Forensic Files Research Articles

The Interior as a Witness: Interwar Interiors in Flanders Captured by Forensic Files

The common resources for studying historic homes offer staged and idealized representations of interiors which reveal little about how these spaces were inhabited and by whom. With a rather limited scope of sources available for reliable images of “real,” vernacular home environments, I advocate for the use of forensic photography and files in interior design historical research to broaden our image and understanding of such modes of living. As a case study, I examine, by close inspection and visual analysis, 40 crime cases from the Belgian provinces of Antwerp and East–Flanders, recorded between 1929 and 1937, containing interior photographs, floor plans, and judicial reports. The sample spans different social strata and building types, living circumstances, and locations—urban, suburban, and rural, demonstrating how many of the people in that era lived in old(er) houses, deprived of the newest sanitary, heating, and lighting amenities. It attests to the passing down over generations of rugs, furniture, utensils and decorative objects, and the randomness of their presence, with traces of gradual modernization, from washing machines to radios, club seats, and fashionable wallpapers. Forensic photographs offer a nonstaged representation of reality. Thus, they provide a reality check, showing how mainstream interiors were really used and how they evolved over a period of time.

Dental Arşivin Adli Bilimlerde Önemi: Retrospektif Bir Çalışma

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the forensic dental records of patients referred to our faculty and offer a standard dental record form. Material and Methods: All forensic odontology cases referred to the our faculty between 2011 and 2019 were evaluated. In addition to demographic findings such as age and gender, the reasons for referral (file types) and dental examination findings were recorded. Differences between the forensic file types according to years were obtained. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and frequency distributions. Results: Of 127 dental forensic files evaluated, 54% of the files were trauma, 33% were malpractice and 13% were determination of age. When referral reasons are examined according to gender, it was shown that the number of males was much higher than females in trauma cases while number of females is high in others file types. Analyzing the files according to years showed that the cases before the year 2011 were disorganized and forensic files in 2012-2014 were missing. The malpractice cases were increased while trauma cases were decreased over the years. Conclusion: Trauma cases were the most common reason for referral to forensic cases. However, it was observed that the forensic reports evaluated did not include parameters for the evaluation of injury crimes in terms of forensic medicine. Inadequate forensic dental records also prove the importance of archiving dental files in forensic cases. With the proposal of dental report form presented, it will be possible to standardize and improve the quality of the forensic records.

Investigation of Factors Associated with the Child Marriage in Turkey

ABSTRACT Marriages under the age of 18 are considered early marriage cases. This situation is one of the many problems faced by women all over the world. This study aims to determine the individual and familial characteristics of children who are married at an early age. In this study, the forensic files in the Child Advocacy Center, a forensic unit for abused children are refer to, were retrospectively analyzed. After the screening, 440 cases who came to the center due to early marriage were detected. Then, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and chi-square tests In this study, the female gender, the dropout from school, the low socioeconomic level of the family and the presence of economic problems in the family, the education levels of the parents at primary and lower levels, parental marriage at an early age, the mother not having a job, and the fragmented family presence were the most prominent risk factors. In this context, preventive and rehabilitative studies could be conducted for individual and familial risk factors.

Forensic analysis of open-source XMPP/Jabber multi-client instant messaging apps on Android smartphones

In the quest for a panacea to ensure digital privacy, many users have switched to using decentralized open-source Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol multi-client instant messaging (IM) apps for secure end-to-end communication. In this paper, we present a forensic analysis of the artefacts generated on Android smartphones by Conversations and Xabber apps. We identified databases maintained by each app and external Secure Digital card directories that store local copies of user metadata. We analysed each app’s storage locations for forensic artefacts and how they can be used in a forensic investigation. The results in this paper show a detailed analysis of forensic files of interest which can be correlated to identify the local user’s multiple IM accounts and contact list, contents of messages exchanged with contacts, deleted files, time, and dates in the order of their occurrence. The contributions of this research include a comprehensive description of artefacts, which are of forensic interest, for each app analysed.

