Foreign Publications Research Articles

Evolution of Haemophilus influenzae infection during the vaccination period: literature review

Mass immunization with H. influenzae type b (Hib) vaccines has led to a sharp decrease in the incidence of invasive and non-invasive forms of Haemophilus influenza infection. H. influenzae causes a diverse spectrum of diseases from usually asymptomatic carriage to otitis, sinusitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, endopericarditis, inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, arthritis, and is one of the four main causative agents of bacterial meningitis. Materials and methods. In order to identify the significance of Hemophilus influenzae infection during the vaccination period, an analysis was carried out on the spread of Hemophilus influenzae infection, its clinical forms, as well as the antibiotic resistance of the pathogen. A review of domestic and foreign publications over the past 20 years was conducted in the search engines PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Elibrary. Results. Studies conducted in various countries show that after the start of mass immunization, H. influenzae type b is no longer the dominant serotype of the pathogen causing invasive infections in most countries. Everywhere in the world, the leading positions are occupied by cases of infection caused by non-typable serotypes of H. influenzae type a, f, b (Hia, Hif, Hib) predominate among the capsular forms. Unprotected aminopenicillins, second-generation cephalosporins, and sulfonamides are the leading classes of antibacterial drugs to which H. influenzae strains have developed resistance. A variety of clinical forms is still relevant for hemophilic infection. Bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia are the main clinical manifestations of invasive Haemophilus influenzae infection caused by typed and non-typed serotypes of the pathogen.

Methods of Russian information propaganda and their influence on the image of Ukraine in the world

This article is devoted to the definition and analysis of the main methods of Russian information propaganda and the study of their real impact on creating a negative image of Ukraine in the international community.
 Analysis of the foreign press showed that the Western information space is a mixture of professional research, falsifications, propaganda, open manipulation and primitive claims. It is important to note that today there is a fairly large number of foreign publications which, while supporting the Putin regime, still consider Ukraine and Russia as inseparable objects and which almost always publish negative materials about Ukraine and its people. Such sources include some information resources of Serbia, France, Turkey, etc.
 Western observers can obtain more objective and truthful information from official representatives of the state, diplomats, and from influential world publications that provide high-quality analytics and expert opinions. Through the websites of organizations that provide analytical and statistical materials. Also, well-known bloggers, openly declaring their political preferences and support, can shape the opinion of some people.
 Among the main information methods used by Russia in the fight against Ukraine are the manipulation of history and current events, the distortion of historical facts and contemporary events, the creation of a negative identity of Ukraine in the eyes of the international public, speculation on facts, the production of fake news, etc.
 In general, the spread of Russian propaganda about Ukraine has a negative impact on its perception in the world. And this, in turn, can create significant obstacles to the preservation and support of Ukraine's sovereignty, as well as its international integration. To combat this phenomenon, it is important to continue to strengthen international cooperation in the field of information security and to openly highlight facts and truthful information about Ukraine.

The Urgency of Interactive Learning Media in Improving Students’ Physics Learning Outcomes

Using media in the classroom can improve comprehension, convey trustworthy and engaging facts, facilitate data interpretation, and condense material for students. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how urgently or significantly interactive learning materials can enhance student learning outcomes. The research methodology employed is a survey of the literature, which involves reading several articles from both domestic and foreign publications about the application of interactive learning media to enhance learning outcomes. The study's findings demonstrate how crucial it is to employ interactive learning resources to raise student learning objectives.

Hoffa’s fat pad, Hoffa’s disease, Hoffa’s fracture: the history of eponyms

Albert Hoffas is associated with three popular eponymous terms: the infrapatellar fat pad (Hoffas fat pad), the pathology of this anatomical development (Hoffas disease), and a frontal fracture of the lateral condyle of the femur (Hoffas fracture). Issues of priority about the mentioned eponyms continue to be debated. The authors searched for information in domestic and foreign publications, traumatology and orthopedics manuals, periodicals, and Internet resources Scopus, WoS, Google Scholar, and eLibrary to collect reliable data on the history of the emergence of the eponyms Hoffs fatty body, Hoffs disease, Hoffs fracture and to determine the role of the German orthopedist and his priority in the origin of these copyright names. Professor John Goodsirs paper in 1855 contains one of the earliest mentions of the infrapatellar fat pad but without revealing the anatomy and morphology of the structure itself. In 1904, Albert Hoffa published an article describing fully the syntopic and macroscopic anatomy of the infrapatellar fat pad and the disease associated with infrapatellar fat pad pathology. A German physician, Friedrich Busch, first described the frontal fracture of the lateral condyle of the femur in 1869. A similar was described by Albert Hoffa in the first edition of the Textbook of Fractures and Dislocations for Doctors and Students in 1888. Albert Hoffas priority in describing the infrapatellar fat pad and its pathology is recognized by representatives of various medical specialties. As for the frontal fracture of the lateral condyle of the femur, Albert Hoffa may only be considered a co-author of the frontal fracture of the lateral condyle of the femur.

