Foreign Websites Research Articles

Computer and internet use among people with long-standing spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional survey in the Netherlands.

Cross-sectional survey OBJECTIVES: To describe computer and Internet use (other than for work or study) among people with long-standing spinal cord injury (SCI), examine associations between demographic and lesion characteristics and Internet use, and examine associations between Internet use and mental health, participation, and life satisfaction. Community, The Netherlands METHODS: Participants were 265 individuals living with SCI for at least 10 years, who were 18-35 at the onset of SCI, aged 28-65 at the time of the study and wheelchair-user. Scales for General and Health-related Internet use were developed. Nearly all (97.7%) participants had Internet access and 98.4% of those used it daily or weekly. Of those with tetraplegia, 47.4% had assistive devices for computer use. General Internet use, such as following news and online banking, was very frequent. Websites with information on general health or accessibility were typically visited a few times a year. Three-quarters never visited websites of other individuals with SCI or foreign websites with information on SCI. General Internet use was associated with male gender, younger age, and higher education. Participants with tetraplegia scored higher on Health-related Internet use compared to participants with paraplegia. Health-related Internet use was associated with worse participation, but not with the other psychosocial variables. Internet has become part of daily life of people with SCI in the Netherlands. However, only one association between Internet use and indicators of psychosocial functioning was found. Possible underuse of adaptive devices and of SCI-specific websites warrant further investigation.

ЯКІСТЬ ЯК КРИТЕРІЙ МОНІТОРИНГУ ТА ОЦІНЮВАННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНИХ ПОСЛУГ: МОЖЛИВОСТІ ЧИ ОБМЕЖЕННЯ?

The relevance of the article is due to the need to establish an effective model for providing social services that would meet the needs and demands of consumers and would be economically rational. Construction of such a model is impossible without an effective system for monitoring and evaluation of social services. The results of the analysis of scientific sources and legal acts testify that Ukrainian researchers and legislators place special emphasis on the monitoring and evaluation of the quality of social services. The purpose of the article is to find out how reasonable and appropriate is the use of the quality criterion for further improvement and development of both social services and their monitoring and evaluation systems. To achieve the purpose of the study the general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization were used. The search was carried out in electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, in the database «Legislation of Ukraine», posted on the site http://zakon.rada.gov.ua, Ukrainian and foreign websites on the theoretical and practical aspects of monitoring and evaluation in social work and activities of state and local government bodies. The article deals with the three interconnected issues without which it is impossible to create an effective system of monitoring and evaluation of social services: introduction of a national system for monitoring and evaluation of social services, monitoring and evaluation systems in social services activities, determination of the criteria for monitoring and evaluation of social services. It was established that the quality criterion, which is the basis of the Ukrainian social services monitoring and evaluation system, makes it possible to determine the level of satisfaction of consumers with the provided services, improve them according to the needs and demands of the population, but is insensitive to the financial and economic indicators of social services provision. Determining the effectiveness of the basic criterion of social services in the state standards would not only ensure the provision of quality and economically sound services, but would also provide the basis for the implementation of a result-oriented monitoring and evaluation system. An important prerequisite for the introduction of the latter is the reorientation of social services into the programmatic basis for the social services provision.

Development Direction for the Domestic Dietary Education Website through the Analysis of Foreign Websites

