Foreign Trade Activities Research Articles

Analysis of the dynamics and structure of foreign trade in products of the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation

The paper is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the development of foreign trade activities of the Russian Federation in the period from 1995 to 2022, with special attention paid to the export and import of agricultural products, as strategically important for ensuring the country’s food independence and growth of export potential. The use of methods of analysis and analytical alignment of the time series by the least squares method made it possible to identify increasing trends in the volumes of exports of food and agricultural raw materials and a significant decrease in the growth rate of imports, which ensured the excess of export volumes over imports since 2021, while the role of the agricultural sector in the formation of export potential increased to 28.1 %. The calculation of the rank correlation coefficient showed the presence of minor changes in the product structure of exports and imports. The construction of country ratings based on structural series data on the volumes of exports to Russia and imports from Russia made it possible to determine the composition of the top 3 countries, its change due to the formation of new geopolitical and economic relations, as well as to identify the directions of development of foreign trade relations with interested countries.

IMPROVING THE MECHANISM OF CUSTOMS CONTROL OVER THE EXPORT OF OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS FROM THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND ASSESSING ITS EFFECTIVENESS

The purpose of the study. In the context of sanctions pressure on the oil industry and ensuring sustainable development of the national economy, the Government of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the RF) influences the oil industry by applying methods of regulating foreign trade activities (hereinafter referred to as FTAA). A special place in the implementation of these measures is given to customs authorities, ensuring control over the methods of state regulation of FTAA and favorable conditions for the implementation of FTAA by participants in foreign economic activity through the use of a customs control mechanism. The study revealed that the current mechanism of customs control over the export of oil and oil products is characterized by a number of problems that directly lead to the presence of risky situations in the process of customs control associated with the violation of customs legislation, and a decrease in the speed of customs control while reducing the quality of customs services. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to improve the mechanism of customs control over the export of oil and oil products, providing for increased efficiency of customs control and quality of customs services. Conclusions. The paper proposes an improved mechanism of customs control over the export of oil and oil products from the Russian Federation and develops directions for its improvement. To conduct a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the customs control mechanism, a methodology has been developed that includes a system of indicators and an algorithm for quantitative and qualitative assessment.

Assessment of Prospects for Sustainable Cross‐Border Cooperation of the Russian Post‐Virgin Regions of the Urals and Siberia with the Republic of Kazakhstan

Aim. Comprehensive assessment of the stability of cross‐border cooperation between the Russian steppe regions of the Urals and Siberia and the Republic of Kazakhstan in the fields of foreign trade and migration. To achieve the goal, a model has been developed to assess the prospects for sustainable cross‐border interaction of the Russian steppe regions of the Urals and Siberia with the Republic of Kazakhstan.The research conducted using the methodology developed made it possible to identify the problems of cross‐border interaction of Russian steppe regions with the Republic of Kazakhstan. Against the background of a decrease in general mobility of the population of the Russian steppe regions, the share of those who left for the Republic of Kazakhstan among the total number of those who left abroad had a positive trend during the period analysed in the vast majority of steppe regions of the Russian Federation. In five of the eight regions considered, the interaction is characterized as "stable" and "steady", "unstable" interaction in the field of migration only in the Altai Territory.The Tyumen Region was the leader in terms of the share in the country's export‐import operations among the steppe regions of the Russian Federation for 2015–2021. In the period under review, foreign trade turnover had a stimulating effect on the economy of the Chelyabinsk region, the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Novosibirsk region. At the same time, the most active foreign trade activity with the Republic of Kazakhstan was observed in the Altai Territory and Omsk and Kurgan regions. Stable cross‐border cooperation in the field of foreign trade with the Republic of Kazakhstan is only in place in the Kurgan region.