Quaternion Regularization of Singularities of Astrodynamic Models Generated by Gravitational Forces (Review)

The article presents an analytical review of works devoted to the quaternion regularization of the singularities of differential equations of the perturbed three-body problem generated by gravitational forces, using the four-dimensional Kustaanheimo–Stiefel variables. Most of these works have been published in leading foreign publications. We consider a new method of regularization of these equations proposed by us, based on the use of two-dimensional ideal rectangular Hansen coordinates, two-dimensional Levi-Civita variables, and four-dimensional Euler (Rodrigues–Hamilton) parameters. Previously, it was believed that it was impossible to generalize the famous Levi-Civita regularization of the equations of plane motion to the equations of spatial motion. The regularization proposed by us refutes this point of view and is based on writing the differential equations of the perturbed spatial problem of two bodies in an ideal coordinate system using two-dimensional Levi-Civita variables to describe the motion in this coordinate system (in this coordinate system, the equations of spatial motion take the form of equations of plane motion) and based on the use of the quaternion differential equation of the inertial orientation of the ideal coordinate system in the Euler parameters, which are the osculating elements of the orbit, as well as on the use of Keplerian energy and real time as additional variables, and on the use of the new independent Sundmann variable. Reduced regular equations, in which Levi-Civita variables and Euler parameters are used together, have not only the well-known advantages of equations in Kustaanheimo–Stiefel variables (regularity, linearity in new time for Keplerian motions, proximity to linear equations for perturbed motions), but also have their own additional advantages: 1) two-dimensionality, and not four-dimensionality, as in the case of Kustaanheimo-Stiefel, a single-frequency harmonic oscillator describing in new time in Levi-Civita variables the unperturbed elliptic Keplerian motion of the studied (second) body, 2) slow change in the new time of the Euler parameters, which describe the change in the inertial orientation of the ideal coordinate system, for perturbed motion, which is convenient when using the methods of nonlinear mechanics. This work complements our review paper [1].

Особенности организационной субкультуры представителей экстремальных профессий

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article is devoted to a review of foreign publications in the field of phenomenology of organizational subculture of employees of high-risk professions. The problems of scientific research in this area are represented in foreign psychology by such vectors as: the study of various problems of the relationship between extreme activity and organizational subculture, assessment of the impact of extremity on the subculture, personal characteristics and behavior of employees. The publications assess the impact of extreme professional activity on the organizational subculture and its main elements, unambiguously linking the conditions of extreme work and the corresponding consequences both at the level of personal or behavioral changes and at the level of subculture. It is shown that the duration of employees' stay in extreme conditions of activity is of no fundamental importance for the organizational subculture in comparison with the severity of the corresponding stress factors, as well as with the nature and characteristics of work. Extremity potentiates the emergence of both positive aspects of the subculture (professional identity, corporate solidarity, etc.) and negative ones (personal distancing, consolidation of the service team on a negative basis, etc.). Foreign approaches to the study of organizational subculture in the field of extreme professions differ significantly from the national ones, based on traditional value-semantic relations both in interpersonal communication and in intra-organizational interaction. The material allows to improve psychopractics in an extreme field of activity.</p>

Temperature Field Modelas a Factor to Improve a Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger of a Heat Pump System: Review of Scientific Approaches and the Content of the Analytical Model

