Foreign Standards Research Articles

A Study on the Charring Properties of Glued Laminated Korean Larch Timber Columns

As the carbon storage capacity of timber is recognized, there is growing interest in timber and wooden structures as a solution to various environmental problems. The use of Korean timber with substantial carbon storage capacity is required to reduce Korean carbon emissions and circulate timber resources. In this study, fire tests were conducted to investigate the charring properties of glued laminated timber columns made of Korean larch. The fire tests were conducted under both load-bearing and non-load-bearing conditions. The fire test results showed that the charring depth was affected by the corners of the section and that the load ratio had an insignificant influence on the charring depth when the load ratio was 0.9 or less. This study provides data that can be used to compare the charring properties of laminated wood produced using South Korean larch with the charring properties of foreign standards. This research provides reference data for developing fire-resistant design standards for timber structures made from South Korean timber.

Analysis of music teacher education programs in Puerto Rico

This article presents a descriptive analysis of eight music teacher education programs in Puerto Rico. Within the international landscape, music education in Puerto Rico faces obstacles similar to other countries in the form of government cutbacks and limited offerings in school settings. This study presents an analysis and evaluation of the curricular characteristics of music education bachelor’s degrees and a depiction of preservice music teacher education in the country. This was achieved through the use of the Project ALFA II-0448-A analysis matrix, an instrument that compiles four forms of data: (a) general information; (b) history of the program, (c) structure and duration; and (d) curricular principles. Information was obtained from the official web pages of each institution and/or department. Comparisons with programs in other countries reveal a propensity to adopt foreign music education models, with our analysis also outlining the implications of adopting external approaches. Musical instruction in Puerto Rican music teaching degrees is exclusively on Western art music; none of the programs offer musical instruction through popular music or the country’s traditional music or music-pedagogical lessons conducive to teaching such art forms. The lack of education in popular and Indigenous music renders it challenging for music educators to offer school-level students culturally responsive music lessons. The case of Puerto Rico thus demonstrates the perpetuation of European cultural hegemony in higher music education spaces, driven by adherence to foreign standards and approaches to music pedagogy that emanate from the global north.

МЕТОДИ ОБЛІКУ З МЕТОЮ СКЛАДАННЯ ФІНАНСОВОЇ ЗВІТНОСТІ: НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ТА МІЖНАРОДНИЙ АСПЕКТИ

The article examines accounting methods for the purpose of financial reporting using the example of national and global application of rules and standards. General research methods were used: analysis, synthesis, comparison and grouping, schematic display of results. The research methodology takes into account a generalization of domestic and foreign features of accounting methods and methods for preparing financial statements, scientific analysis of standards of accounting methods, fundamental provisions of economic theory, accounting and reporting. A comparison of accounting approaches according to NP(S)BU 1 "General Requirements for Financial Reporting" and International Financial Reporting Standards IAS 1 "Presentation of Financial Statements" was carried out to assess the state of national accounting methods with world practice. Separate measures are proposed to systematize methods for preparing financial statements. The need to take into account the characteristics and essence of individual species using the modeling method is substantiated, which will allow generating reporting in conditions close to international standards. The results of the study can be useful for further approximation of the conditions and features of the application of accounting and reporting methods according to national to international standards. The study analyzed and summarized the state of regulatory regulation of the application of accounting methods for the preparation of financial statements, taking into account national and international aspects. It has been determined that the accounting method is a system of interrelated methods and techniques for displaying the value of objects. Accounting methods are general scientific and specific, and it is the latter that are the object of regulatory regulation at both the national and international levels. It is noted that national accounting standards should take into account all methods that contribute to the preparation of financial statements close to international standards. For the current state of accounting science and practice, taking into account the achievements of foreign standards of accounting and reporting, the most practical direction of improving methods is the use of the modeling method. The issues of accounting and reporting need further study through the prism of the elements of the accounting method reflected in the accounting policy.

Impact of Re-engineering Human Resources on High Performance: An Empirical Research in the Central Statistical Organization / Ministry of Planning

Two variables represent the research's central concept. Reengineering human resources is the first, and high performance is the second. By examining and elaborating on the offered factors, the research intends to diagnose the influence that the first variable (reengineering of human resources) and the second variable (high performance) have on each other. What is the status of the human resources re-engineering approach and its impact on high performance in the Central Statistical Organisation, and what is the extent of awareness and knowing the extent of contribution of the human resources re-engineering approach to upgrading work and achieving high performance? These are some of the key questions that were used to represent the main research problem. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach in its completion with its theoretical and applied aspects. The researcher also designed a questionnaire according to several ready-made foreign standards, as the questionnaire included (50) items, the first variable consisting of four dimensions included (20) items, and the second variable consisting of five dimensions (30) paragraphs, which were distributed to a random sample of employees at various administrative levels and job positions, consisting of (208) employees at the headquarters of the Central Statistical Organization. A set of statistical methods were relied upon in testing hypotheses, which are (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and simple linear regression) by using a set of statistical tools in the processing of research data available in ready-made statistical programs (SPSS.V21). Finally, the researcher presented several conclusions based on appeared in the practical side of the research.

