Foreign States Research Articles

Information disorder, the Triumvirate, and COVID-19: How media outlets, foreign state intrusion, and the far-right diaspora drive the COVID-19 anti-vaccination movement

Information disorder has become an increasing concern in the wake of the 2016 US presidential election. With the state of the COVID-19 pandemic rapidly evolving in all facets, the vaccination debate has become increasingly polarized and subjected to a form of politics based around identity markers such as nationality, ethnicity, gender, and ideology. At the forefront of this is the COVID-19 anti-vaccination movement that has gained mainstream attention, leading to conflict with pro-vaccinationists. This has paved the way for exploitation by subversive elements such as, foreign state-backed disinformation campaigns, alternative news outlets, and right-wing influencers who spread false and misleading information, or disinformation, on COVID-19 in order to promote polarization of the vaccine debate through identity politics. Disinformation spread sows confusion and disorder, leading to the erosion of social cohesion as well as the potential for real-world conflict and violence. As a result, the article below will generate further understanding of the modern-day spread of disinformation, the strategies and tactics utilized by state and non-state actors, the effects of its exposure, and the social-psychological processes involved in its spread and resonance. Furthermore, in countering this phenomenon, this article recommends a collaborative framework involving emphasis on critical media literacy skills, citizen participation, and development of counter-offensive capabilities towards state-backed information operations.

Validity of applying the principle of self-determination of peoples by separatist entities in Ukraine

The process of modern social development is determined by two dialectically opposite tendencies: centripetal, expressed in worldwide integration and globalization, and centrifugal, manifested in regional localization, one of the forms of which is the phenomenon of separatism – the desire of regions within states to separate, to acquire greater political independence, sovereignty up to territorial separation or joining another state. The purpose of this paper was to analyse the theoretical issues of national self-determination and the principle of equality of peoples in its relationship with separatism. The study used a set of methods and techniques of scientific cognition. The principal ones included the dialectical method, comparative legal method, formal legal method, and method of logical analysis. The paper analyses the possibility of reference to the principle of self-determination of peoples by separatist entities in Ukraine as a justification for their activities. The minimum necessary criteria of legal grounds for self-determination are considered, including the presence of an effective connection of the subject of self-determination with a certain territory; the presence of the subject itself, i.e., the people (ethnos), which claims self-determination; and recognition by the international community of such a potential subject as the bearer of the right to self-determination. As for the connection with the territory, the doctrine of international law and practice recognizes the right to cultural and national self-determination in a certain territory for any ethnic group. This right is limited to the common interests of the entire people of the state, which lies in the unconditional preservation of the inviolability and integrity of its territory. As for the presence of the subject of self-determination itself, the people recognize the historical community of people that has developed in a certain territory and has stable features of language, culture, and mentality, as well as the awareness of their unity and difference from others through conscious self-name. At the same time, diasporas and migrants must obey the laws of the country of residence on the right of citizenship or the right of permanent residence. As for the recognition of the subject of self-determination by the international community, they recognize those who are under colonial rule, occupation by a foreign state, or who are subject to a policy of racism. Consequently, international law does not protect separatist movements whose goal is secession if they do not meet these criteria. This means that separatist entities in Ukraine are not entitled to secession, and by their methods of activity they are terrorist organizations. The practical value of the materials and conclusions presented in this paper lies in their further use in further developments aimed at the analysis and study of the self-determination of peoples through separatism, in the law-making sphere, and the sphere of law enforcement related to ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens.

Postdejtonsko traganje za pravdom: Suđenja za ratne zločine u Bosni i Hercegovini pred nadležnim sudovima