Forensic face sketch recognition

Crime has taken a drastic revolution, and so does the demand for enhancing the security of the forensic files and records. Nowadays, there is an increased requirement to use technological measures in the field of crime as well for identification, detection and recognition of the suspects. To deal with safety and security biometric recognition is necessary. One of the most common biometric techniques is face recognition, as the face is one of the most convenient and reliable way of identification. On the contrary, hand-drawn sketches and sketchers are limited in number although sketches are drawn in almost every criminal case. To come to the rescue, face recognition using a biometric mechanism using computer vision helps in solving the case in special circumstances where the suspects use masks to hide his face or some features. Suspect can conveniently hide the face like nose, eyes, lips, face colour, etc. but the outliner features of face cannot be duplicated. Face sketches have essential information about the face structure and topology and to deal with such precision, there is a requirement of intervention with some assisted computer mechanisms like Deep Convolutional Neural Network which helps in recognizing specific features.

‘The Second What’: Science, Tragedy and Mental Abyss in Forensic Files

ABSTRACTMillions of readers and viewers are fascinated by stories about crimes that have actually been committed. In later years there has been an excess of access to true crime novels, movies, TV series, podcasts and blogs, spanning a wide range of formats and subgenres. This article explores some episodes in the series Forensic Files (1996-) in order to explain connections between mind reading, the tragic and true crime. The tragic as concept and mindreading challenges are used to enlighten the role given to science in the series. Forensic Files is a homage to science and forensics, but other evident aspects of the retold crimes are disregarded. A crime has fundamental psychological and mental aspects which are far more difficult to grasp than the outer events and hard facts. The article problematizes the role of thoughts, feelings and intentions in extremely serious crimes as presented in Forensic Files. A significant blank in the process of understanding and judging the perpetrator is named ‘the second what’, a factor which demonstrates a connection between true crime cases and our ability to read minds.

Victim Behavior in a Sample of Military Sexual Assault Cases.

This study explored victim responses to sexual assault within a military context. Victim behavior was identified in forensic case files of service members charged with sexual assault (N = 58) and referred for forensic evaluation or consultation. The identified victim behavior was coded and quantified for description. Of the sample 87.9% of victims were female and 12.0% of victims were male; 37.9% of the victims reported their assault in less than 1 month. Forceful resistance to the assault occurred in 15.5% of the cases. Physical injury associated with the sexual assault was absent in 96.5% of the cases. The description of victim behavior can inform forensic expert testimony on victim behavior within the military justice system while also offering empirical evidence to better understand this public health problem in the U.S. military.

Forensic corpus data reduction techniques for faster analysis by eliminating tedious files

ABSTRACTDigital Forensics, an emerging research field, became prominent due to cyber exploitations and cybercrimes. Forensic analysis plays an eminent role in finding and detecting cyber criminals. It is for this purpose, the compromised systems or targeted systems are seized, forensically validated and analyzed in the investigation labs. Globally, though there are many Forensic investigation agencies like Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Department of Défense Cyber Crime Center (CC3), Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) along with their central forensic labs, many digital evidence analysis (DEA) cases have been pending throughout the past two decades in these forensic labs. The significant and crucial reason contributing to this is the volume of the digital data to be analyzed forensically. Though there are handy tools and effective analysis algorithms, still forensic tools lack the capability of digging tons of data within polynomial time. One of the best methods to reduce time is to eliminate unwanted or uninteresting forensic files. Some limited papers and techniques define this problem, and this research proposes a methodology that gratifies the existing problem by using filtering techniques based on identified parameters and with massive hash sets. This work reduced the present study’s corpus to 29.8 million from 79.2 million by applying the proposed methodology.Abbreviations: AFF: Advanced Forensic Format; CBI: Central Bureau of Investigation; CC3: Department of Défense Cyber Crime Centre; CFReDS: Computer Forensic Reference Datasets; DEA: Digital Evidence Analysis; DRbSI: Digital Forensic Data Reduction by Selective Imaging; FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation; HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language; KPMG: Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler; LCS: Longest Common Substring; MD5: Message Digest Algorithm; NCRB: National Crime Records Bureau; NPS: Naval Postgraduate School; NSRL: National Software Reference Library; RDC: Real Drive Corpus; SHA-1: Secure Hash Algorithm; VMDK: Virtual Machine Disk File.

