well as selection driven by other factors. In this Special Issue, we explore the factors that will impact the overall outcome of climate change adaptation. Our contributions explain that traits involved in climate change adaptation include not only classic phenomena, such as range shifts and environmentally dependent sex determination, but also often overlooked phenomena such as social and sexual conflicts and the expression of stress hormones. We learn how climate-driven selection can be mediated via both natural and sexual selection, effectively influencing key fitness-related traits such as offspring growth and fertility as well as evolutionary potential. Finally, we explore the limits and opportunities for predicting adaptive responses to climate change. This contribution forms the basis of 10 actions that we believe will improve predictions of when and how organisms may adapt genetically to climate change. We anticipate that this Special Issue will inform novel investigations into how the effects of climate change unfold from phenotypes to genotypes, particularly as methodologies increasingly allow researchers to study selection in field experiments.

A merely national ‘universal’ basic income and global justice

A merely national ‘universal’ basic income and global justice

Article: GloBE Rules and Tax Competition

This article studies foreseeable effects that a relatively comprehensive implementation of the Pillar 2 GloBE international effective minimum tax would have on international tax competition for investment. The discussion focuses on the perspective of countries that seek to attract foreign direct investment through their tax system. The paper shows that there was disagreement within the G20/OECD Inclusive Framework (IF) about the objective to curb international tax competition through a minimum tax. The reservations of some member countries have manifested themselves in the compromise design of the internationally agreed GloBE regime: With the carve-out for substance-based routine profits (the so-called SBIE), the IF abandoned the idea of setting a general floor for business tax competition at the agreed minimum rate. Instead, the SBIE establishes an effective 15 % floor only for the taxation of excess profits. Due to the additional possibility for source countries to collect any eventual minimum tax themselves through a qualified domestic minimum top-up tax (QDMTT), tax competition could theoretically continue unabated above this floor, implying the successive substitution of traditional business taxation with a domestic minimum tax mimicking the international GloBE top-up tax. Taking into account fiscal, legal, and political constraints, however, such an extreme scenario is unlikely to materialize. A broad GloBE implementation should therefore reduce incentives to use effective tax rate below 15 % (on overall profit) in order to attract high-margin investment. This notwithstanding, certain features of the GloBE Model Rules imply that some forms of business tax competition will continue as before or even gain in relative attractiveness. Due to its – albeit moderate – mitigating effects on business tax competition, GloBE might moreover lead to intensified competition for investment through other channels. GloBE, minimum tax, Pillar 2, competition.

Coconut, Castor, and Argan Oil for Hair in Skin of Color Patients: A Systematic Review.

Coconut, castor, and argan oils are popular commercial hair oils culturally rooted in current and historical Indian and African heritages. Dermatologists treating hair and scalp conditions often face challenging patient questions of whether over-the-counter hair oils should be used. This is particularly challenging given the deeply rooted cultural practices of some skin of color patients. As a result, many dermatologists recommend patients to continue using hair oils not based on clinical efficacy but rather lack of foreseeable side effects. We analyzed the literature to investigate claims to substantiate whether these hair oils can improve hair growth, hair quality, and treat infestation clinically. Based on 22 articles that met inclusion criteria, coconut oil has been shown to treat both brittle hair and hair infestation clinically, with limited evidence regarding its impact on hair growth. There is weaker evidence for castor oil improving hair quality by increasing hair luster, and no strong evidence supporting its use for hair growth or treatment of infestation. Argan oil does not have any significant evidence supporting its use to improve hair growth, quality, or treatment of infestation. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(7):751-757. doi:10.36849/JDD.6972.

Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among the Visitors of Prince Sultan Military Medical City

Aim: The aim of this study was to measure the commonness of obesity among the visitors of Prince Sultan military medical city (PSMMC), Hospital, Riyadh. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done from November 15, 2018, to February 15, 2019. A well-established questionnaire was prepared based on the literature. A total of 1489 participants of either sex participated in this study. The body mass index (BMI) scale measures the obesity. Reuslts: This study has revealed that obesity among the young visitor of the Prince Sultan military medical city, Riyadh, was higher than the middle age and old age people. It was also observed that obesity was more prevailing in young males than young females. There is a need to educate these young people about the foreseeable effects of obesity comprising insulin resistance, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and ischemic stroke, gastroesophageal reflux, cholelithiasis, osteoarthritis, many types of cancer, infertility, impotence, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Conclusion: The obesity awareness programs should also be conducted to lower down the percentage of obese people of the Riyadh city. Keywords: Body Mass Index, Obesity, Overweight, PSMMC Hospital. Riyadh

Experience of Science Teachers in Practicing Rewards System to Increase Students’ Participation in Class

The study aimed to determine the Experience of Science teachers’ in practicing rewards system to increase student’s participation in class. A qualitative - phenomenology research design was adopted in this study. Interview guide question was used to examine the Experience of Science teachers’ in practicing rewards system to increase student’s participation in class. Data was collected through an interview. Total of 10 teachers were selected as a sample from 8 secondary schools in the Botolan District. The results of this study showed that reward system is effective in the performance of the students and encouragement to give the students good motivation in the learning process. Most of the participant find the rewards system as an effective tool in increasing student’s participation. Recognition such as giving praise and compliments is the usual form of rewards given by the teacher. In addition to extra grades, scores and test or homework exemptions. Preferred rewards of the teachers aside from giving praise and additional grades, are useful rewards such as school supplies, candies, and other food treats. Effective motivation of the student’s in participating in learning activities is the foreseen effects of rewards system.

4.E. Workshop: Climate change influence in the exposure to several risk factors: One Health approach as a solution?

Abstract Climate change (CC), considered by IPCC as unequivocal, is associated with significant changes in long-term weather characteristics and short-term weather extremes in different regions of the globe. The increasing of exposure to several risk factors within the human, animal and environmental dimensions is one of the effects of CC. Considering that the persistence and mobility of chemicals/toxins are influenced by weather conditions, we can predict that human exposure will be affected. Additionally, changes in biota are also predicted as an adaptation to the CC scenario and due to the increased use of biocides. Additionally, the need for other agriculture regions due to CC will increase the contact with wildlife leading to “spill overs” and increasing the risk of occurring new pandemics. Several aspects still need to be targeted for future research projects aiming to understand the variability in exposure that can be promoted by CC and the impact on human health. Considering that CC affects not only human health, but also the environment and consequently the animal health, the One Health perspective is considered an adequate approach to tackle the foreseen effects. One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach, aiming to achieve optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between humans, animals, and their shared environment. This workshop aims to give an overview of the potential effects of CC regarding the increased exposure to several risk factors and the contribution of One Health as a multidisciplinary approach to tackle these issues. Five interlinked presentations will bring to the table several facets: CC, One Health, exposure to chemicals/toxins and biota. The workshop will focus mainly the impact of CC on public health and presenting some ways forward, namely in what regards to a multi-sectorial regulatory approach as a way of protecting human health. The workshop includes a first presentation by Joana Lobo Vicente from European Environment Agency to give an overview of climate change and the effects on environment, at European level, and with a special focus on exposure to chemicals. Further on, three presentations held by Ricardo Assunção, Carla Martins and Carla Viegas, researchers from academic Portuguese institutions, will shed a light on the exposure to chemicals, toxins and biota in Europe, the expected consequences and the associated burden of disease, and the azoles resistance by fungi. Lastly, the presentation of Susana Viegas will give an overview of the relevance of the One Health approach to tackle the CC impacts and how science can support a multi-sectorial policy action. Altogether, these presentations will highlight the need for a multi-sectorial intervention under the One Health to maximize the co-benefits in the three domains. The establishment of preventive measures is characterized by several challenges, but it is expected to allow Public Health achievements. Key messages CC will have extensive negative impacts on the exposure to different risk factors. The lack of studies focused on the assessment of the indirect effectsof the CC.

