Foreign Stations Research Articles

Ethereal Resistance: Radio, Borders, and Dictatorship in the Southern Cone, 1960s-1980s

Like most authoritarian regimes, the military dictatorships that ruled over the Southern Cone nations of Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile sought to control media messaging and restrict access of citizens to alternative and/or anti-regime media. With its higher technical requirements and shorter broadcast range, television was relatively easy for state authorities to control. Radio was a different story, however. Not only was it possible—albeit dangerous—for regime opponents to emit clandestine broadcasts on occupied or unoccupied national frequencies, listeners could tune in to foreign stations to hear uncensored news reports, the voices of exiles, and messages of resistance and encouragement.

Мониторинг приземного озона в природном заповеднике «Карадагский» в период 2017–2021 гг.

The background environmental monitoring station in the Karadag Nature Reserve is the only point for routine measurements (since 2010) of surface ozone on the Black Sea coast of the Russian Federation. Surface ozone observations at the station over the past five years are discussed. An insignificant interannual variability of surface ozone is shown as compared to the previous years. Seasonal and diurnal variations in surface ozone averaged over the period of 2017–2021 generally coincide with the previous period and are comparable with the typical variations at foreign Mediterranean stations. The surface ozone regime at the analyzed station is characterized by an insignificant diurnal amplitude: it is about 5 μg/m3 in winter and increases by almost 3–4 times in the warm season. However, due to increased nighttime ozone, it remains significantly smaller than at lowland stations. In the dark time of the day, surface ozone is 50–55 µg/m3 in winter and autumn and about 70 µg/m3 in spring and summer. The surface ozone regime is significantly affected by the breeze circulation and, at night, by slope winds providing the influx of ozone from the free troposphere. At the background monitoring station, surface ozone values approaching the maximum single permissible concentration of ozone (MPCm.s.) are occasionally recorded. In spring, such events are associated with the movement of the upper-level frontal zone over the region. The registered cases of exceeding MPCm.s. were observed in the plumes of air polluted in remote areas and spreading to Crimea. Keywords: surface ozone, Karadag Nature Reserve, seasonal and diurnal variation, maximum permissible concentration of ozone

Listening in on the Neighbors: The Reception of German and Austrian Radio in Cold War Czechoslovakia

AbstractIn 1966, a Radio Free Europe (RFE) report estimated that seven in ten Czechs and Slovaks listened to Radio Vienna, making it the most popular foreign station in Czechoslovakia. Yet conventional narratives of Western radio in socialist central Europe highlight the role played by runner-up RFE. By focusing on the practice of listening to German-language radio in Czechoslovakia between 1945 and 1969, this article shows that cross-border, German-language listening mattered not only between the Germanies, but also in central Europe, where listening habits were shaped by the region's multilingual heritage. In addition to highlighting German's significance as a language of regional communication, the article reveals the importance of cross-border contacts and the significance of light entertainment in Cold War central Europe. Rather than separating listeners out by citizenship, foreign radio listening fostered solidarities that cut across national boundaries and divided people by generation, geography, class, and technical dexterity instead.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Konsumen dalam Memilih SPBU Menggunakan Analisa Faktor

Nowaday national gasoline market becomes tighter with the entrance of foreign retailers to the field. Competition is not only among domestic gas stations but also between local and foreign stations. At this situation, to survive and win the competition retailers should maintain customer satisfaction through serving good service(s) and providing facilities needed. This research aims to determine which service(s) is needed and which one is not as well what facility(s) are necessary, should be available, or can be omitted. For the purpoase, a survey was conducted. Of 211 respondents participated, the results then were analyzed using Faktor Analysis method. The findings are the most important variable to choose a city gas station is the station map and legend clarity and station light sufficiency for out of town gas station.While the most neglible variable is the station dispenser accuracy for both city and out of town gas stations.