The armed conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 1992 to 1995, which ended with the conclusion of the so-called The Dayton Peace Agreement was marked by serious violations of fundamental human rights and freedoms and the commission of horrific war crimes. Prosecution of defendants for these crimes takes place at several levels, ie before: a) the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), b) domestic courts and c) courts of certain foreign states. The paper analyzes certain indicators related to the prosecution of these crimes, their scope and structure, as well as the ratio of convictions and acquittals for certain war crimes, the scope of application of conventional and summary forms of ending criminal cases and court policy of sanctioning perpetrators. It was learned that by the end of 2020, hundreds of criminal proceedings against approximately a thousand defendants had been completed. Most of the accused were prosecuted before the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Court of B&H), followed by the ICTY, and a slightly smaller number before the courts of the former SFRY and some Western European countries. The research established that before the ICTY, out of the total number of accused for war crimes committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as many as 90.2% were convicted of some of these crimes, while the rate of convicted in relation to accused before the Court of B&H was 67.2% , and before the courts in the Republic of Serbia 70.2%. It is interesting that before the ICTY as many as 24.3% of the accused were convicted in summary proceedings on the basis of a plea agreement, while before the Court of B&H 13,3% of the accused were convicted using a plea bargaining as a consensual model for ending criminal cases. So far, 22 people have been convicted of the crime of genocide as the most serious crime before the ICTY, the Court of B&H and German courts, and all convictions related to the activities of the Army of Republika Srpska during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Court of B&H, inherited a relatively mild policy of punishing war crimes. Finally, it was found that certain courts, especially Court of B&H, inherited a relatively mild policy of punishing war crimes.

The Institute of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation

The paper examines the issues of the legal status of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the light of the science and practice of application of constitutional and administrative law. Special attention is paid to the legal status of the Commissioner for Human Rights and the list of his powers in the field of human rights protection. The authors suggest the ways of improving the institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation with due regard to the experience of foreign states. It is concluded that 1) administrative capacity, as well as administrative legal capacity cannot be the same-order elements of a legal status along with rights, obligations and responsibilities, since administrative capacity and administrative legal capacity in the presence of a legal fact constitute only a condition for the transformation of the subject of law into the subject of a specific administrative legal relationship; 2) a status of an authorized person is a combination of the following elements: rights, duties, responsibility for decision-making and non-fulfillment of powers, guarantees of functioning in the field of protecting human rights and freedoms.

Friends in the Profession: Rebel Leaders, International Social Networks, and External Support for Rebellion

AbstractWhat drives foreign state support for rebel organizations? While scholars have examined the geopolitical and organizational factors that fuel foreign support, the role of rebel leaders in this process remains understudied. In this article, we propose that rebel leaders’ personal backgrounds shape their ability to obtain foreign support during conflict. In particular, we argue that rebel leaders with significant prior international experiences—including study abroad, work abroad, military training abroad, and exile—are at an advantage in securing wartime external support for their organizations. These experiences provide opportunities for would-be rebel leaders to interact with a multitude of foreign individuals who may later enter politics or otherwise gain prominence in their respective societies, allowing them to build interpersonal social networks across borders. Such networks offer key points of contact when rebel leaders later seek foreign backing. We test this theory using data from the new Rebel Organization Leaders (ROLE) database, finding robust support for our argument as well as the broader role of rebel leader attributes in explaining external support. Our results underscore the value of incorporating individual leaders and their social networks more squarely into the study of modern war.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF JURISDICTION IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE EUROPEAN UNION, THE UNITED STATES AND ENGLAND

AbstractThis article consists of a comparative study of the basic principles underlying the rules of jurisdiction in private international law in commercial cases in the law of the European Union, the United States and England. It considers the objectives which these rules seek to achieve (protection of the rights of the parties and respect for the interests of foreign States) and the extent to which these objectives are attained. It takes tort claims, especially in the field of products-liability, as an example and considers which system has the most exorbitant rules. It suggests explanations for the differences found.

Terminological description of extremism in international acts and national criminal laws

Based on a meaningful analysis of international legal act provisions and criminal legislation of foreign states, the article presents the approaches to the terminological characterization of the concept of "extremism" and its legislative regulation. The conclusion is made about the lack of a united strategy to the definition of the studied theory, which complicates international relations and collaboration in the realm of countering extremist crimes. A comparative analysis of the legislative regulation of extremist crimes in foreign countries allows us to identify common features and trends in the development of legal responsibility for extremism in foreign countries, to establish differences in the legal regulation of this problem, and to develop approaches to the unification of this concept at the level of international legislation.