J-Curve For Indonesia’s Trade Balance with Non-Linier ARDL

The performance of Indonesia’s Balance of Payments (BOP), especially for the trade balance/current account, which recorded a surplus and adequate foreign exchange reserves, controlled political conditions, and attractive yields, can impact the exchange rate. This improvement in the exchange rate further encouraged the entry of foreign investors, which caused the Indonesian economy to continue to grow when the world experienced a financial crisis. This study analyzes asymmetric models to prove the Marshall Lerner Condition of Indonesia with trading partners. Using NARDL methods, this study uses monthly data from 2005 to 2021 from the International Federal Reserve (IFS), a data source for foreign trade activities. The result of this study is a J curve in Indonesia’s trade pattern with its trading partners, formed in the United States, Singapore, Vietnam, and Japan. For the nonlinear ARDL method, the J curve is formed in trading partners Netherlands, Germany, Korea, Singapore, United Kingdom, Vietnam, and Japan. The implementation of Indonesia’s exchange rate policy should be followed by a policy that can suppress the exchange rate against inflation because if this policy is not followed, it will not significantly impact Indonesia’s trade performance in the long run.

THE IMPACT OF TAXATION ON INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE AND EXCHANGE RATE ON IMPORTS

The globalization of capital markets has accelerated capital movements, turning the world into one large marketplace. International trade has become an important tool in shaping the financial structure of countries. However, elements such as customs duties and import quotas play a decisive role in trade between countries. Taxes, which are a financial policy tool of countries, are used to influence foreign trade, particularly imports. One of the determining factors in foreign trade activities is the exchange rate. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of taxes on imports and the change in the nominal exchange rate on the import volume of goods and services. In this study, which examined 20 Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) countries with data for the period 1999-2021 taken from the World Bank official website, the model was analyzed with the help of AR (1) Residual Random Effects Generalized Least Squares Regression Model Estimator. The analysis revealed that increases in international trade taxes and exchange rate increases reduce the import volume. This result empirically supports the conclusion that taxes on international trade and reductions in exchange rates increase import volume.

Contemporary Challenges in the Digitization of Companies' Foreign Trade Activities

Digitalisation enables companies to significantly reduce costs associated with their foreign trade activities. The implementation of digital technologies simplifies the organization and execution of foreign trade operations, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of exported goods. Furthermore, the widespread adoption of digital technologies within companies' foreign trade activities is driving the emergence of new trends in both the supply and demand of goods. This shift allows for the substitution of expensive resources with more cost-effective alternatives, reduces labour costs, and uncovers previously untapped resources in the production process. The article explores and substantiates the potential benefits of digitalization in the foreign trade activities of companies.

Changing the vector of Russia’s foreign economic activity in the context of growing anti-Russian sanctions

The article examines the change in the direction of foreign economic activity (hereinafter referred to as FEA) of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as RF, Russia) in the current conditions of growing anti-Russian sanctions. The relevance of the study lies in assessing transformations in the FEA vector of Russia in the context of expansion of these sanctions, initially introduced in 2014, and their strengthening after the start of the special military operation in Ukraine in 2022. The purpose of the article is to explore causes, directions, and consequences of the changing vector amid the growing restrictions. The subject of the study is current directions of the FEA and their transformation under the influence of the anti-Russian sanctions. The objectives of the article include: analysis of the present Russian FEA vectors; consideration of factors determining their change; modern trends in the foreign trade activities of the RF; assessment of promising directions of the transformation in the Russian FEA; assessment of the impact of the anti-Russian sanctions on the structure and vectors of Russia’s foreign trade activities; influence of the restrictions on the country’s banking sector. The study is based on the analysis of the legislative framework on the Russian FEA, relevant publications on the FEA and statistical information from the Federal Customs Service of the RF. The article considers the main provisions of the modern regulatory framework governing the FEA, foreign trade turn-over of Russia with friendly and unfriendly countries. In conclusion, the article notes the process of transformation of the Russian FEA which consists of its reorientation to states that did not support sanctions against Russia and further development of foreign economic relations with the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), and other friendly states.

