Foreign Public Research Articles

Foreign Financial Inflows and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Comprehensive Analysis

Several policy measures were targeted and adapted by governments globally to achieve and rapidly increase sustainable economic growth. In view of that, economies acclimatize to both monetary and fiscal policies in order to improve economic performance. A country's economic growth is an element of intuitive impacts of changing worldwide and homegrown powers. Attracting foreign financial inflows is one major policy strategy that the government has used, particularly in developing and emerging economies, to accelerate economic growth. This concentrate hence notices the Effect of Unfamiliar Economic Inflows, dominatingly, the degree to which Foreign Direct Investment, Foreign Portfolio Investment, Foreign Public Debts and Foreign Personal Remittances broadly control financial growth in Nigeria from 2000- 2021. The review utilized the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to assess the information acquired. Discoveries uncovered that Foreign Direct Investment inflow altogether influences economic growth in Nigeria, and there is no huge long run connection between Foreign Portfolio Investment and financial growth in Nigeria. Besides, it was found that long run negative relationship exists among Settlement and Outer Public Obligation and economic growth in Nigeria. Last but not least, the study suggests that economic managers devise measures that will make it easier to mobilize more domestic investment to lessen the uncertainty that may accompany foreign investment during periods of local or international economic crises. In a similar vein, when making decisions that have an impact on the expansion of the economy, policymakers must take into account the potential benefits as well as the potential dangers associated with remittances.

Can Aid Buy Foreign Public Support? Evidence from Chinese Development Finance

Can Aid Buy Foreign Public Support? Evidence from Chinese Development Finance

Od propagande do javne diplomatije: Jesu li programi razmjene srušili Hladni rat?

During the Cold War public diplomacy was far more advanced, dynamic, and all-inclusive than we give credit. The Cold War shaped domestic and foreign policies for many decades, worldwide. With the United States and the Soviet Union as the main protagonists of the bipolar world, using international broadcasting shaped the attitudes of the countries in a favorable stance for the two superpowers, to comply with the competing ideologies. This article investigates the role of public diplomacy through media, education, and cultural programs, and the role they played in bringing down the Cold War. Educational and Cultural programs played an especially influential role in the superpower’s strategies and competing agendas on who wins more hearts and minds. Through the use of historical research methods, combined with discourse and content analysis of books, archived official documents, podcasts, newspapers, and publications, draw a pattern of empowerment and transformation of such tools as propaganda into public diplomacy, which in the beginning deepened the distance between East and West, while later was used to win hearts and minds. As this article analyzes, public diplomacy played an important role during the Cold War, emerging in the initial years of the war itself. Through a sophisticated strategy of using common bridges among people as a connection such as science, music, sports, and education exchange programs, considered at that time to be entirely divided from the political sphere, the United States as the leading Western democracy managed to get into the hearts and minds of the Soviet people. Among the most popular models of using public diplomacy was that of a hostile nature of relationships, intending to achieve results in foreign publics. The hypothesis was that if the images persuaded the targeted foreign public of the other side, they would pressure their governments to change their hostile positions and politicize toward the other side. Public diplomacy was that counterbalance to nuclear power competition, which was dominated by campaigns that aimed to gain influence and win the support of the international global society, and it inspired different countries, to use different tools to achieve their international goals. Programs such as the Fulbright, International Visitors Program, and “People to People” program, founded with the purpose to promote the United States' goodwill through educational exchange programs in the field of culture and science, philanthropy, and humanitarian activities, changed the perspective of communication and understanding between the United States and other nations, but also as an important step toward world peace. In the meantime, this strategy eroded the foundations of Soviet ideology and was considered by Soviet diplomats as a Trojan horse that caused the fall of its entire system. This article also investigates how propaganda transformed into public diplomacy and became institutionalized and recognized as a powerful tool through which states can maintain relations with one another in the spirit of cooperation. The analysis concludes that public diplomacy was one of the main factors that melted the iron division between the U.S and the USSR, yet brought down the Soviet Union itself.