Heiliger Stuhl, Drittes Reich und Radio Vaticana

Abstract This article intends to show that the German language broadcasts of Vatican Radio influenced relations between the Holy See and the Third Reich in the period between the start of the station’s radio broadcasts and 1943. As emerges from the analysis of published and unpublished sources, Vatican Radio seems to have been used as a Catholic propaganda tool in Germany, but also as an instrument of diplomacy. Vatican radio continued to broadcast in German and to attract listeners even after Goebbels’ decree of 1 September 1939 forbidding people to listen to foreign radio stations. The Holy See, aware that its broadcasts were being monitored by the Sonderdienst Seehaus and of their importance not only for the population of Germany but also for its government, exploited them to spread specific ideas and messages depending on the circumstances and the progress of the war. The study of Vatican Radio thus represents a specific point of view from which to understand the Holy See’s attitude towards National Socialism and its actions during the Second World War.

ВИСВІТЛЕННЯ ТРАГЕДІЇ ГОЛОДОМОРУ (1932–1933) В АКТУАЛЬНИХ ПРОГРАМАХ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ РЕДАКЦІЙ «ГОЛОСУ АМЕРИКИ», BBC, DW, РАДІО «ВАТИКАН» І «СВОБОДА»

<div><p align="center"> </p></div><p><em>The article analyzes the work of the Ukrainian editorial office of Voice of America, BBC, DW, Vatican Radio, and Radio Liberty, which traditionally cover the Holodomor theme, showing different sides of this tragic event. Monitoring of the materials that are about the next anniversary of the Holodomor was done, and it was found out how effectively the editorial office was able to present this complex topic.</em></p><p><em>It is shown that the Ukrainian editorial offices of foreign radio stations reported on the Holodomor of the Ukrainian people of 1932–1933, which was arranged by the Soviet regime, throughout the entire history of their broadcasting. Ukrainian editorial offices of Vatican Radio, Voice of America, and Radio Liberty have become the voice of the enslaved Ukrainian people for decades, who could not tell the world about the genocide when being under occupation. Due to their programs and materials, this topic did not dissolve in the general information flow.</em></p><p><em>When covering the 86th anniversary of the Holocaust victims of 1932–1933, Ukrainian editorial offices of Voice of America, BBC, DW, and Radio Liberty have shown an example of comprehensive coverage of a complex historical topic. The programs and materials that analyze the greatest tragedy of the Ukrainian people are intended to show in detail the perpetrators of this terrible crime and the victims, who should not be forgotten. The work of the Ukrainian editorial offices in this direction is fully in line with the best world practice, when the media helps society to realize and understand the horrific pages of their past, in order to learn the truth and move into the future.</em></p><p><em>Against the backdrop of numerous articles on the Holodomor prepared by Ukrainian editorial offices of Voice of America, BBC, DW, and Radio Liberty in 2019, there has been little involvement of the domestic media in this regard. This demonstrates that Ukrainian society, and with it, the media environment, continues to overcome the difficult path of restoring historical memory, establishing the causes of national defeats and tragedies, the largest of which was the genocide of Ukrainians in 1932–1933.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words: </em></strong><em>Holodomor, genocide, the Ukrainian editorial offices of Voice of America, BBC News Ukrainian, DW, Radio Liberty, Vatican Radio.</em></p><p> </p>

Towards a transnational history of the eighteenth-century British Navy

The “long” eighteenth-century British Navy is the subject of a vast and growing secondary literature. Almost all of it, however, has an exclusively national focus. This would not be problematic, given the Navy’s character as a national institution, were it not for the fact that many seamen serving in it – likely at least 14% of crews in foreign stations – were not British or Irish. This article suggests that integrating them into the study of the Navy can significantly affect several ongoing historiographical debates, for example on the modalities of naval recruitment, or on the quality of life in the service, as well as, more predictably, discussions of seamen’s patriotism. The aim is to propose the Navy as an example of how a transnational perspective can be enlightening even in the most unlikely historical context.