Cosmetic products as an object of technical regulation of the ministry of health. Development of a methodology for the implementation of the technical regulations

From 2021, cosmetic products are subject to technical regulation of the Ministry of Health, which is responsible for ensuring the implementation of Technical Regulations, approval of guidelines for their application, national standards in accordance with the requirements of Technical Regulations. It was adopted in early 2021. For the first time in Ukraine, the technical regulations for cosmetic products apply to cosmetic products the principles of technical regulation, powers to comply with which are vested in the relevant Ministry of Health.
 The aim of this work is to develop a methodology for implementing the Technical Regulations for cosmetic products as an object of authority of the Ministry of Health.
 As research materials the processes of technical regulation of cosmetic products are studied, logical, investigation methods of research, and also a method of the content analysis are used.
 Results. An analysis of the practice of regulating the circulation of cosmetic products in a number of foreign countries, identified and systematized potential risks in the implementation of the principles of its technical regulation. Based on the analysis of causal relationships in the process of implementing the requirements of the Technical Regulations for cosmetic products, the methodology of its practical application is proposed.
 Conclusions. The tendencies of regulatory policy in relation to cosmetic products in a number of foreign states and Ukraine are established. The analysis of the main provisions of the Technical Regulations for cosmetic products is carried out and the methodology of its introduction is developed

The legal nature of antitrust compliance as a mechanism for respect of national and in- ternational legal regulation of protection of economic competition

The article considers the legal nature of antitrust compliance as a mechanism of respect for national and international legal regulation of protection of economic and commercial competition. The author researched the influence of antitrust compliance on the quality of competition advocacy, on the prevention of violations of legislative norms in the field of protection of economic competition and on reducing the overall workload on the state antitrust authorities. The article analyzes the legal concept of antitrust compliance in narrow and broad interpretations. It is proposed to examine the legal nature of antitrust compliance through a functional approach, which includes the vectors of antitrust compliance that constitute its essence, as well as through the normative provisions of antitrust compliance at the legislative level.The article describes in detail such vectors of antitrust compliance as assessment of market specifics, assessment of own market share, assessment of risk zones in connection with information exchange, assessment of the level of employees’ awareness of compliance with corporate antitrust compliance rules, assessment of potentially high-risk forms of legal activities (in particular the dominant position, the risk of unfair competition, horizontal and vertical agreements, mergers and acquisitions agreements, not providing information to the state antitrust authorities. The article describes in detail such vectors of antitrust compliance as assessment of market specifics, assessment of own market share, assessment of risk zones in connection with information exchange, assessment of the level of employees’ awareness of compliance with corporate antitrust compliance rules, assessment of potentially high-risk forms of legal activities (in particular the dominant position, the risk of unfair competition, horizontal and vertical agreements, mergers and acquisitions agreements, not providing information to the state antitrust authorities).Special attention is paid to the influence of antitrust compliance mechanism in M&A transactions. The author links the provision on antitrust compliance at the legislative level with the overall effectiveness of legal regulation of protection of economic competition.The article extensively examines the forms of legislative provisions on antitrust compliance, in particular in the form of recommendations, standards and norms of laws. The author analyzes the experience of foreign state antitrust authorities regarding the normative provisions of the antitrust compliance mechanism. The article reviews approaches of the European Commission, the Competition Bureau of Canada, the French Competition Authority, the UK Office of Fair Trading, the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice and others. In addition, the author highlights ways to encourage the implementation of antitrust compliance in companies by recognizing the existence of antitrust compliance programs as a mitigating circumstance in the case of punishment, including by reducing the relevant sanctions. The author focuses on the relevant foreign jurisprudence. The legislative provisions of separate vectors of antitrust compliance in the Ukrainian legislation were found, in particular, a review of the leniency program was made. The implementation of a comprehensive regulatory and legal establishment of the mechanism of antitrust compliance in Ukraine is proposed.