"Criminal" Law Politics Regarding the Legalization of Citizenship Documents (Apostille) in Indonesia

The legalization of citizenship documents is not only an administrative matter in countries whose administrative systems exist throughout the world. Philosophically, the purpose of legalization is to protect and create legal certainty for every user. Therefore it is necessary to analyze the political role of criminal law about the apostille and which citizenship documents are part of the apostille. Because Indonesia's international interaction policy resulted in the ratification of many national conventions, including the Congress on the Elimination of Legalization of Foreign Public Documents. The use of all documents is the right and obligation of each person to comply with all applicable regulations in different countries. The use of documents and their evidentiary system regulated in the Decree of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 6 of 2022 is a national policy that provides legal protection and certainty to all users and those who have the authority to legalize citizen documents. The practices offered are administrative and public (criminal) rights. The emergence of a criminal justice policy regarding the authentication of citizenship documents that applies in 121 countries is urgently needed to protect, for example, parties or bodies authorized to carry out authentication. One of the state institutions authorized to legalize civil documents is a notary. Based on the Notary Law, the position of Notary is called an official who has the authority to handle special requests from the public related to Notaries. It should be noted that documents that can be used both domestically and abroad must be legalized by 5 (five) authorities, namely the Document Authority, the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Consulate. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the destination country and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the destination country.

The Effect of Implementing Apostille in the Era of Sustainable Development Goals

Indonesia decided to ratify The Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirements for Legalization for Foreign Public Document or the Apostille Convention and appointed the Ministry of Law and Human Rights to administer the apostille service. The ratification carried out by the government is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals targeted by the government. Legalization and waarmerking are one of the authorities of a notary, in this case the notary has a role related to the convention as a general official who legalizes a deed or document for the public. Apostille service is a document legalization service and one of the documents that can be applied for is a notary document. The enactment of the apostille convention aims to simplify the process of legalizing public documents which takes a long time and is expensive and in this implementation the role of a notary is still needed as an authorized official in the legalization of foreign public documents

International Jurisdiction and Proper Forum in Foreign Public Nuisance Dispute: A Comment on the Supreme Court Ruling No. 110 Tai-Kang 1019

International Jurisdiction and Proper Forum in Foreign Public Nuisance Dispute: A Comment on the Supreme Court Ruling No. 110 Tai-Kang 1019

Perceived Motives of Public Diplomacy Influence Foreign Public Opinion.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11109-022-09849-4.

Corruption and assortative matching of partners in international trade

Although the effects of corruption on bilateral trade are well-documented, its impact on the composition of trading partners remains unexplored. In this paper, we argue that corruption in a country imposes asymmetric costs on its trading partners depending on their characteristics. Consequently, as the level of corruption in a country changes, its trade flows from some of its trading partners change more than others, depending on their characteristics, changing the composition of its trading partners. We focus on two characteristics of trading partners: (1) the level of corruption and (2) membership in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (OECD Convention). Using the gravity model, we find evidence of a negative assortative matching in international trade with respect to corruption. We find that corruption in a country is negatively associated with trade flows from high-corrupt countries and is positively associated with trade volume from signatories of the OECD convention. Our results suggest that future studies on this topic should consider controlling for institutional dissimilarities between the trading partners as it has implications for bilateral trade costs.

Kekuatan Hukum Surat Kuasa dari Luar Negeri yang Tidak Dilegalisasi oleh Kedutaan Besar Indonesia

This article aims to find out how the provisions for the legalization of power of attorney from abroad at the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, as well as the enactment of Presidential Regulation Number 2 of 2021 concerning Ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of Legalization Requirements for Foreign Public Documents. This research method is normative legal research, using legal rules, legal principles, and legal doctrines in statutory regulations. This study concludes that the power of attorney agreement is regulated in Article 1792 of the Civil Code, granting power of attorney is an agreement by which one person gives his power to another person who accepts it for and on his behalf to carry out an affair. As stated in Article 2 of the Minister of Foreign Affairs 13/2019, power of attorney originating from abroad must go through legalization steps, but if it refers to PP 2/2021, this is actually no longer necessary, as in Article 4 apostille convention stipulates regarding certification or apostille which basically has the same purpose as legalization as regulated in Minister of Foreign Affairs Regulation 13/2019.

Деякі питання вдосконалення ефективності державної антикорупційної політики в Україні в контексті реалізації засад верховенства права

The problematic issues of ensuring on state anti-corruption policy in Ukraine are researched in the article. The current areas of anti-corruption are justified. This scientific task is solved on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the results of theoretical research and national legislation concerning corruption prevention. In particular, uncertainties and contradictions caused by corruption factors that pose a threat to the national security of Ukraine and exacerbate the systemic crisis of modern social development are clarified. The institutional support is analyzed in the sphere of anti-corruption, which is characterized by the adoption of a new legal framework and the range of entities that care for the prevention and combating corruption in the state. The conditions for ensuring the construction of an effective system for combating corruption at the state level are detailed. Today it is proved that the real result of anti-corruption policy is much lower than it was expected, as it is indicated by existing of a set of systemic problems. In order to implement the state anti-corruption policy effectively, directions for its improvement are proposed. Specifically they are the following: the introduction of a legal institution in order to prevent political corruption; the need to ratify the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions; improving the list of corruption crimes and establishing the adequacy of punishment for such crimes in accordance with their severity; introduction of effective mechanisms of external and internal state financial control and audit over the spending of budget funds. Key words: anti-corruption legislation, state anti-corruption policy, prevention and combating corruption, corruption, political corruption.