Advertising Switzerland by the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation’S Transcription Service (1946–1961)

Radio, especially with the development of shortwave programmes, has become an indispensable tool for the Swiss government to respond to criticisms made by the Allies about the country’s ambiguous attitude during the Second World War. In reaction to the need for more communication in the post-war period, the Swiss government was able to continue to rely on the support of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SSR) and the establishment of the Transcription Service within it. The transcriptions refer to any radio programme recorded on disc or on tape that was intended to be broadcast by foreign stations. While maintaining formal and financial independence from the government, Swiss radio has nevertheless been its voice and its spokesperson. In this article, we will study the genesis of the Transcription Service, a new tool that strengthens the activities of the SSR in favour of the cultural outreach of Switzerland abroad in the post-war period. This paper examines more broadly the role of radio in Swiss cultural diplomacy and its impact in building a positive image of the country abroad. Analysing public service radio in order to understand international cultural relations is an original perspective.

‘Listening Became Indispensable for Life … ’ Strategies and Goals of Radio Monitoring in the Warsaw Ghetto

In the beginning of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, press censorship and a strict ban on radio listening were imposed. Poles and ghettos-imprisoned Jews could obtain international information by reading German-controlled newspapers or, alternatively, by reading the clandestine press or listen to rumours. This article stresses the significance of information distributed by activists of Hashomer Hatzair, Zionist, leftist youth movement, who conducted radio monitoring and prepared daily news bulletins distributed in Warsaw ghetto. The article describes their monitoring practices and shows how news extracted from broadcasts was later used in the press. It also engages with the question as to why foreign news was so important to Jews struggling to survive in terrible conditions of the ghetto. It also identifies motivations for conducting radio monitoring during the Holocaust and compares it with those of people listening to foreign radio stations in other contexts and with different intentions.

Hydrological characteristics of lakes in the eastern part of the Broknes Peninsula, Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica

Broknes Peninsula (the area of the Progress station, Larsemann Hills, Princess Elisabeth Land, East Antarctica) is characterized by the presence of well developed hydrographic network consisting of reservoirs located not only in the bedrock, but also inside the glacier thickness and on its surface. As a rule, most of them are dammed by natural snowice weirs, which are often destroyed during the Antarctic summer. As a result of this process, glacial water outburst may occur. In the course of the summer season of the 63‑th Russian Antarctic Expedition (RAE) intensive hydrological field observations were carried out for identification and comprehensive investigation of potentially outburstprone reservoirs located in close proximity to Russian and foreign stations and field bases (area of the Progress station and the field base Law-Racovita). The works included: the organization of temporary pile and depth-stick water gauge stations, mapping positions of the shoreline of lakes (reservoirs), bathymetric surveys of them, as well as field hydro-chemical express analyses. Based on the results of the level measurement, it was found that most of the lakes of the oasis are characterized by a sharp drop in the height of the water surface level associated with the breakthroughs. In particular, the authors witnessed the breakthrough of the Discussion Lake, which occurred on January 22, 2018. This resulted in decrease of the water level by 0.95 m. Based on the data of the bathymetric surveys, the morphometric (hydrometric) characteristics of the lakes were calculated and detailed grids (regular net of rectangular matrices, in the nodes of which some effective values of the mapped values are located) were formed for the following numerical modeling of hypothetical and real breakthroughs of water bodies and construction of estimated hydrographs.

Updated data on the current seismicity of the White Sea and the Karelian region during the period 2005–2016

This article is the result of previous studies to clarify the seismicity of the White sea, supplemented by similar studies on the continental part of the Republic of Karelia. The relocated catalog of earthquakes was created for the period from 2005 to 2016 for White Sea and the Karelian region. With the help of proven methods, the parameters of the epicenters of identified earthquakes were relocated and a map of current seismicity was obtained. The parameters of the epicenters were specified using BARENTS travel-time model, a single methodological approach (using Generalized beamforming) and all currently available source data and bulletins of Russian and foreign seismic stations. The obtained seismic catalog allowed us to identify the main patterns of the distribution of current seismicity in the White Sea region. Seismicity of the White sea and the Karelian region is characterized as low-magnitude (generally of low magnitude with ML<2.0). Most earthquakes in the White Sea are characterized by a focal depths up to 20 km. Analysis of catalog shows that the majority of earthquakes are concentrated in the north-western part of the defined area, in the continental part of Karelia and Kandalaksha graben. Some earthquakes were recorded in the eastern and central part of the White sea.