Epidemiologic Investigation of the Elderly Deaths Caused by Narcotic and Psychedelic Drug Abuse Complications Referred to the Legal Medicine Organization of Tehran, Iran During 2013 and 2014

Introduction: The survey of drug and psychedelic abuse-related deaths in elderly people provides information on the most severe social and psychological consequences of drug abuse and its impact on community health. In contrast, with regard to the ageing population of Iran, along with all age groups who might misuse drugs, elderly people cannot be ignored. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the number of deceased elders whose deaths were caused by complications related to narcotic or psychedelic drug abuse as described by the legal medicine organization of Tehran, Iran, 2013 to 2014. Methods: In this descriptive study, the forensic files of all elderly people (age, 60 y or older) who died because of narcotic or psychedelic drug abuse and were referred to the legal medicine center of Tehran in 2013 and 2014 were investigated. Elders who died because of reasons other than narcotic or psychedelic drug abuse or because of underlying illness were excluded from the study. Data were recorded in a questionnaire containing questions related to demographic status, family status, social status, examinations, autopsy, and laboratory data, of elders. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Findings: According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 227 (n=203, 89.4% male) deaths of elderly people because of narcotic or psychedelic drug abuse were investigated. The incidence of drug-related deaths among elderly people was 2.2012 and 1.912 per 100,000 people, during 2013 and 2014, respectively. The incidence of drug-related deaths among elderly women during the years 2013 and 2014 was .3598 and .5179 1.22, respectively. In addition, the incidence of drug-related deaths among elderly men during the years 2013 and 2014 was 4.5096 and 3.3517, respectively. The most common drug used by the elders (126, 55.5%) was opium. The mean age of the elders was 66.9±7.3 years (60 to 90 y old) and the mean age of onset (first intake) was 40.3±12.9 years (14 to 85 y old). Most of the deceased elders were from the Tehran (38%), Khorasan Razavi (11%), and Hamedan (9%) provinces of Iran. Half of the deceased elders had their own home (52.9%), and most were married (55%). Few (n=15, 6.6%) of the deceased elders had a history of hospitalization because of mental illness. The highest rate of death was observed in free-occupation (26.9%), retired (14.5%), and unemployed (11%) elders, respectively. Many deceased elders had an education level below the diploma (78, 34.4%) or were illiterate (63, 27.7%). Few (5, 2.2%) of the deceased elders had a history of suicide attempts. More than half (61.7%) of the elderly deceased were autopsied. In 113 (49.8%), poison sampling and in 54 (23.8%), pathology test was performed. Conclusions: It can be argued that factors such as low level of education, male gender, habitation in a big city, free occupation, retirement or unemployment can contribute to an individual’s inclination to become addicted to narcotic or psychedelic drug abuse in aging (in the elderly), and these factors may be used to identify the elderly people at risk of drug addiction. Low prices and the fast availability of opium in Iran and some misconceptions about opium among Iranian people, may lead to its prevalent consumption among the elders. Increasing awareness in the elderly about the adverse effects of narcotic or psychedelic drug abuse can reduce their willingness to consuming drugs. Family support and psychological services, as well as medical and rehabilitation services for the elderly, can also be helpful in this regard.

Suicide by abdominal wounds suggesting seppuku: Case reports from Romania and an international literature review

Abstract Seppuku is a traditional suicide method practiced by honorable Japanese samurai. Today this method of suicide is rarely used in Japan or worldwide and may be exceptionally encountered in patients suffering from psychiatric disorders, the majority of them being older men. It is well known that clinical and cultural factors also play a role in practicing this method of suicide. The mortality rate is significantly higher in cases of abdominal wounds suggesting seppuku, compared to the mortality rate caused by simple stab wounds. Death can occur immediately through massive external or/and internal hemorrhage as well as later on through complications, often septic. In the Romanian forensic literature files, suicide by abdominal stabbing suggesting seppuku is rarely encountered and documented. When investigating violent deaths owing to sharp force, the role of the forensic pathologist is not only to establish the cause of death and the mechanism used for creating the lesions, but also to identify the object used for inflicting the injuries, the type of the injuries, allowing thus to formulate a conclusion from legal perspective upon the act itself: suicide or homicide? The present paper reviews the international literature and presents three cases of suicide by self- inflected abdominal stab wounds suggesting seppuku, autopsied at the Bihor County Forensic Service, Romania, during 2013–2017.