Studying the factor limitations of AC corrosion on pipelines

This paper systematically summarizes the domestic and foreign standards and research results of the limit requirements that influence the severity of alternating AC corrosion. In the meantime, combined with the results of pieces and indoor simulation experiments, the limits of each factor affecting AC corrosion are proposed. The results show that using AC voltage and AC current density (ACCD)/DC current density (DCCD) ratio parameters, to evaluate the severity of AC corrosion, is not rigorous, and there are still many inconsistencies in reported results. The severity of AC corrosion can be better judged using the ACCD and CP current density (CPCD) or the CP protection potential. By comparing corrosion specifications laterally with different current densities and potential levels, the degree of different specifications, experimental trends and field operability, are analyzed. It is suggested that SY/T 0087.6-2021 can be used in engineering applications. Moreover, the relationship between these two types of current densities obtained experimentally is determined on the premise of acceptable corrosion. On this basis, the influence limits of different sizes of current densities on AC corrosion are further proposed.

PROSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE LEGAL LIABILITY OF ENTITIES ENSURING STATE-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN THE FIELD OF HIGHER EDUCATION

Given the continuous improvement of information technologies and development of artificial intelligence, and the need to introduce advanced foreign standards of training of high-quality personnel in the national educational system, state-private partnership in the field of higher education is of great importance. In the course of ensuring the effectiveness of the latter, a special role belongs to legal liability, which plays an extremely important role in regulating social relations, ensuring their stability and security. The complex of these aspects determines the relevance of the topic. The purpose of the study is to identify promising areas for improving the legal liability of entities providing state-private partnerships in higher education. Such methods as analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, and the logical and legal method are used in the article. The study analyzes the essence of social responsibility, the positive and negative aspects of legal liability, and the promising areas for improving legal liability in the area of state-private partnership in higher education, including academic responsibility within this area. With a view to ensuring a higher level of legality in the course of state-private partnership, the author recommends that administrative and criminal liability should be provided for violation of the principles and other requirements and principles of current legislation on state-private partnership.

Development of vocal and performing abilities of future music teachers

Relevance. The crisis in music education threatens the quality of teaching, highlighting the need to enhance teachers' vocal skills to attract more students to music. Purpose. This study aimed to investigate the impact of developing vocal-performance skills on the professional training of future music teachers in Kazakhstan. Methodology. Various research methods were employed, including analysis of existing educational programs and teaching materials, comparative analysis with international practices of vocal training, study of available resources, and comparison of research results with foreign standards and recommendations in music teacher training, focusing on vocal-performance skills. Results. Improving the quality of education for future music teachers through the development of vocal-performance skills enhances their professional competence. Well-prepared teachers are better equipped to deliver music education and design curricula tailored to their students' needs. Integration of modern vocal training techniques, use of technology in music education, active engagement with musical instruments and multimedia resources, and collaboration with professional singers and vocal coaches contribute to effective learning and enhance the quality of vocal education. Conclusions. The study underscores the importance of developing vocal-performance skills in music teacher training in Kazakhstan. Educational institutions and music teacher training programs can optimize curricula and vocal teaching methods based on these findings. This optimization will improve professional competence and create a stimulating educational environment, ultimately enhancing the quality of music education in Kazakhstan. Keywords: preparation; quality of education; practical teaching methods; evaluation of training programs

Report on the financial results of public and commercial sector organizations: Preparation particularities and analytical capabilities

Subject. This article examines the particularities of the formation and analytical capabilities of a main form of accounting (financial) reporting, namely the Statement of Financial Results of public and commercial sector organizations, including the applicability of foreign standards, methods of economic analysis, etc. Objectives. The article aims to substantiate recommendations for the development of information and analytical capabilities of the Statement of Financial Results of public and commercial sector organizations based on a critical assessment of the positions of domestic researchers, analysis of Russian and foreign accounting and reporting standards. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of analysis, grouping, comparison and generalization. Results. Based on the review of the main approaches presented in the research of domestic authors on the stated topic, taking into account the provisions of Russian and foreign accounting standards and financial reporting, a comparison of the articles of the Statement of Financial Results and the procedure for their formation by public sector institutions and commercial organizations was carried out. The article presents the author-developed proposals to improve the analyticity of the Statement of Financial Results both for budgetary and autonomous institutions, and for commercial organizations. Conclusions. Differences in the requirements for the formation of information in the Statement of Financial Results contained in the regulatory enactments for the public and commercial sectors can be used to develop recommendations to improve the analytical nature of the information presented in it, ensuring the depth and accuracy of the results of economic analysis.