Anthropological dimensions of virtualization

Virtualization is an ongoing process that is transforming daily activities and interactions. Such transformations will be reflected in irreversible changes in the organization and functioning of societies (socio-historical changes).Virtualization is built by reconstructing information and communication functions that set us apart as human beings and that are specific to our societies. This text deals with the performance of these basic functions when the world is virtualized. The possible scenarios of a virtualized future are diverse and sometimes opposed. They will depend on the social uses made of virtualization for the performance of such basic functions. Such uses will be guided by the plans of the mediators that eventually prevail in the virtualization process. In this work, such social uses and their plans to date are identified and the foreseeable effects in the future are analyzed. From this anthropological and socio-historical view, the practice and teaching of communication are examined, as a mediating instance of virtualization; and virtualization as a form of social production of communication. The existing social applications of the new benefits provided by virtualization, and those that can be envisaged, relate to the applications and functions of scientific and technological innovations that are typical of monopolistic and globalized social formations. For these analyses, theory and methodologies that are published in previous works are developed and applied. In the notes I include the links to some of these works that are accessible and open on the internet. But these developments are based on empirical research that has been developed for over five years, which originates the data that support what is told herein.

The Coronavirus as a Revenge Effect: The Pandemic from the Perspective of Philosophy of Technique

The 2020 coronavirus pandemic is a phenomenon of great interest from the point of view of philosophy of technique. In this paper, we propose an interpretation of its causes and its current and foreseeable effects through a dual theoretical framework. On the one hand, we will use Edward Tenner’s concept of the revenge effect, which refers to the phenomenon by which a technique produces unexpected consequences that cancel its objective. In this case, modern mobility techniques, by spreading the disease on a global scale, have produced the opposite effect, that is, the mobility limitations of lockdowns. On the other hand, we will embrace Jacques Ellul’s philosophy of technique, which shows how many problems produced by modern technique, such as the current pandemic, have an ultimate tendency toward the establishment of a centralized and authoritarian organization of humanity not compatible with the fundamental rights of liberal democracies. The conclusion drawn from these elements will be that the way the pandemic has been tackled supports Ellul’s prediction about the establishment of such an organization.

Betting on children at risk: Actors’ views on the introduction of social impact bonds in the French field of “childhood in danger”

ABSTRACT Social impact bonds (SIBs) were recently introduced in France as a result of the creation of a state label. A set of promises were associated with the bonds allowing experimental projects to test new methods in dealing with social risk. Social entrepreneurs offered to pioneer them and engage in social innovation. Yet the device immediately triggered questions about the benefits of this type of public−private partnership and the compatibility of the welfare system with social finance. Empirically, it had already been tested abroad, with mixed results. Theoretically, some assumptions to help modelize social risk proved debatable. This paper documents key actors’ views on SIBs in terms of their present and foreseeable effects. Its specific subfield is that of children’s services. Its main contribution is dual. It first consists of identifying what type of arguments and positions work better to promote SIBs in France. Secondly, it points to several forms of decoupling between discourse and practices caused by the superior success of moderate and relatively vague descriptions of SIBs as a set of promises, prefigurative of a major restructuration of the field.

The Impact of Social Capital on the Attitude-Related Aspects of Strategic Adaptability

This research investigates the impact of social capital which results from social interaction within a horizontal industrial district on the attitude-related aspects of internal and external strategic adaptability. Such foreseen effects are studied from interaction of three dimensions of social capital which occurs indirectly through entrepreneurial behavior and social knowledge exchange. Research data were taken from 450 metal craftsmen in the Tegal municipality and Tegal regency, Central Java, Indonesia. This study reveals that entrepreneurial behavior and social knowledge exchange, which conflicting in nature, have the effects on the internal strategic adaptability, but only entrepreneurial behavior effect the external strategic adaptabilty. The study also reveals that the interaction of two dimensions of social capital have the effects on entrepreneurial behavior and social knowledge exchange due to it was not enough evidence that relational embeddedness act as a social capital which able to strengthen strong ties among entrepreneurs.