The article is devoted to the research of issues related to the organization of control systems for heat pump installations (HPS). HPS is used to use low-potential energy of the environment in the heat supply of buildings. HPS with horizontal ground heat exchangers (HGHE) are of great importance for improving energy efficiency. The efficiency and reliability of HPS with HGHE strongly depends on the state of the soil temperature field. A large number of scientific publications are devoted to modeling soil temperature fields forHGHEparameterdetermination; a significant part of them is devoted to the study of vertical ground heat exchangers. Scientific developments presented in foreign publications on modeling the temperature field of the HGHE location environment are focused on the use of HPS in the cold supply mode and/or in the heat supply mode under conditions of a slight decrease in temperature, which excludes soil freezing. The aim of the study was to apply the existing methods of the analytical theory of thermal conductivity to develop a soil-environment TP model for the placement of a HGHE HPS; the developed model is intended for engineering calculations of the main design HGHEparameters; the model is also applicable to determine the annual specific heat flow as an important parameter in the optimal control system of the HPI. The development of the model is based on the condition of a two-element structure of the soil massif: under the HGHE and above the HGHE; the target parameter is the temperature of the soil mass, depending on the coordinate and time, disclosed through the indicator 'relative temperature rise'; in accordance with the provisions of the thermal conductivitytheory, the relative excess temperature is given for the cases of a semi-infinite body (soil mass under the HGHE) and a slab (soil mass above the HGHE). The proposed model is implemented on the example of two constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The results obtained made it possible to determine the minimum guaranteed possibility of using HPS for heat supply in these climatic conditions. The model presented in the article can be used as a context for further studies of the main parameters of HGHE HPS operation and optimization of HPS operation modes.

Political and Legal Nature of Sanctions Restrictions in The Field of Publication Activity of Russian Scientists

This article is devoted to the study of theoretical and legal ideas about scientific sanctions and their political and legal nature, as well as an analysis of their impact on the publication activity of Russian scientists in foreign publications.
 In modern conditions of geopolitical and geo-economic turbulence, sanctions policy has a restraining effect on the development of scientific and technological potential. In this connection, the purpose of the study is to conceptually generalize the legal nature of scientific sanctions, identify existing barriers to international scientific and technical cooperation and find ways to overcome them.
 Sanctions policy is represented by various forms of generating difficulties in the sphere of participation of certain states in international network collaborations and established forms of cooperation. The legal basis of sanctions policy is the unilateral termination of contractual relations, which causes damage not only to the state against which sanctions are imposed, but also to the state that imposes sanctions.
 As a way to respond to sanctions challenges in the field of scientific and technological development, the dynamic development and implementation of innovative measures to support the national scientific and scientific-technical sector is proposed.
 As measures to increase the publication activity of Russian scientists in foreign publications, it is seen, first of all, the need to form and implement a special state policy as an integral part of the state scientific and technical policy in the field of international cooperation, since its development in these conditions cannot be limited only to the initiatives of scientific subjects and scientific and technical activities. In particular, it seems possible to change the geographical directions of international scientific and technical cooperation. This also involves encouraging friendly countries to harmonize foreign and domestic policies in the field of science, technology and innovation, as well as to harmonize national legislation and improve the functioning of organizational and legal mechanisms of cooperation.

КЛИНИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ НЕПАРНОЙ ПЕРЕДНЕЙ МОЗГОВОЙ АРТЕРИИ

Introduction. Vascular variations in the Circle of Willis occur rather frequently and, according to some observations, are often associated with some cerebrovascular diseases. A single azygos anterior cerebral artery is characteristic of mammals but rare in humans. Increased hemodynamic loads due to the blood supply of both hemispheres by a single azygos anterior cerebral artery can lead to the formation of aneurysms in it. Aim. This study is aimed at assessing the incidence of the azygos anterior cerebral artery and its association with cerebrovascular pathology. Materials and Methods. We analyzed Russian and foreign publications on the structural variants of anterior cerebral arteries over the years 2000-2022. This period was selected due to the wide implementation of cerebral angiographic studies in those years. We also presented two cases of our clinical patients having an azygos anterior cerebral artery. Results and Discussion. According to the literature review, an azygos anterior cerebral artery occurs in 0.3-4% of cases. Azygos anterior cerebral artery is most frequently associated with the development of distal aneurysms. Thrombosis of this artery leads to bilateral ischemic foci in the medial parts of the frontal and parietal lobes. We present clinical cases of a single azygos anterior cerebral artery in patients with distal aneurysms and arteriovenous malformation. Conclusions. A single azygos anterior cerebral artery is a rare variant of the Circle of Willis structure and may predispose to the development of cerebrovascular pathology.