Factors of Dynamics of ICT Services Exports: The Case of Kazakhstan

The paper examines the trends in Kazakhstan’s export of information and communication technology services, which is currently one of the priorities of the country’s economic development.Aim and Tasks. Determining the impact of government spending, foreign investment and other significant factors on exports of ICT services; assessing the extent of this impact.Methods. Evaluation of the impact on the dynamics of ICT services export on the basis of comparative and correlation analysis, comprehensive analysis of the industry development indicators in the context of its export orientation, assessment of the impact on ICT services export of the factor of migration of companies and specialists from Russia in 2022–2023 and the resulting growth in the number of ICT sector enterprises with foreign capital.Results. It has been revealed that the influence of traditional factors on the export of ICT services by Kazakhstan, including state budget expenditures, gross inflow of foreign investments, and FDI stock in industries producing these services, has been insignificant or absent over the past decade. The maximum impact on the export of ICT services was caused by an increase in the presence of companies in the industry with the participation of foreign, primarily Russian capital, which occurred in 2022–23.Conclusions. The development of foreign trade activities in sectors of the economy with low initial indicators of export orientation may be more strongly influenced by non-traditional sporadic factors, such as migration of businesses and specialists in the case of the ICT sector in Kazakhstan, whereas traditional factors of their development, including government fostering and foreign investment may not be effective enough.

LOGISTICS ASPECTS OF MANAGING FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES

International logistics is the most important component of foreign trade activities of enterprises. The issue of logistics support of foreign trade activity is becoming the most relevant, since this particular aspect of foreign economic activity of enterprises significantly depends on the rational organization and effective management of the logistics component. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to determine the role of international logistics in the foreign trade activities of enterprises and the aspects of participation of the logistics component in the management system of an entity engaged in international trade.In the course of this study, it is determined that the role of international logistics in the foreign trade activities of enterprises is to increase trade efficiency, manage and reduce costs associated with foreign trade, increase the sustainability of global supply chains and navigate complex international trade rules and customs requirements.REFERENCES Based on the role of international logistics in the field of foreign trade, the most important aspects of the logistics component in the system of management of foreign trade activities of enterprises are identified: transportation, warehousing and inventory management, customs procedures, information technology and its integration into the logistics process, global trade agreements, risk management and sustainable development.Thus, international logistics is a vital component of foreign trade activities, playing a crucial role in improving trade efficiency, managing costs, ensuring supply chain sustainability and navigating a complex regulatory environment. As global trade continues to evolve, businesses must prioritize efficient logistics management to remain competitive and meet the demands of international markets. By leveraging advanced technologies, sustainable practices and strategic partnerships, companies can optimize their logistics operations and contribute to the growth and stability of the global economy

The practice of customs logistics in the export and import of petroleum products

In Russia, oil production and refining are the leading industries. The customs logistics of the export and import of petroleum products has its own characteristics and reserves for improvement. In order to comply with the rule of law and increase the efficiency of foreign trade activities in relation to petroleum products, it is necessary to strictly control all stages of the logistics process. Effective customs logistics implies an integrated approach to solving problems from the perspective of identifying costs and reducing them in conjunction with all logistics links – from supply to distribution. In the course of the study, the specifics of the approach to customs operations in relation to petroleum products as an object of export and import logistics flows within the framework of their movement by various modes of transport were studied. The importance of the development of customs logistics for the development of foreign economic activity and the oil industry is also determined. The result of the study was the directions proposed by the authors to improve the efficiency of customs logistics in the export and import of petroleum products. They include: reduction of losses of oil and petroleum products during transportation; organization of the logistics process, taking into account the analysis of the best practices of oil processing enterprises; improvement of the efficiency of inventory management; optimization of transport routes and choice of vehicles; introduction of modern information technologies into logistics processes.