Legal Regulation of Re-Domiciliation in the Russian Federation

In summer 2020, the Russian Federation initiated amendments to agreements on double taxation avoidance concluded with foreign States. The President of the Russian Federation outlined the goal of this procedure, namely: to ensure the collection of tax on dividends and other payments in the amount of at least 15%. It is extremely curious that the change in such tax agreements correlates with the legal institution of the re-domiciliation of foreign companies to the Russian jurisdiction (to special administrative regions on the Oktyabrsky and Russian Islands). New provisions of agreements on the avoidance of double taxation in conjunction with the re-domiciliation procedure, as well as the existing mechanism for voluntary declaration of accounts and assets, can potentially bring the fight against offshorization of the domestic economy to a new level.The aim of the study is to compare the financial and other operating conditions of an international company registered in the order of re-domiciliation in a Russian special administrative region and an organization registered in a “low-tax” (offshore) jurisdiction. To achieve this goal, analytical and comparative legal research methods were used, which made it possible to draw the following conclusions: in the changing circumstances, the Russian special administrative regions are approaching in terms of the conditions for carrying out commercial activities and the volume of financial preferences provided to traditional offshore jurisdictions. However, in order to activate the process of re-domiciliation of foreign companies to the Oktyabrsky and Russky Islands, it is necessary to eliminate the shortcomings of legal regulation by amending the existing regulatory legal acts.

The Concept and Legal Basis for the Transfer of Persons Sentenced to Deprivation of Liberty to Serve a Sentence in a Foreign State in the Field of International Cooperation of Post-Soviet Countries

The purpose of the study is to analyse the definition and legal basis of the concept of transfer of persons sentenced to imprisonment. The main research methods were theoretical: analysis and synthesis, classification. The article discusses topical issues related to the concept and legal grounds for the transfer of persons sentenced to imprisonment to serve their sentences in the framework of international cooperation. The article analyses the norms of international legal acts and national legislation of post-Soviet countries. It is noted that, among other types of transfer of persons, a special place is occupied by the transfer of a convicted person for the execution of a sentence, which testifies to the relevant practice of post-Soviet states. But the transfer of convicted persons to serve a sentence has a history of legal regulation for a little more than half a century, therefore, both in legal regulation and in the theory of criminal procedure there is no single approach to defining the concept of transfer of convicted persons. The author comes to the conclusion that the transfer of persons to a foreign state to serve their sentences is ensured by effective international cooperation in the field of criminal proceedings. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that an idea is proposed for the development and improvement of national criminal legislation, as well as the effectiveness of actions aimed at resolving this issue.

European cities, international relations and some popular connotations

ABSTRACT Some cities have clear connotations: The Hague is regarded as the global capital of justice the Hague is regarded as the global capital of justice (sometimes of justice and peace), Brussels as the centre of the European Union (EU), transatlantic relations (NATO) and European diplomacy, and Geneva is closely associated with human rights (Human Rights Council), International Labor Organization (ILO) and humanitarian protection (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent). The aim of this paper is to examine the correlation between the cities’ image/connotations and their position in international relations. Do such connotations increase cities’ influence? Has this image been planned and shaped by cities themselves or was it rather a coincidence? Or have other actors – i.e. foreign States cooperating with the host State (the latter means the nation-State of the city) – contributed to it? This research objective will be achieved through an analysis of municipal legislation and strategies exploiting these connotations and associations, and content analysis of the most representative literature. The authors will also take into account the relevant cities’ participation in cities’ networks (including the profiles of such networks) and the placement of headquarters of international organizations (governmental and non-governmental) in the cities in question.

State capital in a geoeconomic world: mapping state-led foreign investment in the global political economy

What are the consequences of the rise of foreign state-led investment for international politics? Existing research oscillates between a ‘geopolitical’ and a ‘commercial’ logic driving this type of investment and remains inconclusive about its wider international reverberations. In this paper, I suggest going beyond this dichotomy by analyzing its systemic consequences. To do so, I conceptually delineate a geoeconomic approach that emphasizes the globalized nature of foreign state investment. I argue that foreign state investment creates system-level patterns, which can be studied by observing similar sectoral and geographic investment behavior. I map this phenomenon globally for the first time, drawing on the largest dataset on foreign state investment. Empirically, I show how foreign state investment is highly concentrated in Europe, North America and East Asia, and is owned by a handful of dominant states. It is especially European geo-industrial clusters that represent the hotspots of such concentration. The findings also suggest that three global industries – energy production, high-tech manufacturing, and transportation and logistics – form the key areas for current and future state-led investment concentration. With these contributions, the paper illuminates the increasing presence of states as owners in the global political economy, and facilitates its study as a geoeconomic phenomenon.