Definition of the death of seismic events by using digital channel data of the Main center of special control and foreign seismic stations

Among the main parameters of the source of the seismic event, the depth of the hypocentre is of greatest interest, which, as a rule, is determined with the least accuracy. The knowledge of the exact spatial position of the earthquake foci makes it possible to reveal their connection with the features of the structure of the earth’s crust, primarily with active faults. The solution of these problems is primarily ensured by the use of observational data obtained with the help of local, regional or global networks of digital seismic stations, as well as by improving computer technologies and methods of processing digital seismic data. To determine the parameters of low-energy seismic events, the epicenters of which are located within the platform part of the territory of Ukraine, it is expedient to use the data of instrumental observations obtained with the help of the regional network of digital seismic stations of the Main Center for Special Control (MCSK) of the State Space Agency of Ukraine. To increase the accuracy of localization of seismic events, it is necessary, on the one hand, to significantly expand the network of seismic observations, and on the other, to improve the methods for determining the basic parameters of earthquakes. The article analyzes the basic methods for determining the depths of the hypocenters of seismic events. The program-mathematical support allowing to make the depths of the earthquake foci by records of reflected waves and from the data of macroseismic observations is considered. To estimate the depth of seismic sources from the data of digital seismic channels of the MCSK and foreign seismic stations, the amplitude-frequency characteristics of which are available in the «Geotool», a specialized program «Assessment of depth» has been developed. A number of foreign and domestic seismic stations, most suitable for clarifying the depths of hypocenters of earthquakes from the area of the Vranch Mountains, has been determined. A method for determining the depth of an earthquake source from the area of the Vranch Mountains using data from digital seismic stations located at distances of 20—40 km from the center of a seismically active zone is proposed.

The Frankfurt Hot Club jazz band under the Nazis: much more than music

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on a group of young jazz enthusiasts who, under Nazi rule, formed a jazz band known as the Frankfurt Hot Club. Although the group had some connections with the Swing Youth movement, it regarded jazz as far more than a simple means of having fun. During the Second World War, those enthusiasts tuned in to foreign radio stations to listen to jazz, collected records, distributed music news sheets, recorded pieces in various places and performed music live. As a result, they jeopardised their freedom and even their lives, for the Nazi regime was taking steps to outlaw jazz, among them penalties as severe as internment in concentration camps. The question is, then, whether such risk taking was worthwhile.

Seismicity of the North of the Russian Plate: Relocation of Recent Earthquakese

The hypocenters of the earthquakes recorded in the north of the Russian Plate from 1982 to 2013 are relocated. The relocation of the hypocenters is based on the common velocity section, common methodology, and the entire set of the initial data and bulletins available from the Russian and foreign seismic stations. The efficiency of the algorithm for calculating the hypocentral parameters and the velocity section is demonstrated by the example of two nonmilitary nuclear explosions in July 18, 1985 and September 6, 1988 in the northern part of the European Russia. For the first time, two earthquakes of July 19, 1982 and October 7, 2012, which have not been previously reported in the catalogs for the north of the Russian plate, are included in the seismic catalog.

America’s First Cosmonauts: Reflections on the Human Cost of Shuttle-Mir

ABSTRACTShuttle-Mir, the joint space exploration effort between NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), faced a wide variety of challenges throughout its five-year run between 1993 and 1998. These included institutional differences, high costs to both the American and Russian governments, and poor public reception. The focus herein is on the personal reflections and experiences of American men and women who participated directly in the program: the seven Shuttle-Mir astronauts from the United States. These men and women joined an unprecedented exchange in which they had to train for and serve aboard a foreign space station for extended periods of time. This article utilizes archival records, official oral histories, and personal memoirs to outline three specific challenges faced in common by all of the U.S. astronauts. Primarily, they had to master both the everyday and technical intricacies of the Russian language, live in Russia during the post-Soviet economic collapse, and adapt to new institutional procedures and training methods under Roscosmos. Combined, these experiences presented serious difficulties in working with their Russian counterparts aboard the space station Mir, and made crisis situations even more hazardous. Overall, these experiences introduced yet another cost to the Shuttle-Mir program—a human one.