Защита права мигрантов на семейную жизнь в странах Северной Европы

In this study, the authors refer to the migration policy of the Nordic countries and the consolidation in them at the legislative level of the right of foreign citizens to protect and respect family life. The issue under consideration is extremely relevant in this period of time, since there are problems generated by the Scandinavian juvenile justice that are directly related to the systematic violation of the rights of foreign citizens. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that it analyzes judicial practice, as well as decisions of international bodies, in particular the European Court of Human Rights, that reflect the specifics of juvenile justice in the states under consideration. The aim of the study is to carry out a comparative analysis of the legislation of Northern Europe and the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in specific cases in the field of protection of the rights of foreign citizens. The study is based on the theoretical material of the works of Russian authors (M.A. Mogunova, E.A. Orlova, N.S. Plevako, O.V. Chernysheva, et al.), the national legislation and international legal acts and decisions. The article analyzes the law enforcement practice of the European Court of Human Rights, which reflects the main principles that make up the objective opinion of this body, taking into account the main provisions of international legal documents, including the norms of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement for Legalization of Foreign Public Documents. The methodological basis of the research was the dialectical, comparative legal and formal legal methods. In particular, the use of the dialectical method contributed to the study of legislation that enshrines the rights of foreign citizens to protect and respect family life in the states of Northern Europe. The use of comparative legal and formal legal methods helped to identify trends in the development of legislation on citizenship and the legal status of foreign citizens in the states of Northern Europe. As a result, the authors note a tendency for the authorities of some Scandinavian states to revise their attitude towards children from foreign and mixed families, which is happening under, among other reasons, the “pressure” of international bodies specializing in the protection of individual rights and freedoms. Special instructions are being introduced that explain to guardianship officials the need to cooperate with the immigration authorities if the officials are considering children's documents, and the need to react to requests from foreign authorities (in particular, embassies). Employees of the Scandinavian guardianship services should facilitate the establishment of contact between the family and the embassy of the state with which they have expressed a desire to contact for one reason or another.

The procedure for legalizing foreign public documents after the Apostille Convention accession: A statutory approach study

This research was based on the national efforts to simplify the procedure for the legalization of foreign public documents to improve the investment climate. This research focuses on the implementation of the legalization of foreign public documents after the accession of the Apostille Convention in Indonesia. The main basis for examination was Presidential Regulation No. 2 of 2021 on the Accession of the Convention of Abolishing the Requirement of Legalization for Foreign Public Documents, also known as the Apostille Convention. The method used is a normative juridical research method. This research emphasizes library research by using secondary data sources such as statutory provisions, legal theory, and scientific works (Suteki & Taufani, 2020). The statutory approach is carried out by analyzing the statutory provisions related to the legal issues being studied (Marzuki, 2016). Furthermore, an analysis of legal materials is carried out using qualitative analysis described in sentences without mathematical calculations or statistics as an analytical tool. The results showed that the implementation of the Apostille Convention does not necessarily render the current legalization of public documents invalid, but rather replaces it with a simpler procedure, namely the issuance of an apostille certificate, which functions as a statement of the validity of the document. The conclusion highlighted the need for ratifying the Apostille Convention comes into force, especially in ASEAN member countries to enhance the foreign direct investment in this association.