The Causes and Effects of Earnings Management on Stock Prices

This study uses the performance of the discretionary estimation models by using a sample of listed companies in the Netherlands and Germany. The actual accounting framework provides a wide opportunity for managers to influence data in financial reporting. The corporate reporting strategy, the way managers use their discretionary accounting, has a significant effect on the company's financial reporting. The authors contribute to the literature through enhancement to these models to accomplish better effects of identifying earnings management as well as to present evidence that is particular to the Dutch and German setting. 
 For this, we followed the methodology of Dechow, Sloan, and Sweeney (1995) and Chan et al. (2006) and test which model can detect Dutch and German firm’s earnings management better by applying those models to the artificially manipulated earnings after adding some amount to the reported earnings. 
 This investigation found that earnings are managed relatively more in Germany than in the Netherlands. The relationship between earnings management, stock returns, and corporate governance has been tested. Our results suggested that the strong or weak impact of corporate governance in these two countries varied. The multi-sectoral Jones model has a modest illustrative capacity.
 Finally, the results show that maximum discretionary accruals involve a large number of estimated errors which have foreseeable effect on income, stock returns and future cash flows. The decrease in level of earnings management indicates that the measurement error has been largely eliminated in the estimated performance -related accruals.

Irrigation with phosphate-buffered saline causes corneal calcification during treatment of ocular burns

Corneal calcification is a vision-threatening manifestation of calcium containing agents in ocular burn. As we previously reported, our interest was sparked by a particular discrepancy of a case: A patient treated for a non-calcium containing agent in eye burn from exposure to an alkaline mixture of NaOH and KOH, who unexpectedly developed corneal calcification. This current study aims to elucidate whether the 2min lasting irrigation with a phosphate-buffered saline itself, regardless of rinsing regimen, triggers corneal calcification. The Ex Vivo Eye Irritation Test (EVEIT) system was used on rabbit corneas to replicate the very same phosphate-buffered saline solution the patient was treated with. The rabbit corneas were first burned with 1 M NaOH, rinsed with 4.9% phosphate-buffered saline for 2 min, and were then moisturized with an artificial tear solution for 48 h. All corneas were fluorescein-stained for photo documentation, snap-frozen, lyophilizated, and the electrolyte content was analyzed by Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The EDX analysis revealed pathological phosphorous in corneal stroma after a single rinsing with phosphate-buffered saline. Ongoing application of artificial tears containing physiological 14.581 mmol Ca2+ /l led to macroscopically visible calcification, but only in areas of induced corneal erosion. Regardless of the rinsing protocol neither 2 or 15 min of eye rinsing with phosphate containing rinsing solutions, we have given proof that corneal calcification is a foreseeable effect of the phosphate-buffered saline rinsing of mechanically epithelial damaged and chemically burnt eyes. Thus, it is crucial to legally restrict the formulations of phosphate-buffered salines in the medical treatment of eye burns, corneal erosions or chemical splashes of the eye.

What information and the extent of information research participants need in informed consent forms: a multi-country survey

BackgroundThe use of lengthy, detailed, and complex informed consent forms (ICFs) is of paramount concern in biomedical research as it may not truly promote the rights and interests of research participants. The extent of information in ICFs has been the subject of debates for decades; however, no clear guidance is given. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the perspectives of research participants about the type and extent of information they need when they are invited to participate in biomedical research.MethodsThis multi-center, cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted at 54 study sites in seven Asia-Pacific countries. A modified Likert-scale questionnaire was used to determine the importance of each element in the ICF among research participants of a biomedical study, with an anchored rating scale from 1 (not important) to 5 (very important).ResultsOf the 2484 questionnaires distributed, 2113 (85.1%) were returned. The majority of respondents considered most elements required in the ICF to be ‘moderately important’ to ‘very important’ for their decision making (mean score, ranging from 3.58 to 4.47). Major foreseeable risk, direct benefit, and common adverse effects of the intervention were considered to be of most concerned elements in the ICF (mean score = 4.47, 4.47, and 4.45, respectively).ConclusionsResearch participants would like to be informed of the ICF elements required by ethical guidelines and regulations; however, the importance of each element varied, e.g., risk and benefit associated with research participants were considered to be more important than the general nature or technical details of research. Using a participant-oriented approach by providing more details of the participant-interested elements while avoiding unnecessarily lengthy details of other less important elements would enhance the quality of the ICF.