Variation of Shapes of Spleen of Bangladeshi People

Background: Spleen is a haemo-lymph organ and belongs to the reticuloendothelial system of human body. The spleen plays a central role in the pathophysiology of several potentially severe diseases and increasing application of sophisticated procedures in radiology and surgery requires a profound knowledge of the gross and histomorphological aspects of the human spleen and also its vascular pattern.Objective: The present study was carried out to minimize the dependency on foreign standards and to identify the morphological changes with a view to establish a data related to spleen of Bangladeshi people. Materials and method: A cross sectional descriptive study was performed on 65 postmortem human spleen (34 of male and 31 of female) by purposive sampling technique and their different shapes were noted. Dissection was performed according to standard autopsy techniques. Results: There were variations of the shapes of the spleen, 2 were found disc shaped (3.07%), 2 were irregular (3.07%), 21 were oval (32.30%), 7 were tetrahedral (10.76%), 8 weretriangular (10.76%) and 26 were wedge shaped (40.0%). Conclusion: From the present study, it was concluded that six types of shapes of spleen were observed, common shapes were wedge and oval shape, with less frequent occurrence of triangular and tetrahedraland few were disc and irregular. The finding of the present study will be of fundamental importance to medical teaching and also to clinicians. Delta Med Col J. Jan 2021;9(1):33-36

Russian Legal Education: The Present and the Future

The paper examines the issues of modern Russian legal education that developed under the auspices of the Bologna educational system. Since the introduction of the Bologna rules, which Russian innovators interpreted exclusively in a subjective way, domestic education has not improved. On the contrary, all those positive characteristics that education possessed within the Russian borders began to gradually disappear, striving to blindly copy foreign variants. Many problems have appeared in education, mainly due to the departure from Russian cultural values and the attempt to replace them with foreign standards. As a result, educational levels have appeared, which, in theory, require an original educational approach. But such an approach requires saturation of the curriculum material of one level to the detriment of another, which is hardly feasible. It is emphasized that Russian traditions in education, their reanimation, including a return to specialist’s degree, are able to raise the educational level of Russia to the proper height again. The paper briefly comments on the efforts of Russian scientists, mainly professors of the Higher School of Economics, in the field of improving the educational process. The problem of the effectiveness of lecturing in conditions of simplified information acquisition is raised. As the main sketch from this area, the author gives a review of the work by Maria S. Shakaryan, who proposed a certain algorithm for reading introductory lectures.

Analysis of the Impact of Supply Chain Standardization Management on China’s Catering Industry

With the development of China’s social economy, catering service has become a major consumption hot spot for the public. At the same time, external factors such as information technology and consumer demand have also brought new challenges to catering enterprises, which makes China’s catering industry pay attention to supply chain management. The upgrading and transformation of the catering industry’s supply chain have effectively reduced traditional operating costs and expanded the market share. On the contrary, the market gradually eliminates those catering companies that do not pay attention to upgrading and transforming the supply chain. Those catering enterprises who are committed to upgrading the supply chain have gradually found that the role of standardized management is becoming more and more important. From the perspective of standardized management, this paper discusses the impact of supply chain standardized management on China’s catering industry by comparing domestic and foreign standardization.

Comparative analysis of regulatory regulation of financial and non-financial corporate reporting on environmental activities of companies

The article presents a set of issues related to the formation of data on the environmental activities of enterprises, taking into account the current Russian and international regulations. A review and comparison of the practice of using environmental information to assess the performance of companies and investment attractiveness showed the need to improve methodological approaches to disclosure of financial and non-financial information in corporate reporting, as well as the development of uniform rules and regulations for reporting containing indicators of environmental and environmental activities of economic entities. A comparative analysis of the provisions of Russian and foreign standards is given and directions for improving the regulatory framework governing the procedure for the formation of environmental financial and non-financial corporate reporting are identified.