교육용 웹사이트를 통해 다양한 교육자료들이 활용되고 있으나 식생활교육에 있어서는 국가기관 웹사이트를 통해 일부 자료는 얻을 수 있으나 교사들이 수업시간에 바로 활용하기에는 한계가 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 해외 사례 분석을 통해 국내 식생활교육 웹사이트 개발 방향을 제시하는데 있다. 선행연구 고찰을 통해 교육용 웹사이트 평가기준을 정한 뒤, 해외 식생활교육용 웹사이트 중 대표적인 3개를 연구 대상으로 분석하였다. 그 결과를 반영하여 국내 식생활교육 웹사이트 개발 방향을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 메뉴 조직은 간단하게 구성하고 교사용 메뉴는 학생 대상별로 나누는 것이 편리하다. 게임, 퀴즈나 동영상, 진로 자료 등이 들어 있는 학생 메뉴를 제시하여 학생들이 활용할 수 있도록 한다. 검색은 통합 검색, 결과 내 재검색, 상세 검색 등 다양하게 제공하여 사용자들이 목적에 맞는 자료를 쉽게 찾을 수 있도록 한다. 둘째, 웹사이트의 목적 및 사용 대상자를 분명하게 제시하여야 하며 교육자료의 최신 업데이트 날짜 및 다음 갱신 날짜를 제공하여야 한다. 참고자료로는 프레젠테이션 자료, 활동지, 관련 동영상 및 심화학습 링크 등이 필요하며 온라인 교구몰이 운영된다면 교사들에게 더 편리할 것이다. 셋째, 관리자와의 상호작용을 위해 전화번호, 이메일, 주소, 담당자 이름 등을 명시하고 식생활교육 전문가에게 질문하여 답변을 구할 수 있도록 한다. 사용자들 간의 의견 교환을 위해 social media를 활용하고, 연례 회의나 우수 교사 시상, 장학금 및 교부금 지급 등 정기적인 이벤트를 실시한다. e-매거진이나 전자레터 등으로 최신 자료를 정기적으로 전달하여야 한다. 넷째, 교육과정에 맞는 수업지도안을 제공하기 위해 국가교육과정에 적합한 식생활교육 성취기준이 체계적으로 만들어 지는 것이 우선되어야 한다. 각 수업지도안은 성취기준에 맞추어 일관적인 형식으로 구성하고 참고 자료를 다양하게 제공하여야 한다. 앞으로 유치원부터 고등학교까지 국가교육과정에 적합한 식생활교육 성취기준이 마련되어 그 성취기준에 적합한 수업지도안 및 교육자료가 개발되어야 할 것이며, 이러한 자료들이 누적되어 활용될 수 있는 우수한 국내 식생활교육용 웹사이트가 개발되어야 할 것이다.Although various educational materials are available through educational websites, dietary education materials obtained through the websites of national institutions have limitations for teachers to use them directly in classes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to suggest a development direction of the domestic dietary education web-site through case study of overseas educational web-sites. The evaluation criteria were determined by reviewing previous studies and three overseas dietary education websites were analyzed. Based on the results, the direction of development of the domestic dietary education site was suggested as following: First, the menu structure of the website should be simplified so that users can use it easily. It is recommended that the teacher s menu has sub-category of students groups(kindergarten, elementary, middle, high school). Students menu should be composed of games, quizzes, videos and career-related resources. Search menu needs to provide a variety of ways such as integrated search, re-search in results, and detailed search, so the users can easily find the right data for their purposes. Second, it should clearly state the purpose and subject of the site and provide the latest and next update date of the materials. Resources include lesson plans, presentations, activity papers, related videos, and links to further learning. If on-line store is operated, it will be more convenient to get resources. Third, the phone number, e-mail, address and contact person’s name need to be provided for interaction with the manager. It would be good for users to ask questions and get answers from dietary education experts, and to exchange opinions among them through social media. Regular events such as annual meetings, outstanding teacher awards, scholarships and grants should be conducted and announced. E-magazines or e-letters should periodically transmit the latest data. Fourth, the achievement standards for the dietary education curriculum and lesson plans from kindergartens to high schools need to be developed sequentially. Each lesson plan should be structured in a consistent format in accordance with achievement standards and provide a variety of reference educational materials. Based on these results, an excellent educational website should be developed to facilitate dietary education.