A historical review of gravimetric observations in Norway

Abstract. The first gravity determinations in Norway were made by Edward Sabine in 1823 with a pendulum instrument by Henry Kater. Seventy years later a Sterneck pendulum was acquired by the Norwegian Commission for the International Arc Measurements. It improved the precision and eventually reduced the bias of the absolute calibration from 85 to 15 mGal. The last pendulum observations in Norway were made in 1955 with an instrument from Cambridge University. At a precision of ±1 mGal, the purpose was to calibrate a section of the gravity line from Rome, Italy, to Hammerfest, Norway. Relative spring gravimeters were introduced in Norway in 1946 and were used to densify and expand the national gravity network. These data were used to produce regional geoids for Norway and adjacent ocean areas. Improved instrument precision allowed them to connect Norwegian and foreign fundamental stations as well. Extensive geophysical prospecting was made, as in other countries. The introduction of absolute gravimeters based on free-fall methods, especially after 2004, improved the calibration by 3 orders of magnitude and immediately revealed the secular changes of the gravity field in Norway. This was later confirmed by satellite gravimetry, which provides homogeneous data sets for global and regional gravity models. The first-ever determinations of gravity at sea were made by pendulum observations onboard the Norwegian polar vessel Fram during frozen-in conditions in the Arctic Ocean in 1893–1896. Simultaneously, an indirect method was developed at the University of Oslo for deducing gravity at sea with a hypsometer. The precision of both methods was greatly superseded by relative spring gravimeters 50 years later. They were employed extensively both at sea and on land. When GPS allowed precise positioning, relative gravimeters were mounted in airplanes to cover large areas of ocean faster than before. Gravimetry is currently being applied to study geodynamical phenomena relevant to climate change. The viscoelastic postglacial land uplift of Fennoscandia has been detected by terrestrial gravity time series as well as by satellite gravimetry. Corrections for local effects of snow load, hydrology, and ocean loading at coastal stations have been improved. The elastic adjustment of present-day melting of glaciers at Svalbard and in mainland Norway has been detected. Gravimetry is extensively employed at offshore oil facilities to monitor the subsidence of the ocean floor during oil and gas extraction.

Can monthly precipitation interpolation error be reduced by adding periphery climate stations? A case study in China's land border areas

Minor interpolation error of spatially continuous precipitation is increasingly in demand to support many climate studies. In this paper, based on the thin-plate smoothing splines (ANUSPLIN), we studied the effects of adding periphery stations on monthly precipitation interpolation errors in China with 184 stations from neighboring countries during 1971–2000. Here, we show that with the exception of the northern piedmont of the Himalayas, the interpolation accuracy of monthly precipitation was improved greatly in China's border areas. Mean absolute error was reduced by an average of 2.8 mm month−1 across 21 withheld stations. By incorporating 184 foreign stations into interpolation, the overestimated precipitation in the northern piedmont of the Himalayas can be primarily attributed to the drawback that ANUSPLIN had difficulty estimating sharply varying rain shadows in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Overall, these results mentioned above emphasized the importance of periphery stations to generate gridded precipitation datasets and the limitation of ANUSPLIN to simulate terrain-induced climate transitions.