Comorbid opioid use is undertreated among forensic patients with schizophrenia

BackgroundSubstance use disorders are associated with poorer clinical outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. There is no specific treatment for amphetamine or cannabis use disorder, but methadone and buprenorphine are used as replacement therapy in the treatment of opioid dependence. Our aim was to study whether patients with schizophrenia have received opioid replacement therapy for their opioid use disorder.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 148 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia who were in involuntary psychiatric treatment as forensic patients in Finland in 2012. The proportion of the study sample with comorbid opioid use disorder having received opioid replacement therapy prior to their forensic psychiatric treatment was compared to the available information of opioid dependent patients in general. The data were collected from forensic examination statements, patient files and other medical registers retrospectively.ResultsOf the study sample, 15.6% (23/148) had a history of opioid use disorder, of whom 8.7% (2/23) had received opioid replacement treatment (95% confidence interval (Cl): 1.1–28.0), even though opioid use disorder had been diagnosed in the treatment system. According the available information the corresponding proportion among patients with opioid use disorder and using substance use disorder services was 30.4% (565/1860, 95% Cl: 28.3–32.5). The fraction of patients receiving opioid replacement therapy was significantly lower among patients with schizophrenia (p = 0.022).ConclusionsOpioid replacement therapy was seldom used among schizophrenia patients who were later ordered to involuntary forensic psychiatric treatment. More attention should be paid to the possible use of opioids when planning treatment for patients with schizophrenia.Trial registrationOur study is not a randomized controlled trial (but a register-based study); thus the trial registration is not applicable.

Intimate Partner Violence and its Escalation Into Femicide. Frailty thy Name Is "Violence Against Women".

Violence against women is a disabler of dignity, liberty, and rights of the person, with murder being its extreme form for silencing the individual. Despite psycho-criminological research providing evidence that violence can happen across cultures, sexes, and societies, other findings show that some forms of violence i.e. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), which involves more frequently women as victims, is not rare in contemporary society. The aim of this study is to analyze the violence against women, and how it escalates up to the point in which it aggravates into femicide. In order to carry out this study, data from both the Turin Archive of the Institute of Legal Medicine (1970–1997), and the Archive of the Central Morgue (1998–2016) were collected. The interest was to focus on those women who were killed in Turin, between 1970 and 2016, by a male with whom they were involved in a more or less intimate relationship (e.g., matrimonial, sexual, friendship, professional, etc.). Collateral information was also gathered from forensic files that reported sufficient details about the criminal events. The sample was composed of 275 women killed by violence in Turin, Italy, by 260 males. This research was based on two questions: Is murder the worst possible scenario of a long-lasting abusive relationship? Are we witnessing a shift in how violence now happens, becoming perhaps less striking than murder, but not less painful from the victim's point of view? These findings show that escalation into femicide featured more likely within an intimate and affective relationship between victim and perpetrator; they also show that when the perpetrator knew the victim, it was more likely that an overkilling took place. When victims sustained multiple injuries that went beyond those necessary to cause their death, one is in front of an overkilling. These results also suggest that motives behind intimate partner femicide could account for a differential degree of violence, so that the longer and closer the relationship was between victim and perpetrator, the higher the risk of IPV escalating into femicide, and of femicide being executed with extreme and severe force.

Factors associated with child sexual abuse confirmation at forensic examinations.

The aim of this study is identify potential factors associated with child sexual abuse confirmation at forensic examinations. The forensic files of children under 12 years of age reporting sexual abuse at the Nina Rodrigues Institute of Forensic Medicine in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil between January 2008 and December 2009 were reviewed. A multivariate analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with finding evidence of sexual abuse in forensic examinations. The proportion of cases confirmed by the forensic physician based on material evidence was 10.4%. Adjusted analysis showed that the variables place of birth, type of abuse reported, family relationship between the child and the perpetrator, and the interval between the reported abuse and the forensic examination were not independently associated with finding forensic evidence of sexual abuse. A report of penetration was associated with a five-fold greater likelihood of confirmation, while the victim being 10-11 years of age was associated with a two-fold of abuse confirmation than younger children. These findings should be taken into consideration when drawing up guidelines for the multidisciplinary evaluation of children suspected of being victims of sexual abuse and in deciding whether to refer the child for forensic examination.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Sexually Abused Children and Adolescents Referred to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry for Psychiatric Assessment