HOW NUTRITION-FACT INFORMATION INFLUENCES ONLINE FOOD SALES

HOW NUTRITION-FACT INFORMATION INFLUENCES ONLINE FOOD SALES

Copyright Use and Excuse on the Internet

1998 ended with voluminous copyright legislation, pompously titled the Digital Millennium Copyright Act [DMCA], and intended to equip the copyright law to meet the challenges of online digital exploitation of works of authorship. 1999 and 2000 have brought some of the ensuing confrontations between copyright owners and Internet entrepreneurs to the courts. The evolving caselaw affords an initial opportunity to assess whether the copyright law as abundantly amended can indeed respond to digital networks, or whether the rapid development of the Internet inevitably outstrips Congress' and the courts' attempts to keep pace. This Article addresses recent Internet-related controversies concerning technological protection measures and copyright management information; fair use and linking; private copying online services; and choice of law issues posed by foreign websites accessible in the U.S. The Internet copyright cases this Article examines call not only for interpretation of the provisions of the DMCA, but also for application of principles developed in pre-DMCA cases involving digital media and digital networks. What may make the current controversies different is the intensity of their impact on end-users. While the defendants in the current cases are generally, albeit not exclusively, commercial intermediaries, many of the practices here at issue pose the prospect of mass uncompensated copying by the public. Hence the feeling of desperation and even moral outrage that one senses pervades many of the copyright owners' actions. From the user perspective, digital media offer unparalleled opportunities to access and enjoy copyrighted works; copyright owners' endeavors to staunch the free (as in unpaid) flow of works are misguided attempts to stop the inexorable forward march of technology for the sake of preserving mastodontic business models of distribution. Certainly the Internet will compel adoption of new business models, and the sooner copyright owners adapt, the better. The tools the DMCA and copyright caselaw give copyright owners to confront copyright use on the Internet should be employed to promote broad distribution of works of authorship at reasonable, and variable, prices. If copyright owners instead wield these tools to enhance control without facilitating dissemination, we can expect to see courts expand the zones of excused uses, whether or not the excuses are doctrinally persuasive. Copyright owners cannot, and should not, control every Internet use, but neither should every use prompt an excuse, lest we undermine the ability of copyright owners, and especially of individual creators, to make a living from their creativity.

Do circumvention tools promote democratic values? Exploring the correlates of anticensorship technology adoption in China

ABSTRACTChina is one of the world’s most sophisticated Internet censoring countries. Chinese Internet users who wish to visit blocked Web sites will have to use circumvention tools to get around the Great Firewall, a censoring system inspecting, filtering, and blocking foreign Web sites outside China. Using a nationally representative survey dataset, this study compares circumvention tool users and nonusers in terms of demographic features, Internet-use motivation, levels of media trust, and, most importantly, political attitude and behavior differences. We found that more than 11% of Chinese Internet users had ever used circumvention tools and they were most likely to be young and well-educated. Compared to nonusers, circumvention tool users were more likely to oppose censorship, to place less trust in news media, and to participate more actively in civic activities. However, circumvention tool users tend to hold more politically conservative attitudes than nonusers.

أزمة مسلمي الروهينجا في خطاب المواقع الإلكترونية الإعلامية الأجنبية دراسة تحليلية

This research tackles the crisis of the Rohingya Muslims in the discourse of foreign websites, aiming to analyze the structural features of the selected websites' discourse. It mainly analyzes the websites discourse pillars and their declared positions towards the crisis. This was conducted by extracting arguments presented, as well as determining the actors and roles attributed to them. The study also aimed at revealing the discursive strategies adopted in the presentation and persuasion of the arguments, deducing the cultural and ideological influences of discourse producers on their perception of the crisis. This descriptive study applied the survey method with a qualitative critical discourse analysis. The sample used includes all relevant published material between August and November 24, 2017 on the websites of The Guardian, CNN Arabic, and Human Rights Watch. The research concluded that the discourse contained cognitive and stylistic foundations. The analysis revealed that social and moral responsibility principles were reflected on the discourse through the intensive theses presented about the crisis.

The Curative HCV Treatments in China

Hepatitis C disease is caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) which causes chronic infections in about 180 million individuals worldwide. HCV has been identified as the etiologic agent of hepatitis C in 1989 and for the longest time it is very difficult to treat chronic carriers who are at risk of developing severe liver disease. Now there are three main combined treatments which can increase curative ratio from 10% to more than 90%. The advents of so called directly, acting antivirals (DAAs) in the last few years has revolutionized HCV treatment as these drug combinations can effectively cure HCV in the great majority of patients. The impact of DAAs on global disease burden has been limited, however, by the very drug prices. In this paper the situation was analyzed in China, Europe and Australia. DAAs have been made available to patients in Europe and Australia for several years and are generally accessible. The treatment is highly subsidized by the government, thereby making it possible for all patients in need to access therapy. DAAs have only been very recently been adopted for treatment of chronic hepatitis C in China. In our research, only the method of literature search from both Chinese websites and Foreign websites including journals, magazines and internet search is used. We analyze and compare the solutions that each of these countries is providing to their respective patient populations. Given the large number of chronic HCV carriers in China and other less developed countries solutions have to be found to produce DAAs most cost effectively.