Foreign Exchange Futures Trading and Spot Market Volatility in Thailand

This paper investigates how the introduction of foreign exchange futures has an impact on spot volatility and considers the contemporaneous and dynamic relationship between spot volatility and foreign exchange futures trading activity, including trading volume and open interest in the Thailand Futures Exchange context, with the examples of the EUR/USD futures and USD/JPY futures. The results of the EGARCH (1,1) model show that the introduction of foreign exchange futures decreases spot volatility. It also increases the rate at which new information is impounded into spot prices but decreases the persistency of volatility shocks. A positive effect of unexpected trading volume and a negative effect of unexpected open interest on contemporaneous spot volatility are in line with the VAR(1) model results of the dynamic relationship between spot volatility and foreign exchange futures trading activity. With the impact on spot volatility caused by unexpected open interest rate being stronger than by unexpected trading volume, foreign exchange futures trading stabilizes spot volatility.

МІЖНАРОДНИЙ МАРКЕТИНГ В СИСТЕМІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ЗОВНІШНЬОТОРГОВЕЛЬНОЮ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ

Introduction. The modern development of foreign economic activity of enterprises is characterized by the dynamic development of the world economy, which is based on international marketing. Effective management of foreign economic activity of enterprises is the most important factor in expanding market opportunities and potential segments in the international market.. The purpose of the article. The purpose of the article is to find optimization solutions related to the formation of a new high-quality mechanism for managing international marketing to enable international business entities to successfully compete in the world market. The tasks of the article are to optimize methodological and methodical aspects and to create a mechanism for the formation of international marketing in the system of management of foreign trade activity Metods. The formation of an international marketing management system involves the use of advanced methods of analyzing market conditions, forecasting the development of global markets, and developing effective marketing strategies. Results. The article proves that the development of modern business is impossible without taking into account global trends and active participation in international markets. It is substantiated that it becomes important to form a set of marketing strategies. The activation of individual components of the international marketing complex forms a strategy that is focused on long-term success and development, taking into account the specifics of each market and the needs of the target audience. A mechanism for the formation of international marketing in the system of management of foreign trade activity has been built, taking into account the maximum factors that affect its effectiveness. It has been proved that the mechanism plays an important role in coordinating and optimizing all marketing activities aimed at achieving the company's strategic goals. Conclusiоns. The effectiveness of the formation of international marketing in the system of foreign trade management significantly affects the success of not only marketing activities, but also the overall productivity and efficiency of enterprises. This will allow enterprises to adapt to the requirements of the international market, attract and retain customers, reduce costs and increase efficiency.

Legal Regulation of Cross-Border Relations in E-commerce in the context of Parallel Imports

The sale of goods on marketplaces, including foreign trade activities, is actively spreading in the modern world and provokes competition with classical (offline) trade. Marketplaces, as electronic trading platforms in a broader sense, are often interested in implementing new, stable approaches to the sale of goods, including cross-border foreign trade activities, in order to offer online buyers a wide range of goods at competitive prices. Parallel import is one of the strategies used by sellers and business owners on marketplaces to achieve this goal. Since foreign trade using parallel import tools involves, in fact, the resale on the domestic market of goods that are produced abroad and imported for sale in a particular State without the consent of the right-holder, as well as marked with the trademark of the right-holder or in which other results of intellectual activity are expressed (relevant from the point of view of the problem of exhaustion of exclusive rights, in particular, the objects of patent rights), cross-border opportunities of marketplaces seem to be the best place for the sale of goods imported by means of parallel imports. At the same time, the peculiarities of cross-border electronic commerce give rise to the latest challenges related to the proliferation of counterfeit products, violation of the intellectual rights of third parties, the requirements of the legislation of the country of sale on advertising, protection of competition, protection of consumer rights.

Does international trade improve carbon productivity? Evidence from countries along the Belt and Road.

The Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China has significantly increased trade in countries along the Belt and Road (B&R). Since most of these countries are developing and emerging economies, the pressure to reduce carbon emissions poses a leading challenge for them. Carbon productivity has become a key indicator for assessing the degree of low-carbon development, as it can link economic development with CO2 emission reduction. However, few studies have investigated how international trade affects carbon productivity. Based on panel data from 43 countries along the B&R during 2001-2019, this paper uses a system GMM model to explore the impact of international trade on carbon productivity. Then, we divide the 43 countries in the sample into two groups according to their income levels to compare the different effects of international trade on carbon productivity. The results show that, first, the carbon productivity of the examined B&R countries has an overall increasing trend, and there is a significant heterogeneity of carbon productivity among countries with different income levels. Second, the effects of international trade, export, and import on carbon productivity are all significantly positive, and export's effect is higher than import. In the high-income group, carbon productivity is more likely to be improved by trade than in the middle (low)-income group. Third, economic development level, urbanization, and energy productivity are positively associated with carbon productivity, while CO2 per capita and government size inhibit carbon productivity improvement. Insight into the impact of international trade on carbon productivity provides theoretical support for B&R countries to better leverage foreign trade activities to achieve a green economy.

ВПЛИВ ІННОВАЦІЙНОСТІ ЗОВНІШНЬОТОРГОВЕЛЬНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ТРАНСПОРТУ НА ФОРМУВАННЯ ЇХ КОНКУРЕНТНИХ ПЕРЕВАГ

The article identifies the specifics of the influence of innovativeness of foreign trade activities of transport enterprises on the formation of their competitive advantages. Specific features of the foreign trade activity of transport enterprises, which are areas of active implementation of innovative solutions, are analyzed. The use of technological innovations, innovative business models, innovations in supply chain management and customer service is proposed for transport enterprises. The main aspects and factors contributing to the effective implementation of innovative technologies in the field of international transportation are summarized. The following determinants of the development of foreign trade activities of transport enterprises are proposed: economic (global demand and supply, exchange rate fluctuations, investment climate), technological (innovation and technological progress, digitalization), political (regulatory policy, international agreements), social (level of personnel qualification, social guarantees ), Environmental (environmental standards and regulation, climate change). The key competitive advantages that transport enterprises can obtain thanks to innovations are identified, such as reducing operating costs, increasing operational efficiency, improving service quality, increasing environmental responsibility, flexibility and adaptability to market changes. The necessity of constant monitoring of the latest technological solutions and research of market trends to ensure the stable development of transport enterprises is substantiated. Prospects for further research are highlighted, in particular, the development of strategies for integrating transport systems with other sectors of the economy to create complex international logistics solutions.

АНАЛИЗ УЧАСТИЯ РОССИЙСКОГО ОБОРОННО-ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА НА МИРОВОМ РЫНКЕ ВООРУ-ЖЕНИЯ И ВОЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

The article explores and outlines the participation of the Russian military-industrial complex (DIC) in expanding the range of foreign trade activities and developing the economy of the Russian Federation by producing and releasing for these purposes various types of modern, in-demand and competitive military, civil and dual products on the world and domestic commodity markets. appointments. A definition of the global market for military products (MP) is given, its geography, characteristics, trends and operating features, the implementation of international legal regulation, the value of annual trade turnover, the presence of official and illegal schemes for the sale of weapons and military equipment, and the reasons for the emergence of the latter are revealed. The geography and indicators of the participation of the Russian Federation in this market for the period 2015–2022 are given, its rating among the states that are the main exporters of weapons and military equipment, as well as comparison with the USA and EU countries - the main exporters to the world market of weapons, military equipment and others types of military products, the ratio of their exports to military expenditures and to the gross domestic product. The authors present a correlation regression analysis of the main factors influencing Russia's posi-tion in the world market for weapons, military equipment and other types of military products, including an analysis of the Russian share in global arms exports, as well as an analysis of the share of arms and military equipment exports in Russia's total ex-ports. The conclusions summarize the results of the study, indicating the real, signifi-cant contribution of the Russian defense industry to the development of foreign trade activities and the country's economy in the context of sanctions restrictions and in-creasing global risks.