Objectives: Child abuse has been a continuous, hidden health and social problem in all over the world. Identifying risk factors are crucial to implement protective services. In Turkey, data of the legal cases are still lacking. This study aims to assess the sociodemographic and psychiatric features of the sexually abused children who have been referred for forensic evaluation together with their identity issues.Materials and Methods: The forensic files of the sexually abused cases (tı 11: 9 boys, 32 girls) who had been referred to the child psychiatry outpatient clinic were evaluated. Psychiatric diagnoses in the files were based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age children- Turkish Version. Data on age, gender, socioeconomic status and diagnoses of the victims and characteristics of the abusers were gathered and analysed by descriptive statistical methods.Results: Mean age of the victims was 11.54±3.31 years. Socioeconomic levels of their families were mostly lower class with rate of 51.2%. All perpetrators were male with a mean age of 23 years (min 14; max 67). When the consanguinity of the abusers and victims were taken into consideration, it was found that they were intrafamilial (fathers and brothers rate:12.2%), close relatives (19.5%), distant relatives (22.0%), other familiar (such as neighbours, friends: 14.6%) and unfamiliar (24.4%) people for the victims. 19.5% of the victims had mental retardation. The most common diagnoses of the victims were posttraumatic stress disorder (46.3%), other anxiety disorders (17.1%), and major depression (24.4%).Conclusion: Identified risk factors for sexual abuse, determined as the result of this study, are being a female child, late childhood period, mental retardation, and low economic status. The abusers were males who were familiar to the child victims. Preventive measures should be implemented for the entire population, particularly involving the high- risk groups to avoid child abuse.

Fatal fall from Height Cases in Shanghai, China, 2002-2011

Death due to fall from height is a complex forensic issue. It could occur in suicide, accident or even homicide. Study of fall from height in China seems to be rare. In this study, 250 individuals died in fall from height cases in Shanghai were collected retrospectively from the files of SPSB from 2002 to 2011. We evaluated the demographic data, the manner of death, forensic examination findings, and toxicological test results. Overall 250 individuals, 176 were male and 74 were female. 223 individuals were identified. Ages ranged from 1 year old to 86 year old. The average age was about 33.4 ± 15.3 years. The proportion of age from 18 to 29 was the highest. Among 223 identified individuals, 170 were Chinese and 53 were foreigners from 17 countries. Manner of death was mainly suicide (46%, 115/250) and accident (18%, 45/250), while the proportion of homicide was low (3.6%, 9/250). The proportion of undetermined was high (32.4%, 81/250). Forensic full autopsies were done in 87 cases. Ethanol and drugs detection were done in 118 individuals. Individuals’ psychiatric history was not collected in the files. In conclusion, the characteristics of fall from height cases in Shanghai, China, are summarized to these: manner of death was mainly suicide and accident, low proportion of homicide, and high proportion of undetermined cases. Males were more than females. Individuals were mainly young adults. The injuries recorded in forensic examination files were common to occur in the exposing areas of body.

TO THE RECOMMENDATION OF USING “LINGUISTIC FINGERPRINTS” IN THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

The author is a High Court judge of Criminal Division, and university lecturer. He wrote his PhD dissertation “Influencing testimonies in the criminal procedure” in 2008. His field of research includes the common area of forensics and applied linguistics, forensic linguistics. In his present research, he is discussing the questions of using linguistic evidence in forensics and criminal procedures, primarily from the perspective of identification and verification theory. It occurs more and more often that a forensic linguist is hired during the criminal procedure, who assists in drawing conclusions about the authors and the making of different texts by analyzing them. A forensic linguistics expert may also provide a lot of information on the linguistic data coming from what was heard during the confessions (effects of word usage, sentence structure, wording, stereotypes). This is important when searching for the truth in criminal cases because often the meaning of linguistic communication is not found in the particular words. Thus the judge is expected during making a decision to be familiar with the accomplishments of forensic linguistics, and of other related sciences, such as sociology, sociolinguistics, and psychology. The research method is the study of forensic files. The aim of his research is to lower the rate of false judicial decisions, and to increase the extent to which judges' decisions cover reality.