Studying the Functionality and Webometric Indicators of Specialized Science-Related Websites

A review is provided of the purposes, functionality, and webometric indicators (WMIs) for the websites of the leading international organizations that aggregate specialized scientific information, including citation and scientometric systems; websites designed to support national publications; etc. The WMIs of foreign websites are compared with those of the functionally similar Russian online resources. An overview is given of the structure of foreign and Russian websites that publish information related to dissertations, their extended abstracts, and their full-text versions. The terms of user access to these materials are described. The WMIs of these websites are compared. An analysis is conducted of the functionality and WMIs of the following online resources: the leading foreign and Russian websites that provide access to autonomous information–analytical and information systems for scientific journals; websites of individual journals related to scientometric studies and information management (services) in science.

A Study on WAI-ARIA Compliance Rate of the Domestic and Foreign Websites with Many Users

A Study on WAI-ARIA Compliance Rate of the Domestic and Foreign Websites with Many Users

Censorship or Protectionism? Reassessing China’s Regulation of Internet Industry

The Chinese government has blocked domestic access to worldwide influential websites such as Google, YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook to different extent for the reason of speech censorship in terms of national security, but the vacancy left by these foreign websites was well fulfilled with China’s indigenous ones, including Baidu, Youku, Sina Weibo, and Renren which provide similar services to their foreign counterparts respectively. The interaction among the Chinese government, those foreign websites, and their Chinese equivalents is reviewed in the current research through critical analysis of political and economic records regarding the development of China’s Internet industry. In the conclusion of this research, economic protectionism is proposed as a complementary or alternative way to interpret the regulatory implications of China’s Internet governance.

News media repertoires and strategic narrative reception: A paradox of dis/belief in authoritarian Russia

With Internet access, citizens in non-democracies are often able to diversify their news media repertoires despite government-imposed restrictions on media freedom. The extent to which they do so depends on motivations and habits of news consumption. This article presents a qualitative study of the motivations and habits underlying news media repertoires among a group of digitally connected university students in authoritarian Russia. Interviews reveal awareness and dissatisfaction vis-a-vis the ‘propagandistic’ nature of state-controlled news content, resulting in a preference for using multiple different sources – including foreign websites and ‘non-official’ citizen accounts – to build a personal understanding of what is ‘really’ going on. The article then examines how the students make sense of conflicting narratives about international affairs which they encounter in state and non-state sources. Paradoxically, low reported consumption of distrusted, ‘propagandistic’ state television is often accompanied by reproduction of the overarching strategic narrative which state television conveys.

신체적 유형에 따른 바디페인팅 연구

Body painting according to physical types is a method to express the body as it exists in nature or as an active element of nature. There is a need to research physical formation that applies the trend of contemporary naturalism to the types of nature art by emphasizing the artistic value of body painting with natural environmental overtones. Importantly, body painting according to physical types attempts an intact reproduction of natural objects and the reflection of the beauty of natural objects in body painting. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze body painting according to physical types based on the types of nature art. The methodology of the study included theoretical and empirical review. Theoretical review examined the characteristics of physical formation in nature art and relevant nature art works and body painting of physical types through previous research and literature. The empirical review applied analyses to works extracted from web sites of body painting. The study included physical type cases extracted from body painting works from 2005 to 2015 in foreign web sites(www.ilovebodyart.com and www.angel cakebodyart.com). Body painting works were based on the characteristics of physical types. As a result, the body painting of physical types based on nature art is as follows. First, organic continuity with nature art through the artists'thoughts and beliefs. Second, the specificity of place that respects the natural phenomenon itself. Third, the creative diversity of formative shapes for the body. Fourth, the social implications of body painting with human empathy. Fifth, immediacy to embody the artistic will of the artist. Finally, the application of physical types according to affinity with nature, as well as an independent artistic entity.