Evaluating daily surface maximum temperature interpolation error by adding climate stations near border areas over China

ABSTRACTBased on the observed daily surface maximum temperature data from 610 stations over mainland China and 162 sites from neighbouring countries during 1981–2010, the impacts of adding climate stations near border areas on daily surface maximum temperature interpolation errors over China were studied using the thin‐plate spline method. The results showed that large improvements of interpolation accuracy in daily surface maximum temperature were achieved in border areas by adding climate information from neighbouring countries. Mean absolute error (MAE) was reduced by an average of 0.6 °C year−1 and the frequency distribution of daily bias narrowed and became more peaked at 21 boundary stations that were withheld from the model‐building process. Although pronounced variation was not found in most part of mainland China at a 10 km × 10 km grid resolution, the interpolated temperature transition between different thresholds became more stable and aligned with elevation gradients in western and northern border areas of China after incorporating data from the 162 foreign stations into the spatial interpolations. Therefore, caution should be taken when generating gridded data sets only based on observed sites in study areas to investigate regional climate change, particularly if border areas with complicated terrain are insufficiently covered by data networks.

The Instance Analysis on the Urban Rail Transit Transfer Stations with Multiple Lines

With the increasingly widespread attention on the construction of urban rail transit in big cities, it has aroused general concern about the normative and elaborative design of rail transit stations. Which becomes focal point of the research of urban rail transit is how to design effective and beautiful rail transit stations with legible and reasonable streamline organization. This paper focuses on the instance analysis on the design of foreign and domestic stations with multiple lines of urban rail transit at first. After the rail transit lines are classified into parallel and intersectant lines, the applicability and functional characters of urban rail transit transfer modes are summarized and concluded particularly with the line location modes, which is expected to provide references for the design of urban rail transit stations in China.

Podstawy prawne działania radia, telewizji i innych technicznych nośników przekazu w Szwecji

The subject of this article is the legal basis of the activity of radio, television and other technical media devices in Sweden. The basis of this activity is freedom of expression guaranteed in the act on the instrument of government (Regeringsformen – RF). There are specific constitutional regulations for some forms of expression. Freedom of the press is regulated in the ordinance on freedom of the press (Tryckfrihetsförordningen – TF) and it includes freedom of expression in writing. The fundamental law on freedom of expression (Yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen – YGL) is applicable to other forms of expression like radio, television and other technical devices: film, video, sound records, CD and DVD. The fundamental law on freedom of expression (YGL) is the youngest of the Swedish constitutions and it is modelled on the ordinance on freedom of the press. The basic principles and their construction are the same in both acts. It applies among others to economic freedom in terms of broadcasting programs, prohibition on censorship, the right to provide information and protection of the source of information, catalogue of crimes, one-person liability, separate procedural provisions with the court with a jury. The author points out the leading principles of the fundamental law on freedom of expression: to ensure free exchange of views, free and comprehensive obtaining of information and free artistic output. Every Swedish citizen is entitled to publicly express their thoughts, views, feelings and other information in any field by means of the radio, television or other similar media devices. As a rule the law is applicable if broadcasting of a program takes place from Sweden. The fundamental law on freedom of expression guarantees for every Swedish citizen the right to provide information in any field with a view to it being made public on the radio or in other recordings as well as the right to obtain information with a view to it being passed or made public. A radio program author is entitled to remain anonymous and is not obliged to disclose their identity. In order to ensure the possibility of establishing the person responsible for violation of the fundamental law on freedom of expression it imposes the obligation to indicate the responsible editor (ansvarig utgivare) and made their identity available to the public. This liability comes on a one person basis; in the first place it applies to the editor, next to the person obliged to indicate the editor and finally to the person disseminating the program. The fundamental law on freedom of expression makes numerous references to other acts of law. For example, in terms of principles on placing advertisements and commercial announcements the applicable law is the act on radio and television, in particular regarding product placement and program sponsoring as well as the act on alcohol and the act on tobacco products. The article also describes regulations of the principles concerning granting licenses by the government (granting frequency) or the Office for radio and television. Independent control over the broadcast programs is exercised by the Office for control (and in terms of advertisements also by the Consumer Advocate). Foreign stations are not embraced by the act on radio and television and for this reason they are not subject to the supervision exercised by the Office for control.