Analysis of Chinese National Standards on Packaging and the Environment (CNSPE) Based on Standard Literature Bibliometrics

This paper aims to understand the status of the Chinese National Standards on Packaging and the Environment (CNSPE), analyze the existing problems, and discover their possible solutions. Based on the standard bibliometric literature, the metadata information from the CNSPE have been collected and analyzed. The results indicated that the number of CNSPE released showed a wave-like growth with two peaks during 2006–2010 and 2016–2020 driven by both external and internal factors. The basic standard was the main standard sort. The average valid period of a CNSPE was 5.90 years, while the update rate was 23.33%. Public institutions lead the drafting committee of the CNSPE. The percentage of adopting the international or foreign standards was 28.86%, and the average conversion time was 7.61 years. There were four problems deduced from the results, including the unbalanced supply of different sorts of CNSPE, long valid period of standards with low update rates, low engagement of the enterprises, and loose links between national standards and international standards. The corresponding solutions are (1) strengthening market research and combining with policy development to optimize the supply of different sorts of CNSPE; (2) improving the process management ability of standardization organizations to enhance the supervision and feedback of standards development and implementation; (3) providing trainings and broadening dissemination while fulfilling the reward mechanism; and (4) enhancing the compatibility between the national standards system and the international standards system to promote the standard internationalization level.

Development of the Method for Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Structures on the Formation and Opening of Normal Cracks

This paper presents the history of the development of the method for calculating the crack resistance of reinforced concrete elements according to Soviet and modern design standards, which was based on the work of the Soviet and foreign scientists, such as: A.F. Loleit, V.I. Murashev, A.A. Gvozdev, S.A. Dmitriev, A. Clark, J. Monier and others. Also, the article discusses the currently updated calculation methods for the formation and opening of normal cracks according to domestic and foreign standards.

National and international standards used for design of RC structures in Vietnam

In recent 65 years, Vietnamese construction industry have had great achievements and outstanding developments. Many high-rise buildings and super structures have been built and put into operations, serving well the demands of people and society. Most of buildings were made by concrete, and designed based on the Vietnamese or the foreign standards (e.g. the US, the European or the Chinese codes etc.). Studying and comparing of these standards can possibly provide good understanding for the designers regarding to the legality, the scientific basis and the practicality of the codes (especially for those international codes, due to not being familiar to the Vietnamese engineers). In addition, it may help the engineers to choose the standard in the design when needed. This can also be good experiences for the revision or preparations of the Vietnam design standards later in the future.

Analysis of test methods for frost resistance of concrete

Introduction. Frost resistance of concrete is one of the most challenging problems in concrete studies. Particularly important is the issue of methods of testing concrete for frost resistance. The existing standard methods require more detailed regulation of the test process in order to improve the reliability of the results.Aim. To analyze the regulatory procedures of testing concrete for frost resistance with a view to make suggestions for improving standards.Materials and methods. The analysis involved Russian and foreign standards and publications on methods of testing concrete for frost resistance.Results. The authors analyzed the methods of testing concrete for frost resistance, included in Russian and some foreign standards. The quality of determining the frost resistance of concrete can be improved by controlling the temperature while freezing and thawing, in particular, by assessing the temperature in the concrete of the test samples. Controlling the air temperature in the freezer should be recognized as insufficient. The criteria for the state of concrete samples during and after cyclic freezing and thawing should be further verified. It is necessary to continue full-scale testing of concrete under severe climatic conditions, taking into account the real conditions of freezing and thawing of concrete in structures, and comparing the results of laboratory and full-scale tests, including satellite samples.Conclusion. The analysis revealed the necessity to continue the research on clarifying the test methodology and criteria for assessing the state of concrete samples after freezing and thawing cycles. It is advisable to recreate devices for determining the dynamic modulus of elasticity of samples in freeze-thaw testing, to resume long-term full-scale tests of concrete under severe climatic conditions, and to develop a manual for creating frost-resistant concrete, taking into account the current level of concrete technology. Elimination of the existing drawbacks of the methodology will improve the reliability of test results.