The Problem with the State Sovereignty of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the Reign of Alexander Yahailavich (1492–1501)

The death of Kazimir IV Yahailavich in 1492 led to the break of the personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania. These two states had got separate monarchs, who became the sons of Kazimir – Jan Olbracht and Alexander. The period of 1492–1501, the Alexander’s reign in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was a serious test for the independence of this state. The transition from a personal to the more formal dynastical union had been thrown the Grand Duchy before a hard dilemma. On the one hand it wanted to keep the alliance with Poland that already had a long historical tradition, was supported by a large body of agreements and provided its benefits. On the other hand the Grand Duchy sought to defend its sovereign rights that the Poland had not recognized always. There are a number of facts that could proof the perception by Poland and Jan Olbracht of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Alexander as subordinated powers. For instance, Jan Olbracht named himself as a Supreme Duke of Lithuania. He used to conclude international agreements in the name of Aleksandr. The King of Poland tried to appoint the Catholic bishops in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In his tern Alexander sometimes emphatically referred to him as his elder brother in official documents. He also used to mint coins with the coat of arms of not only the Grand Duchy of Lithuania but also the Kingdom of Poland. Specific features at that time was that they were strongly conditioned by the family ties of two monarchs. All of Kazimir’s sons, including Jan Olbracht and Alexander sought to maintain family and dynastic unity, to support each other. It came in full force in the international relations. For example two or even three of the Yahajlavichy brothers could enter into an agreement with foreign states. In general, we can say that some signs of dependence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on Kingdom of Poland, which still be traced, belonged mainly to the external, symbolic attributes of statehood. They hardly hurt the fundamental principles of sovereignty of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The more acute problem was the union between the two states. The conditions to elect Alexander as a King of Poland was a new bilateral agreement. The Piotrkau-Mielnik Union of 1501 became such an agreement. In actual fact, it covered a fusion of two states into the one country, one king, one soim (parliament) and so on. But this plan had never become truth. The ratification of the union was postponed for a long time in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and in 1505 it was denied any approves at all. As a result, the states turned back to the personal union, to that type of relations exciting before 1492. For the Grand Duchy of Lithuania it meant to keep on the sovereign state status.

Sanctions as a legal phenomenon in the law of Ukraine and international standards of their application

The article examines the theoretical and practical issues of application of the Law of Ukraine «On Sanctions» of August 14, 2014 and analyzes the existing views on the legal nature of such «legal phenomenon» as sanctions - special economic, financial and other restrictive measures (sanctions) provided by this Law. The article specifies the main issues facing the researchers of the Institute of Sanctions. The purpose of the article is coverage of the state of legal regulation and legal nature of such a phenomenon as sanctions (economic, financial) in the right to Ukraine. In order to achieve this goal, the author used a set of general and special methods that are characteristic of legal science.
 The article covers the issue of Ukraine's sovereign right to protection, in particular through the application of economic and other restrictive measures (sanctions) «to protect national interests, national security, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, counter terrorist activity, as well as prevention of violations, restoration of violated rights and freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of Ukraine, society and the state». The range of subjects against which sanctions can be applied has been studied, namely: a) foreign states; b) foreign legal entities; c) legal entities under the control of a foreign legal entity or a non-resident individual, foreigners, stateless persons; d) entities engaged in terrorist activities.
 Sanctions are defined as legal measures to respond immediately to violations of various rights, from encroachment on state sovereignty to the commission of a crime of an international nature, which are temporary, which are applied primarily through coercive measures, which are implemented using constitutional, financial, administrative, economic, criminal procedural, executive, economic procedural and other branches of law. The issues of the grounds for application of sanctions, their types and criteria for their delimitation, the term of application of sanctions, as well as the range of authorized entities in the field of their application are covered. The main approaches of scholars to the characterization of sanctions as measures of influence are investigated. It is noted that sanctions are measures of influence different from measures of legal responsibility, which may have a "non-criminal" nature. It is stated that sanctions are measures of influence that are applied, albeit in parallel, but in a systematic connection with the criminal prosecution imposed by the state or executed by it as a subject of international cooperation in the fight against crime.
 Their application is, firstly, due to the decision at the international or regional level on the application of international economic (financial) sanctions, personal sanctions in the course of criminal prosecution for acts of an international crime. However, Ukraine is obliged to adhere to international standards of the legal mechanism for the application of sanctions at the domestic level, to improve the procedural principles of their application, appeal procedures and amendments to the decision. We consider the participation of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the process of reviewing the decision on the application of sanctions and appealing the decisions necessary. Amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On Sanctions" are proposed in order to establish among the necessary grounds for the application of sanctions to individuals the opening of criminal proceedings against them, and for legal entities - the opening of criminal proceedings against related persons, as well as amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, as it does not contain provisions on such preliminary measures (securing and stopping) as "sanctions". In addition, in general, the sanctions procedure requires greater transparency, and it is concluded that sanctions can be applied to Ukrainian citizens only if they are suspected of involvement in terrorist activities.