공간정보의 교육분야 활용을 위한 전략연구

지오웹의 발전은 공간정보가 과거 일부 전문가만이 사용할 수 있었던 것에 반해 일반인들도 누구나 쉽게 활용할 수 있는 기반을 만들어 놓았다. 교육현장에서도 이러한 공간정보 기술과 관련 자료들을 보다 쉽게 창의적으로 활용하는 사례가 증가하고 있다. 외국의 경우 구글을 비롯하여 국가적 차원의 공공기관에서 기 구축한 공간자료들을 교육목적에 쉽게 활용할 수 있도록 관련 사이트를 구축하고 활용사례를 제시하며, 참여를 유도하기 위한 다양한 전략을 제시하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 초 중 고등학교 수준에서 공간정보를 교육에 활용하여 융합적이고 창의적이며, 탐구중심의 교육이 이뤄질 수 있도록 그 기반을 마련하고 이를 활성화할 수 있는 전략을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 학교현장의 환경변화와 교육 분야에서 공간정보 활용에 대한 연구들을 조사하고, 해외의 공간정보기반 교육 사이트 분석 및 국내 공간정보분야 현황분석을 토대로 공간정보기반 교육을 위한 전략을 제시하였다. 전략은 구체적으로 첫째, 수업모듈 구축, 둘째, 학습용 데이터베이스 구축, 셋째, 공간정보기반 수업모듈 저작환경 구축, 넷째, 공간정보기반 교육 활성화를 위한 지원서비스 부분으로 나누어 제시하였다. As Geoweb is continuously developing, today it is possible for the public to utilize geospatial information technology, whereas only a few experts could apply this technology in the past. The examples that utilize the geospatial information technology creatively in the field of education have been increasing. Google, USGS and NASA, etc. presented various strategies to attract participation from people as they construct the related web-sites and suggest practical examples so that the existing spatial data in public institutions can be utilized in the field of education. In this study, we presented the strategies that converged education and exploratory learning can be vitalized on the primary, middle and high schools by using geospatial information technology. We took a literature review of researches that geospatial information technology had applied in the field of education according to the changes of schools' environments, analyzed internal and foreign web-sites which applied geospatial information technology to the field of education, and finally presented the strategies for application of geospatial information technology in the field of education. The strategies we presented are divided into four parts: 1) construction of course modules, 2) construction of educational database based on geospatial information technology, 3) construction of authoring environments for course modules, and 4) provision of supporting services for vitalizing the education based on geospatial information technology.

In Whom We Trust: The Role of Certification Agencies in Online Drug Markets

Abstract This article uses an audit sample and a consumer survey to study the intriguing market of online prescription drugs facing US customers and assesses the role that certification agencies play in online drug markets. On the supply side, we acquire samples of five popular brand-name prescription drugs from three types of online pharmacies: tier 1 are US-based and certified by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) or LegitScript.com, tier 2 are certified by PharmacyChecker.com or the Canadian International Pharmacy Association but not by NABP or LegitScript, and tier 3 are not certified by any of the four agencies. Most tier-2 and tier-3 websites are foreign. We find that 37 of the 365 delivered samples are different from the products we ordered and, therefore, non-testable. Conditional on testable samples, Raman spectrometry test finds no failure of authenticity except for eight Viagra samples from tier-3 websites. After controlling for testability and authenticity, tier-2 websites are 49.2% cheaper (p<0.01) and tier-3 websites are 54.8% cheaper (p < 0.01) than tier-1 sites. These differences are driven by non-Viagra drugs. For Viagra, failing samples are cheaper, but there is no significant price difference across tiers once we condition on testability and authenticity. To study the demand side, we designed a survey that was distributed by RxRights. Among the 2,522 respondents who have purchased prescription medication and are concerned about the price of US pharmaceuticals, results show that 61.54% purchase drugs online and mostly from foreign websites, citing cost saving as the leading reason. Conditional on shopping online, 41.11% check with a credentialing agency. Both samples convey a consistent message that certification agencies deliver useful information for foreign websites and online consumers. Further, while these findings confirm the Food and Drug Administration warning against rogue websites, they do suggest that a blanket ban against all foreign websites may deny consumers substantial savings from certified tier-2 websites.