Evaluation of Dimensional Characteristics of Conductive Pattern Elements of 3D-Printed Circuit Boards

Introduction. A review of foreign publications on 3D printing methods shows the possibility of their application for the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs), while demonstrating the growth of interest in this field. One of the available methods is fused deposition modeling, which can be used to form substrates with channels for traces. At present, the minimum channel width comprises 100 µm, which corresponds to the 5th class of PCB accuracy. However, there is no data on how to obtain such dimensions or on the magnitude of their deviation from the given nominal values.Aim. To determine the influence of such factors as nozzle diameter and the number of contours on the dimensional characteristics of PCBs (linear dimensions; trace channel width; trace spacing; via diameters).Materials and methods. To obtain linear models, a full factorial experiment was carried out. The influence of the following materials was evaluated – polylactide (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and glass-filled ABS; slicers – Ultimaker Cura and PrusaSlicer; 3D printers – Picaso 3D Designer Classic 2016 and Hercules Strong 2017; brass nozzle with diameters ∅0.2 and ∅0.4 mm. The possibility of using brass nozzles coated with chemical nickel for printing with glass-filled filaments was considered. The study was conducted using the facilities of the "Center for Additive Technologies" of Bauman Moscow State Technical University.Results. The possibility of manufacturing PCBs up to the 2nd and 3rd accuracy classes using nozzles with a diameter of ∅0.4 and ∅0.2 mm, respectively, was shown. It was found that galvanic deposition of chemical nickel on a ∅0.2 mm brass nozzle makes it possible to increase the PCB wearability when printing with glass-filled filaments. Recommendations are proposed for selecting an optimal combination of nozzle diameter and the number of contours.Conclusion. The conducted analysis of mathematical models shows the significance of such parameters as nozzle diameter and the number of contours. The results can be used when creating new PCB layouts

КЛИНИЧЕСКИЙ СЛУЧАЙ ТОКСОКАРОЗА ВЗРОСЛОГО С ОТЁКОМ ГОРТАНИ И АНГИООТЕКАМИ

Introduction. Toxocariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the migration of the larvae of canids roundworm (T. canis). It is characterized by a long-term relapsing course and multiple organ lesions of an immunological nature. The core pathogenetic factor is sensitizing the body by Toxocara exo- and endoantigens formed after the larvae are destructed, which leads to the development of immediate and delayed allergic reactions. The aim of study was to review the scientific literature on toxocariasis, and to present a clinical case report of cutaneous form of toxocariasis in a 36-year-old man complicated by angioedema. Material and Methods. Review of foreign publications on this helminthiasis in the PubMed databases. Clinical case of patient E., 36 years old, with the development of a complicated cutaneous form of toxocariasis of the angioedema type. Results and Discussion. During the instrumental and laboratory studies, antibodies to Toxocara canis were detected (titer in dynamics 1:6400 and 1:400) in the patient. Noteworthy was a severe allergic reaction, which manifested itself as itching maculopapular confluent rash resembling angioedema. A peculiarity of the course of the disease was the manifestation of rash and swelling of the larynx with each meal, which required calling emergency medical help. Laboratory testing of the patient’s blood did not show eosinophilia or any other deviations of the core blood parameters in the general blood test from the reference values. Conclusions. Toxocariasis often imitates the clinical manifestations of various diseases, such as ARVI, eye damage, neurological disorders (eosinophilic meningoencephalitis), enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes, liver and spleen, and allergic reactions in form of urticaria and angioedema, which causes difficulties diagnosing it correctly. Lack of physicians’ alertness regarding allergic reactions in adults accompanied by skin manifestations may lead to an incorrect etiological diagnosis. Thus, we remind clinicians that this helminthiasis may occur in adults in cutaneous form with the development of angioedema.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF KAZAKHSTAN'S CURRENT POSITIONING AND BRANDING ON THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA

As a result of many years of studying "public diplomacy", the term "mediated public diplomacy" appeared in science. After conducting a survey, we found out that there are very few works on public diplomacy of Kazakhstan in the sphere of media communications, and mediated public diplomacy has not been considered by Kazakhstani researchers. Even in the Western world, MPD began to be seriously studied only in 2008. The world of press and TV channels, as well as the Internet are undoubtedly the first means of increasing popularity abroad. Also the urgency of the work is evidenced by the lack of real expert monitoring of the world media, determining the image of Kazakhstan in foreign publications.

“Green” Economy in the Russian Regions’ Development Strategies

This study presents the results of the «green» economy public administration general trends study. Besides, «green» economy is characterized as a special type of economic activity based on various biotechnologies and aimed at solving urgent environmental problems. It is emphasized that according to a number of foreign publications and domestic regulatory documents, the biotechnological tools used in the «green» economy framework are largely focused on the processing of agroindustrial and household waste in combination with the biofuels production. According to the lexicometric analysis results, it is shown that the «green» economy problems are already in the field of view in almost half of the Russian Federation subjects. At the same time, special attention is drawn to four regions (two regions - Kemerovo and Kursk, as well as two republics - Buryatia and North Ossetia-Alania), where long-term state regulation of the «green» economy development is carried out within the special laws on socio-economic development strategies framework. As a result, it is noted that the «green» economy has broad application prospects in various regions of the Russian Federation, in particular, in order to reduce anthropogenic pressures on the environment and ensure sustainable development.