Should Student-Athletes be Paid?

:The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) currently prohibits student-athletes from receiving compensation from many non-school-affiliated sources, including sports agents, advertising agencies, and merchandizers. Moreover, student-athletes are prohibited from receiving compensation for media appearances, endorsing products, and autographs. Athletes and schools that violate these rules are subject to various punishments, such as fines, suspensions, and forfeiture of games. This paper challenges this NCAA policy. Accordingly, although colleges and universities often compensate student-athletes with free tuition, room, board, and other expenses, I argue that some prohibitions against athletes receiving compensation from non-school-affiliated sources are: (1) arbitrary and unfair to student-athletes; (2) such policies moreover are non-beneficial to student-athletes since we lack good reason to think the reception or pursuit of outside compensations will harm the student-athlete; (3) no foreseeable detrimental effects to higher education arise if student-athletes are allowed to pursue or receive various compensations; and (4) the integrity of college sports will not be compromised if certain forms of compensation are permitted. I take (1)–(4) as good reasons for doing away with the NCAA’s current policies. Ultimately, while I do not think colleges or universities should compensate student-athletes beyond what they already provide (e.g. free tuition, room, and board), I think student-athletes should be allowed to pursue an assortment of economic-related activities currently prohibited by the NCAA.

Antitrust and Inequality

Increasing concern about economic inequality has coincided with an unsettling ascendancy of some large, technologically integrated “super-firms,” which have grabbed large market shares in multiple markets, and cast doubt upon the future viability of a wide range of businesses, many of which have been important local and regional employers. It is thus unsurprising that these two trends have knocked together in public discourse, and that antitrust law been proposed as one way of helping to remedy economic inequality. This essay notes that antitrust law is generally a poor fit for reducing economic inequality, but one aspect is worthy of note: an apparent increase in the capital-labor ratio in many industries, especially in technological industries, where super-firms are predominant. An increase in the capital-labor ratio, which is putatively efficient but which may have the effect of suppressing wages, coincides with an increase in industrial concentration, suggesting that the overlap between antitrust law and economic inequality is not the null set. This essay builds on the work of many antitrust scholars in calling for a broader range of considerations in adjudicating antitrust cases. The possibility that antitrust law is playing a role in increasing the capital-labor ratio and changing the structure of economies is dangerous enough that some change in antitrust law is warranted to address foreseeable effects.

Zone of Insolvency, Directors’ Duties and Creditors’ Protection in U.S.

When a company is navigating in the “zone of insolvency” – usually defined as the extent of the risk that creditors will not be paid – its directors face the dilemma related to their managerial decisions in the light of the foreseeable effects and risks for shareholders and for creditors. It is a generally accepted principle in U.S. that when a company is approaching such “zone of insolvency” or is in the “vicinity of insolvency” no fiduciary duties are owned to the creditors as expression of the shareholder primacy rule. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the existence of provisions of law together with important policy reasons that impose the duties shifting to creditors in the zone of insolvency and that allow to create a presumption of directors’ knowledge of when their duties shift, which means when the company is getting closer to insolvency. Accordingly, this article seeks to demonstrate that directors’ duties toward creditors should shift on the ground of two reasons: Firstly, the directors’ and shareholders’ opportunistic behavior – together with the opportunistic behavior of well-informed creditors–. Secondly, the need to preserve value for creditors. By comparing U.S. principles with UK insolvency system the conclusion is in the sense that in the zone of insolvency directors should have a clear duty to take every reasonable step in order to minimize the risk of potential losses for creditors. Moreover, this article shows that in U.S. from the interconnection of the MD&A provisions with the law of avoidable preferences, a general principle accordingly can be inferred. It brings that directors have the duty to know when the company is in trouble and therefore that insolvency is looming at the horizon, with a presumption that covers the period of time starting from the last financial statements release until the day of the bankruptcy filing. Specifically, the law of preferences as section 547 of the Bankruptcy Code – by striking down last-minute grabs – conceptually admits the principle that directors together with control shareholders and strong creditors know longer time in advance that the company will face a liquidation proceeding than other creditors and outsiders. As a consequence, the Delaware approach of allowing full discretion to the board of directors even at the “end game” stage with its actual risk of opportunistic behavior (asset dilution, asset substitution, debt dilution, conflicts among creditors) is incongruent with the retrospective approach of both state creditors’ remedies and federal bankruptcy law that after insolvency challenges distributions to shareholders and favors creditors and seeks recoupment. Therefore, this article argues for a pre-insolvency, “end stage” rule of constraint by demonstrating that the UK wrongful trading liability of directors is more coherent and congruent with majority legal systems’ post-bankruptcy recapture approaches than the U.S. one found in the Delaware jurisprudence.