Sudden cardiac death among the young in Sweden from 2000 to 2010: an autopsy-based study.

To study the incidence and aetiology of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in 1- to 35-year-olds in Sweden from 2000 to 2010. We used the database of the Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine and the Swedish Cause of Death Registry and identified SCD cases by review of forensic files and death certificates. We identified 552 individuals with SCD in 1- to 35-year-olds; 156 (28%) were women. In 393 (71%), a forensic autopsy had been performed; in 131 (24%), a clinical autopsy had been performed; in 28 (5%) with no autopsy, a cardiac disease was diagnosed before death. The incidence of SCD per 100 000 person-years was 1.3 in 1- to 35-year-olds and 1.8 in 15- to 35-year-olds. In women, the incidence rates yearly decreased during the study period by 11% (95% confidence interval 6.6-14.2). The most common aetiology in 1- to 35-year-olds was sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (31%) and coronary artery disease (15%). In cases with forensic autopsy, death occurred during daily activity (48%), sleep (38%), and physical activity (14%); death was unwitnessed in 60%. Co-morbidity in 15- to 35-year-olds, e.g. psychiatric disorder, obesity, or diabetes, was present in 93/340 (27%) (73 men). The incidence of SCD among 1- to 35-year-olds in Sweden during 2000-10 was 1.3 per 100 000 person-years (28% women); incidence was decreasing in women. Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome was the most common diagnosis. Co-morbidity such as psychiatric disorders and obesity was common among men.

Case series of females charged with murder or attempted murder of minors and referred to Weskoppies Hospital in terms of the Criminal Procedure Act over a period of 21 years.

Women charged with murder or attempted murders of children are usually sent for forensic psychiatric evaluation. In South Africa research and literature on this population is scarce. A case series was studied of forensic files of 32 females charged with murder or attempted murder of children. These files contained information on such females. The forensic psychiatric observation was mainly to establish whether a psychiatric diagnosis could be made, and whether they were triable and accountable. Files from 01 Jan 1990 to 31 Dec 2010 (21 years) were obtained of cases observed in Weskoppies Hospital. The aim of describing this case series was to attempt to find a psychiatric profile of such cases, as well as to find other information for example, demographics. The findings, after forensic observation regarding their ability to follow court proceedings and their ability to contribute meaningfully to their defence (trialability) as well as their ability to distinguish between right and wrong, and their ability to act in accordance with the said appreciation (accountability) at the time of the alleged offence were also reported. This information could contribute to making medical practitioners and mental health care workers aware of risk factors involving such cases and to encourage them to enquire about these risk factors.

A Retrospective Analysis over the Forensic Files in one of the Dental Faculty Archives in Turkey

Founded in 1453, Istanbul University is one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the world. Its Faculty of Dentistry is the first faculty of the University and celebrated its hundredth anniversary in 2008, however, forensic dental records for the last 25 years only are available in the 100 year-old Faculty archive. It is well known that the quality of records is extremely important in forensic sciences . Dental professionals have a major role to play in keeping accurate dental records and providing all necessary information. Due to the lack of sufficient forensic odontology lectures in the dentistry faculties, some problems may occur. When dentists complete their education without having any knowledge about forensic odontology, they cannot be in a position of investigating, observing, commenting and preparing the proper report. This situation may sometimes lead to misjudgment about the reports prepared by the dentists in courts, which can have serious effects on legal verdict. The aim of this study is to investigate and improve the quality of the forensic files over a 25-year period in the Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, and to find out how the progress of the forensic sciences reflect the forensic records in that time period. Additionally, we aim to determine if there are some mistakes committed during the preparation of forensic reports and if there are certain points requiring further scrutiny.

Review: Cause of Death: Forensic Files of a Medical Examiner, by Stephen D. Cohle and Tobin T. Buhk. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2007. 327 pp

Review: Cause of Death: Forensic Files of a Medical Examiner, by Stephen D. Cohle and Tobin T. Buhk. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2007. 327 pp