Research and Scientific Conclusions about the Linguistic and Stylistic Features of the Work ‘Divan-i Hikmet’

In this article, the author analyzes local and foreign publications of research and scientific data on the linguistic and stylistic features of the work of Divani-i Hikmet, which is considered one of the common heritages of the Turkic peoples. In particular, he analyzes the views of scientists such as A. Vamberi, A. Nazhip, T. Mentsel, E. Bertels, A.K. Borovkov, A.N. Kononov, N. Baskakov, F.M. Koprulu, E. Rustamov, G. Aidarov, A. Kurushzhanov, M. Tomanov, K. Eraslan, M. Orazov, G. Musaev, A. Guzel, R. Syzdykova, L. Kadyrov, A. Mukhtarov, U. Sanakulov, U. Tursunov, B. Urunboev, A. Aliyev about linguistic features of hikmets. Initially, having considered the divergence of opinions regarding which branch of the Turkic languages the “Divan-I Hikmet” belongs to, the author connects this connection with the large number of versions of the monument and the fact that the versions differ from each other in content and language. Further, he notes the fact that the version of “Divan-I Hikmet”, written under Khoja Ahmed Yassawi, did not reach our days, caused controversy among scientists. Meanwhile, the author believes that the allegations that Yasawi’s hikmets were written in the ancient Turkic language or in the Karakhanid period are unfounded, and the construction of one or another branch of the modern Turkic language is the result of forgetting some features of this language or language groups. In this regard, in order to prove or disagree with the views and conclusions of some scientists, expressing his opinion, basing himself on concrete examples, he compared some phonetic, morphological and lexical and grammatical features of Divani-i Hikmet with their use in ancient monuments and modern Turkic languages.

PROSPECTS FOR INITIAL TRIPLE ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY

The currently recommended initial dual antihypertensive therapy (AHT) results in poor blood pressure (BP) control, whereas most patients should undergo triple-combination therapy to achieve target levels. We have found only foreign publications concerning initial triple antihypertensive treatment.
 The aim of the study is to compare the traditional step by step strategy of drug administration and application of three antihypertensive drugs simultaneously.
 Materials and Methods. Trial subjects were divided into 2 groups: patients who received conventional dual therapy followed by a third drug agent (n=59) and patients who received initial triple AHT (n=57). The frequency of prescribed drugs and their dosage were comparable. The examination was carried at hospital according to the current standards of medical care for hypertensive adults. Values <140/90 mm Hg were taken as BP target level. Office blood pressure was tested 1 and 3 months after the therapy. 24-hour BP control was carried out 12 weeks after treatment.
 Results. The analysis of cardiovascular risks (CVRs) did not reveal significant intergroup differences (p>0.05). Both treatment regimens demonstrated fewer complaints and a comparable frequency of adverse reactions (p>0.05). Intergroup comparison conducted 1 month after treatment showed lower SBP and DBP levels (p<0.001) and a significant decrease in blood pressure in the 2nd group compared to baseline (p<0.001). The chance of achieving BP target level with the traditional scheme was 0.20, while with the initial triple AHT it was 2.35. The odds ratio was 11.53 (95 % CI 4.76; 27.96).
 Conclusion. Initial triple antihypertensive therapy has an advantage over the conventional one due to faster achievement of BP target levels. Given the comparable efficacy and frequency of adverse reactions, the strategy may be of interest for further study and implementation in practical medicine.

Gynecological and dermatological aspects of diagnostics of polycystic ovary syndrome from puberty to menopause