The extraterritorial human rights obligations of the EU in its external trade and investment policies

The EU is bound by human rights obligations toward individuals outside the territory of its Member States who are affected by its trade and investment policies. Internal rules of the EU, namely the Founding Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights, and various external norms, that is international law sources, impose human rights obligations on the EU. Those human rights obligations are increasingly interpreted by treaty monitoring bodies as requiring extraterritorial due diligence duties from States parties, in the sense that the creation of substantial and foreseeable effects outside the State’s territory establishes the jurisdiction of the State party. This jurisdiction leads to positive obligations, namely the duty to exert due diligence on trade and investment policies. The EU is expected to assess the risks of human rights violations by its trade and investment partners in and outside its Member States and take all reasonable efforts to avoid foreseeable human rights violations. Although those human rights are likely to continue to be unenforceable before the Court of Justice, the consistent reference to due diligence obligations by treaty monitoring bodies, the European Ombudsman and the European Data Protection Supervisor should encourage EU institutions to comply with their due diligence obligations.

A COMPARISON OF COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS FOR ANALYZING CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES

The current unsustainable trends in greenhouse gas emissions as projected in the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have raised considerable environmental concern among the developed countries. This concern has led to an agreement among these countries on goals and measures to reduce emissions, currently written down in the Kyoto Protocol. The realization of goals and policies proposed in this protocol will likely have major impacts on the world economy. The estimation of foreseeable effects of such policy strategies has prompted the need for an adequate modeling of this complex constellation. Hence, during the last decade several models have been developed that provide the possibility to give a quantitative assessment of the impact of climate policies on the economy. This article compares a number of important computable general equilibrium models that have been developed for this purpose in recent years. We compare different characteristics of these models, and consider the applicability of these models to particular policy strategies related to the implementation of climate change policies.

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF PROCEDURAL SOUNDNESS AND RELIABILITY

The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is both a technical and administrative procedure with (mandatory) extensive application throughout Europe, holding a primary role in sustainable territorial development. Objectives of the SEA process are to: provide a high level of protection for the environment, and promote sustainability of development by contributing to the integration of appropriate environmental considerations in the adoption and implementation of specific plans and programs. In general, results of SEA application are quite positive, but some aspects may still be subject to a constructive critique, with considerable space for procedural improvement. Purpose of this work is to analyze a few case studies, which refer to the situation in Italy and, specifically, in the Lombardy Region, after a significantly extended period of SEA application, and evaluate their outcomes, suggesting possible ameliorations. Lombardy makes a good benchmark for examination, being a complex territory, characterized by the highest concentrations of population, industrial activities, and economic interests in Italy. Case studies’ evaluation reveals some critical issues that may have a negative influence on the correct application of the SEA process (and not just in Italy, as these considerations can be extended at the international level), and consequently on the resulting governance of the territory, and on the determination of foreseen effects related to development goals. Among critical issues, frequent oversight of important aspects concerning sustainability, incorrect definition of players and stakeholders, variations and differences of the applied techniques, debatable role of both the public administration and the public, varying costs of the procedure, to state a few, could be mentioned. Furthermore, a critical need is the definition of specific standards and parameters in the presence of activities that may present risks of relevant accidents.