Вопросы охраны морских млекопитающих в законодательстве ряда государств

The article discusses the norms of the legislation of the USA, Canada, Norway, Denmark (in part of Greenland) concerning the protection of marine mammals. A comparative legal analysis of these legal norms is carried out, the features, differences and similarities of legal regulation are revealed. Recommendations for improving Russian legislation and the possible application of the experience of foreign states in the legal regulation of the protection of mammals in the Russian Federation are developed.

LEGAL REGULATION OF MOST DANGEROUS MICROORGANISMS STRAINS HANDLING

The statutory basis of Ukraine on the treatment of strains of most dangerous microorganisms has been analyzed, and the terminology important for further understanding of the issue has been clarified. The aim of the paper is to study the state of legal regulation in Ukraine of relations in the field of treatment of strains of especially dangerous microorganisms, to pro- vide analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine in this area, as well as the practice of its application. Theoretical bases of legal support of legitimation of activity in this sphere, including that for the purpose of protection of biological safety have been established. The necessity of legal regulation of participants of relations concerning treatment of strains of especially dangerous microorganisms activity has been substantiated. The current state of legal regulation of relations in the field of strain management requires, given the intersectoral nature of the isssue, consideration of the creation of a single intersectoral authority for the supervision of hazardous biological objects. Such a authority may not only be a licensing authority, but also responsible for the introduction of a register of owners of hazardous biological objects that are not economic entities (for example, individuals – owners of collections of such biological objects).

Информационный Суверенитет Российской Федерации

The article is devoted to the consideration of the current concept of "information sovereignty" and its relationship with state sovereignty. The analysis of the current state of information sovereignty in the Russian Federation is carried out, the main problems associated with its protection from encroachments from foreign states are highlighted and the ways of solving these problems are given.

ВНЕШНЕТОРГОВАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ВЛИЯНИЯ НА СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ ГОСУДАРСТВА: РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АСПЕКТ

The theoretical prerequisites for the formation and development of the region's foreign trade activity are analyzed, its importance in ensuring socio-economic stability is noted. The authors agree that the sanctions regimes implemented by a number of foreign states, primarily the United States, by the countries of the European Union, have negative consequences, both in relation to Russia and for themselves. The impact of restrictive measures has been noted as part of the coronavirus restrictions. Thus, the authors note the emergence of possible imbalances in export-import operations, and also come to the conclusion about the imperfection of the applied models of foreign trade activity, expressed in the ongoing trade in raw materials and goods with low added value. The region under study was the Stavropol Territory, which has the most pronounced export specialization among the subjects of the North Caucasus Federal District. The analysis of trade operations in the region highlighted the existing contradiction, which consists in the growth of prices in the domestic market for groups of goods, whose export volumes tend to grow. This circumstance should act as a signal for regional authorities in matters of regulating the balance of ensuring food security.

Functional Immunity of Foreign State Officials Before National Courts

Functional Immunity of Foreign State Officials Before National Courts