Analysis of modern approaches to assessing reliability in construction

Introduction. The study considers modern strategies for ensuring the reliability of building structures in Russian and foreign regulations, including probabilistic, risk-informed and semi-probabilistic criteria of reliability assessment, at all stages of the life cycle of the structure. The advantages and disadvantages of prescriptive and parametric approaches are analyzed and ways of their further improvement are suggested.Aim. To clarify the terminology of parametric regulation in construction, to analyze the existing differences in its interpretation, and to develop an innovative strategy for further development of Russian regulation based on a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign approaches to reliability assessment.Materials and methods. The methodology involved studying the structure of Russian and foreign regulatory documents in the field of reliability and performing their comparative analysis. The study considered the main approaches to technical regulation in the construction industry.Results. The analysis outlined the criteria underlying the fastest introduction of innovations and ensuring the safety of technical solutions. The study demonstrated the difference between the meaning of the term “parametric regulation” in Russian strategy and its foreign interpretation. The regulation standards of the Russian Federation are based mainly on a semi-probabilistic approach and specification of partial reliability factors, i.e. individual parameters of strength and loads, while in the foreign standards, notably in ISO 2394:2016 and Eurocodes, the emphasis is shifted to qualitative and probabilistic criteria for assessing reliability. However, all social, economic and performance criteria should be observed only after all requirements for the reliability and safety of people have been met. Thus, both Russian and foreign approaches to regulation demonstrate no fundamental contradictions. The approaches are gradually moving towards convergence while maintaining continuity in the development of the regulatory framework.Conclusions. The principles of ensuring the reliability of the designed buildings and structures in Russian, international and foreign regulation standards are quite close and are based on the limit state method with a reasonable combination of mandatory and recommended parameters. The main criterion consists in ensuring the safety of human life. Under contemporary conditions, traditional semi-probabilistic approaches to regulation should be accompanied by mechanisms for rapid introduction of innovations and new technologies in construction. In terms of reliability, these mechanisms involve additional probabilistic reliability criteria and risk assessment methods. The reliability criteria will contribute in choosing the optimal design and technological solutions for the construction of unique buildings and structures, higher criticality structures, as well as in assessing existing structures during their life cycle.

A new method for instrumental assessment of color stability

The article considers the improvement of methods for testing the color fastness of textile materials with the replacement of the visual method with an objective colorimetric evaluation method. A new method for testing the color fastness of textile materials is proposed. The analysis of domestic and foreign standards that establish the calculation and establishment of color fastness standards for cotton fabrics and their comparison with the norms of international and domestic standards was carried out. It is shown that the development of methods for instrumental determination of color fastness to friction, which is an alternative to the method of visual assessment of the color fastness of any textile material on a gray scale, is currently an urgent and promising scientific and technical task. A new method for testing the color fastness of textile materials is proposed. The overall color difference (ΔE) between the test sample of the color fastness test material and the original sample was measured. For both samples, the over-all color difference was determined in the CIEL*a*b* system, the values of which are converted into equivalent points on a gray scale. The score in terms of the value of ΔE was calculated on a computer using the Ecsel environment and displaying the calculation results on the display screen.

Efficacy of Surge Protective Devices in Safeguarding Automatic Fire Alarm System

Korea experiences ~ 115,000 lightning strikes annually, posing a significant risk to automatic fire alarm systems. These strikes can increase surge-related issues, increasing the possibility of false operation and component damage to automatic fire alarm systems. Additionally, the components’ life span might be shortened due to long-term stress. Therefore, in this study, a verification test was conducted to verify the effectiveness of SPD (Surge Protective Device) in protecting the receiver of an automatic fire detection facility from overvoltage and lightning-induced surges. The test conditions were selected by comparing and applying domestic and foreign standards. The study analyzed the effect of surge on automatic fire detection equipment systems through a single SPD test and a surge approval test. Our findings demonstrated that when the SPD was installed, the surge was effectively discharged, limiting the open circuit voltage to 10 kV and suppressing any short circuit to 5 kA or less. Conversely, when the SPD was not installed, various phenomena, such as voltage limitation, damage, and arc generation, were observed. This test study holds the potential to be used as primary data for installing SPD in firefighting facilities.

산불 진화대원용 방화두건에 대한 안전 성능기준 개발

There is no domestic safety performance evaluation standard for fire hoods, which are personal safety protective equipment to prevent heat damage to exposed skin such as the head and neck of firefighters due to continuous radiant heat and direct flame during forest fire fighting. Based on the standards of firefighting hoods for firefighter of the Korea Fire Institute, a comparative analysis of foreign standards(NFPA, ISO) was conducted, and domestic forest fire fighters and experts' opinions were collected to present domestic safety performance evaluation standards. In preparation for sudden fires that may occur at forest fire sites, supplementary items were derived according to the work of forest fire extinguishers through experiments on heat damage to the human body. It is thought that it will contribute to securing safety and efficiency of firefighting work due to heat damage by presenting fire hood performance evaluation standards for forest firefighters.