The article is devoted to the review of scientific publications on gynecological and dermatological aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in different age periods of women’s life. Analysis of domestic and foreign publications presents that the prevalence of PCOS depends on the age of women and the state of their reproductive function, and is accounted 17% in women 21 to 30 years old and significantly decreased with age. More than half of all cases of endocrine infertility (50-75%) and about 20-22% of the causes of infertile marriage in general are associated with PCOS. The phenotypic heterogeneity of women with PCOS affects the pregnancy outcomes in different ways, which increases the risk of its pathological course, early pregnancy loss, the development of gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders, the birth of small and large for gestational age babies, etc.“The golden standard” for hyperandrogenism diagnosis in PCOS patients is the determination of the index of free testosterone and androstenedione. Other indicators are important for differential diagnosis and definition of syndrome phenotypes. Different PCOS phenotypes are characterized by different ratios of the contribution of sources of excess androgen synthesis. Depending on the cause, hyperandrogenism in PCOS patients is accompanied by various metabolic risks. Usually, an excess of androgens in women is clinically manifested by hirsutism, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, acanthosis nigricans, and androgenetic alopecia.The presence of dermatological manifestations of hyperandrogenism has different diagnostic value in puberty, women of reproductive age and in menopause. Acne can be the first sign of pubertal maturation. Additional examinations should be planned in extremely severe cases, which are accompanied by signs of androgen excess, or do not respond to treatment. In women of reproductive age and in perimenopause, the need to assess androgenic status is extremely important. Hair loss according to the female type is associated with manifestations of metabolic syndrome, and it is an independent risk factor for the development of diabetes, atherosclerosis and mortality from cardiovascular diseases.Therefore it is recommended to use the modified Rotterdam criteria for PCOS diagnosis. Such criteria include clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, signs of oligoanovulation, polycystosis (morphology of the ovaries according to ultrasound diagnostics), if other causes of relevant disorders are excluded. At the same time, any two of the specified criteria have diagnostic value, which makes possible to establish not only the diagnosis, but also clinical variant (phenotype) of PCOS, the diagnosis of which is the basis for choosing individual treatment for this contingent of women.

Оптимизация обеспеченности микронутриентной поддержкой беременных женщин и кормящих матерей для снижения осложнений гестационного периода и перинатальной заболеваемости (обзор литературы)

Relevance. Preconception preparation is carried out by only 4% of women who come to see a gynecologist at the stage of pregnancy planning. Accordingly, there is no need to talk seriously about the system of prenatal preparation. Therefore, all the negative consequences of insufficient and malnutrition in women can have an adverse effect on the course of the gestational period and contribute to the formation of fetopathies and other complications in the fetus/newborn. Purpose. To raise awareness among obstetricians-gynecologists, reproductive specialists, pediatricians and other specialists about the medical and social significance of using micronutrient support at the stage of preconception preparation, during pregnancy and lactation. Materials and methods. To write this review, a search was carried out for domestic and foreign publications in Russian and international search systems (PubMed, eLibrary, etc.) over the past 30 years. The review included articles from the peer-reviewed literature. Results. The review presents data on the advisability of using micronutrient support drugs during pregnancy and lactation. Conclusions. The importance of awareness of outpatient obstetrician-gynecologists in the need for preconception preparation using the Preg-nakea Plus vitamin-mineral complex is emphasized.

Liver reportalization in extrahepatic portal hypertension

The study involved literature review of history and current state of surgical treatment in extrahepatic portal hypertension in children and adults. The author analyzed Russian and foreign publications on surgical repair of hepatopetal blood flow in extrahepatic portal hypertension. The issue is a high priority in Russia, which is confirmed by the fact that the author found out the pioneer studies of Russian authors, which were published earlier than the works of foreign researchers. It was found that the role of hepatopetal blood flow restoration in extrahepatic portal hypertension in adults had been much less studied than in children. More clinical material is to be gathered to determine the feasibility of such interventions in adults.

Abstracts of foreign publications

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Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in liver transplant patients (Literature review)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, accounting for more than 800,000 deaths annually. Surgical removal of the neoplasm remains the most effective treatment option. Partial liver resection is an adequate solution for patients without cirrhosis or with well-compensated cirrhosis, orthotopic liver transplantation is necessary in patients with early stage HCC on the background of cirrhosis. Tumor recurrence remains a major limitation of long-term survival of patients after liver transplantation. Posttransplant immunosuppression reduces the body's antitumor defense, which is provided by natural immunity. This contributes to the development and progression of the tumor process. Purpose of the study: to analyze domestic and foreign publications that present treatment options for HCC recurrence after liver transplantation. Literature sources were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, eLibrary databases. The search was conducted in Russian and English by keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapy of HCC relapse, orthotopic liver transplantation, RETREAT index, regorafenib, nivolumab. The authors presented a review of the data on the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors to prevent HCC recurrence. The results of the analysis of literature sources showed that the issue of post-transplant immunosuppression is relevant. The large number of studies and clinical case reviews leaves hope that an effective way of immunosuppression for recurrent HCC patients after liver transplantation will soon be found.