Challenges Faced by China s International Intellectual Property Protection in the Context of Globalization and Countermeasures

With the spread of economic globalization, knowledge economy has become the latest economic situation, intellectual property rights began to attract the attention of all countries in the world. Since China s accession to the World Trade Organization, more and more foreign trade activities, which has also promoted the improvement of our comprehensive national strength to a certain extent. The international protection of intellectual property rights is of great significance on a global scale, which is related to a country s innovation ability and competitiveness, and more importantly, to the stability and prosperity of the global economic order. Based on this, this paper studies the issues related to the international protection of intellectual property.

A Study of the Heterogeneous Application of China-Based Teaching Methods in International Trade and Business Law Courses

For China's teaching methods in international trade and business law courses, the audience's professional knowledge system framework, China's teaching methods in international trade and business law courses in the heterogeneity of the application of the basis lies in the professional way of thinking differences. Since the reform and opening up, the domestic trade has been closely integrated with the development of China's economy and the need for foreign trade activities, China wants to develop trade and strengthen economic exchanges with countries around the world, should understand and comply with the international commercial law and international trade practices, prior to the negotiation of the contract should strive to be detailed and clear, specific and complete, and should be strictly abide by the terms and conditions of the process, and should not be all to our own, since a set of, and thus causing many problems and losses and affecting the credibility of the country. Many problems and losses and affect the credibility of the country. This is particularly important for students of international trade and business law, the importance of international trade and business law programme. As for the teaching methods in China, there are two kinds of teaching methods in international trade and business law: the heterogeneous application of direct teaching method is reflected in the differentiated explanation of the basic concepts and principles of international trade and business law, while the heterogeneous application of case teaching method is shown in the differentiation of the case selection and implementation process. For the above two methods, the author proposes other teaching methods for reference.

MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITIES IN THE URALS FEDERAL DISTRICT IN THE CONTEXT OF SANCTIONS RESTRICTIONS

The Ural Federal District (UrFO) is one of the most important economic administrativeterritorial units of the Russian Federation. The main branches of specialization of the Ural Federal District are oil and gas production, mining, metallurgy and mechanical engineering. In recent years, the region has faced significant difficulties due to economic sanctions imposed by Western countries. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to analyze the foreign trade activities of the Ural Federal District and develop mechanisms for its development. The tasks of the Ural Federal District include to determine the trade structure, main consumers and suppliers in order to identify the most affected sectors of foreign trade activities from the imposed sanctions; to develop mechanisms for the development of foreign trade activities of the Ural Federal District in relation to each of the regions that make up it. The study revealed that in 2021 the Ural Federal District's foreign trade relations were mainly with unfriendly countries, which currently restrict exports and imports of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the peculiarities of the region, the author proposed the following mechanisms for the development of foreign trade activities of the Ural Federal District: export diversification, orientation to hightech industries, development of transport and digital infrastructure, promotion of small and medium-sized export-oriented enterprises, state support.

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF BRICS SPECIALIZATIONS

In modern conditions of global economic relations, BRICS is of strategic importance for the member countries of this association. The purpose of the article is to analyze the directions of industrial development of the BRICS and their impact on the foreign trade potential of the member countries of this association. The article highlights the basic stages of analyzing the impact of industrial specializations of countries on their foreign trade. On the basis of the selected stages a macroeconomic review and analysis of the industrial profiles of the BRICS member countries were carried out, in particular, information on basic specialization sectors was systematized, divided into primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy, which occupy significant shares in the GDP structure of the bloc countries and determine the vector of foreign trade (export-import) activities of the countries. Based on the UNCTAD open data base, the authors investigated the radars of comparative advantages of the BRICS countries based on the application of the Balassa coefficient (coefficient of relative advantages), which allowed drawing conclusions about the advantages and export specializations of the BRICS member countries. Conclusions are drawn about the high potential of foreign trade cooperation between the BRICS member countries and more intensive build-up of foreign trade potential taking into account the upcoming expansion of the BRICS in 2024.