Can Aid Buy Foreign Public Support? Evidence from Chinese Development Finance

Can Aid Buy Foreign Public Support? Evidence from Chinese Development Finance

The Dynamics of Foreign Public Debt and Foreign Exchange Reserve of Ethiopia: Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model Approach

External public debt and foreign exchange reserve (FER) are performing a crucial role in the growth and development of countries. To examine the short-run and long-run dynamics among external public debt (EPD) and FER in Ethiopia, the study used 39 years data (1981 to 2019) from National bank of Ethiopia (NBE) and World Bank data sets. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model with error correction model (ECM) was employed after checking the possible assumptions of economic series. The results of ADF test statistics confirms our economic series are stationary with a mixture of level form and first difference form. Bounds co-integration test suggests the existence of co-integration among the variables. According to the descriptive method of data analysis, on average, in Ethiopia the trend for service sector indicated that an ever improvement of the sector throughout the periods and supplementing the notion of change from agriculture base to service sector. On the other hand, according to ARDL model in the short -run on average trade tariff rate, share of manufacturing sector from the GDP, and lagged value of EPD itself predicts the EPD significantly at least at less than 10% level of significance . Moreover, the ECM revealed that in the long-run, financial development indicator, debt service payment, and average trade tariff rate were predicting the stock of FER for Ethiopian economy. Finally, the concerned body, the government of Ethiopia, should limit or reduce the amount of external debt (ED) inflows, and recheck the budget sources for financing different projects especially manufacturing industries rather than highly basing on external sources in the form of EPD, among others.

On the Admissibility of Foreign Public Documents

On the Admissibility of Foreign Public Documents

Does Public Diplomacy Sway Foreign Public Opinion? Identifying the Effect of High-Level Visits

Although many governments invest significant resources in public-diplomacy campaigns, there is little well-identified evidence of these efforts’ effectiveness. We examine the effects of a major type of public diplomacy: high-level visits by national leaders to other countries. We combine a dataset of the international travels of 15 leaders from 9 countries over 11 years, with worldwide surveys administered in 38 host countries. By comparing 32,456 respondents interviewed just before or just after the first day of each visit, we show that visiting leaders can increase public approval among foreign citizens. The effects do not fade away immediately and are particularly large when public-diplomacy activities are reported by the news media. In most cases, military capability differentials between visiting and host countries do not appear to confer an advantage in the influence of public diplomacy. These findings suggest that public diplomacy has the potential to shape global affairs through soft power.

The impact of foreign public evaluations of the US Presidents on the favorability toward the country

This study examines how international publics’ evaluations of US Presidents affect the favorability of their views of the US. More specifically, it investigates the impact of the US Presidents George W. Bush, Barak Obama and Donald Trump on attitudes toward the US in 32 nations. It analyzes the data from Pew Research Center’s Global Indicators Database on opinions of the US and confidence in the US President from 2002 to 2018. The analysis reveals a significant relationship between confidence in the US Presidents and favorable attitudes toward the US among foreign publics. The paper further discusses the implications of global evaluations of US Presidents for US public diplomacy.

Topic Modeling-Based Domestic and Foreign Public Data Research Trends Comparative Analysis

Topic Modeling-Based Domestic and Foreign Public Data Research Trends Comparative Analysis

Relative Impact of Domestic and Foreign Public Debt on Economic Growth in South Africa

This paper investigates the debt-growth nexus by testing both the impact of aggregate public debt on economic growth and the relative impact of domestic and foreign public debt on economic growth using South Africa as the case study—from 1970 to 2017. Based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique, the findings reveal that the impact of aggregated public debt on economic growth in South Africa is statistically significant and negative, both in the short run and in the long run. The results further reveal that domestic public debt and economic growth have a statistically significant and positive relationship in the short run only. Furthermore, foreign public debt has a statistically significant and negative relationship with economic growth but only in the long run. Therefore, the study recommends the government to manage effectively its debt and to finance long-term high-returning productive investments that should translate into economic growth. Finally, the study cautions the country against growing public debt, predominantly foreign debt, to finance its increasing recurrent expenditure needs.

Foreign Direct Investment and Initial Public Offerings: Exploring the Roads Less Travelled

This article examines the performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) issued by the economic sectors in India. It analyses the level of underpricing measured by market adjusted initial return (MAIR), short-run performance measured by market-adjusted abnormal return (MAAR) and long-run performance measured by 3-year buy and hold abnormal return (BHAR) methodology relative to Sensex and Nifty for 40 IPOs approaching the capital market during the period 2006–2016. The selection of IPOs is based on the foreign direct investment (FDI) limit of USD 3,000 million in each economic sector, that is, primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector. The long-run analysis is done at the end of the first year, the second year and the third year. It is found using the ordinary least square (OLS) regression that variables like age of the issuing firm and volume traded on the first day of listing have a positive relation with initial returns, while offer size of the IPO has a negative relation with the initial return. Further, this study also finds out that the secondary sector performs poorly in the long run relative to the primary and tertiary sectors. This study can be of importance to investors for assessing different sectors before investing.