Russia’s Surveillance State

Russia’s Surveillance State

Censorship and deletion practices in Chinese social media

With Twitter and Facebook blocked in China, the stream of information from Chinese domestic social media provides a case study of social media behavior under the influence of active censorship. While much work has looked at efforts to prevent access to information in China (including IP blocking of foreign Web sites or search engine filtering), we present here the first large–scale analysis of political content censorship in social media, i.e., the active deletion of messages published by individuals.
 
 In a statistical analysis of 56 million messages (212,583 of which have been deleted out of 1.3 million checked, more than 16 percent) from the domestic Chinese microblog site Sina Weibo, and 11 million Chinese–language messages from Twitter, we uncover a set a politically sensitive terms whose presence in a message leads to anomalously higher rates of deletion. We also note that the rate of message deletion is not uniform throughout the country, with messages originating in the outlying provinces of Tibet and Qinghai exhibiting much higher deletion rates than those from eastern areas like Beijing.

신뢰도 측정을 통한 효과적인 웹 사이트 구축 방안에 관한 연구

본 논문에서는 문헌연구를 통하여 효과적인 웹 사이트 구축을 위한 신뢰도 요인 7개를 도출하였고, 이를 토대로 웹 사이트의 신뢰도 측정도구인 "Xenu"와 "Yslow"를 이용하여 실증적으로 웹 사이트의 신뢰도를 측정하였다. 실험한 웹 사이트의 수는 국내, 외 12개를 선정하였다. 이들 12개의 웹 사이트에 대하여 신뢰도를 측정한 결과 7개의 측정요인 별로 신뢰도 수준은 다양하게 나타났으며, 효과적인 웹 사이트 구축을 위해서 이들 7개의 측정요인별로 대안을 제시하여 두었다. In this paper, we derived 7 reliability measurement factors for effective web site construction through literature research and empirically measured reliability of the web site using "Xenu" and "Yslow" which are reliability measurement tools. We selected and tested total 12 domestic and foreign web sites. As a result of measuring those 12 web sites, the reliability level was varied in a number of aspects according to 7 measurement factors, and we suggested alternatives based on those 7 factors in order to build the effective web site.

A STUDY OF MERCHANDISE INFORMATION AND INTERFACE DESIGN ON B2C WEBSITES

The convenience of the Internet make online shopping an ever more attractive option for customers. The B2C websites are one of the most popular and rapidly developing types of Internet shopping sites. This market begin to attract the attention of both local and international businesses. However, the online purchase process is often complicated, and many customers have difficulty with or even fail to complete the process. Information about the merchandise and the interface design can have a big influence on this kind of problem. In this study, we evaluate the information offered and the interface design of the shopping websites with the goal of providing service and making the website easier for the customer to use. A behavioral model of the Internet customer is constructed as the structural basis of the examination. An evaluation form is also designed based on this model. This form is used to gather information on the interface design of 351 domestic and foreign shopping websites. Comparisons are made between the websites in relation to various aspects such as product category, procedural steps, and domestic/foreign websites. The results show that there are significant differences between sites in terms of the way information and user interface design, at every step of the shopping process. There are also differences between domestic and foreign websites. The results can serve as useful reference for website owners and designers who want to provide consumers with more convenient and barrier-free shopping environments.

“Sentences like these:” Multicultural information dynamics and international diversity of thought

Multicultural information dynamics is exploratory cross-cultural research of the information-seeking behavior of a group of eighty-four Egyptian and American reference librarians asked to choose from websites in different languages. This paper, the fourth in a series, focuses on national, monolingual, and multilingual subgroups, and provides multi-tiered analyzes of websites clicked, reasons given for clicking, preferences for machine translations vs. original foreign language websites, decision making when choosing non-native language hits, and foreign language anxiety. Findings of the research show that information seekers of both nationalities are reluctant to cross cultural lines at the basic level of retrieved Internet information hits. Further results delineate differences and similarities in motivations, circumstantial preferences for original languages or machine translations, and comparative information-seeking behavior of subgroups. The research has implications for improving search performance in the fields of global knowledge dissemination via website and search engine design, library science, and international scholarship.