Foreign Policy Concept Research Articles

Культурологический аспект понятия «гражданская идентичность»

The article is devoted to the concept of “civic identity”. This concept has become a working term in a number of regulatory state documents on strategic planning in the Russian Federation adopted in recent decades. It is also used in domestic social science, philosophy, and the media. But this term is used in the Russian language space. The authors point to the relationship between the concepts of “civiс identity” and “national identity”. In the English-language tradition (and a number of other European language traditions), the term “national identity” denotes a set of forms of social identity that define an individual as a citizen in a national state. But in the Russian space, the concept of “nation” itself is traditionally understood as “ethnonation”, and in the Russian multinational state the use of the concept of “national identity” brings up difficulties of a legal, ethical, and cultural nature. To a certain extent, the concept of “civic identity” may be close to the concept of “macropolitical identity”, but civic identity is somewhat broader than macropolitical identity, the latter covering only the political aspects of an individual’s activity. The article also points out the inadequacy of understanding civic identity as awareness of legally formalized citizenship in the Russian Federation, with all the ensuing rights and obligations. The main thesis of the article is that civiс identity should have value and cultural foundations in addition to legal and political ones. Based on the concept of a “civilization state” put forward in the “Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation” in March 2023, the authors point to the possibility of bringing the concept of “civic identity” closer to the term “civilizational identity”. It is noted that these concepts are not identical, but civic identity also adopts values declared at the state level and accepts the historical heritage of the state through culture.

Foreign Policy Concepts of the New Right in Germany: From Hegemonic Ambitions to Isolation

Foreign Policy Concepts of the New Right in Germany: From Hegemonic Ambitions to Isolation

Arab Countries’ Interest in Integration in Eurasia: Tactics or Strategy?

In the situation of transition from a unipolar to a multipolar world, the tasks of developing a dialogue with the Arab world are set out in the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation for 2023. In contrast to the “senior-junior” concept developed by the West, in which the allegedly “natural” leading role is unfairly assigned to Western powers and which causes growing resistance from the states of the Global South, Russia proposes that its Arab partners form relations based on a fair consideration of each other’s interests. The Arab ruling circles, experts, and the “Arab street” increasingly perceive Russia as a statecivilization that is not only located in Eurasia, but is also a driving force for the integration of the Non-West. Of particular interest is the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a platform for generating ideas and coordinating between the emerging centers of power represented by India, China, and Russia, especially after Iran, a regional rival of Saudi Arabia, became a member of the SCO in 2023. Is the Arab interest in the Eurasian NonWest strategic or tactical, being in the second case aimed solely at exerting pressure on the West to obtain maximum concessions? This is a difficult, but key question that requires an answer from experts, which explains the relevance of this article. In his study, the author uses situational analysis tools, including content analysis methods, force field analysis and data visualization. The author concludes that the interest of Arab countries in integration in Eurasia, including cooperation with Russia, is predominantly strategic.

The System of Social Sciences in the Context of Civilizational Approach: Formulating the Problem

In modern socio-humanitarian disciplines, the concept of a “system of social sciences” is absent. This concept existed in Soviet times and meant, among other things, the existence of a single conceptual social science apparatus and methodology. It is generally recognized that the interdisciplinary approach that replaced this system, which was recognized in our country after the collapse of the Soviet Union, is based on the difference in concepts, subjects and objects of research of the sciences of the entire socio-humanitarian block. At the same time, Russian social science practically does not pay attention to the theoretical and methodological relationship between the interdisciplinary approach and the concept of globalization, developed in Western science mainly in the second half of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries and which came to our country in the post-Soviet period in many ways in a “ready-made” form. At the same time, those researchers who state such a relationship consider this circumstance as a virtue of an interdisciplinary approach. In the first part of this article, an attempt is made to analyze the impact of the concept of globalization, in particular, its characteristic denial of the values of national statehood, sovereignty, including cultural and historical, on the formation and general principles of an interdisciplinary approach. The second part examines modern concepts of Russia as a civilization, first of all, the concept of state-civilization, currently introduced in the “Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation” dated March 30, 2023 and “Fundamentals of state policy in the field of historical education” dated May 08, 2024, in the context of the advantages of the Soviet Union identified by the author the experience of the social sciences system. At the end of the article, proposals are made to combine some basic principles of Soviet social science with a modern civilizational approach in order to create a unified value framework for the disciplines of the socio-humanitarian block.

Drivers of Arab Countries’ Growing Interest to the Eurasian Geopolitical Space

Facing the dynamic development of diversified contacts between Russia and the Arab world amidst the steadily increasing political and economic interest of Arab countries[1] in the Eurasian geopolitical space, an adequate assessment of the causes and the strength potential of such growth has acquired particular importance. This enables us to hedge both political and business risks by predicting scenarios for the future development, and, which is even more important, to address effectively challenges and problems. The successful implementation of the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation approved on March 31, 2023 in the medium and long terms depends on the survivability of the new paradigm of relations between Russia and the Arab countries, regardless of the anti-Russia Western sanctions. This fully correlates with Russian efforts to promote integration processes in Eurasia, primarily under the within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as well as outside Eurasia with the involvement of big Eurasian states (India, China) and the non-Eurasian “rising powers” (Brazil, South Africa, etc.) on the BRICS platform. The comprehensive analysis of the factors which have been stimulating the interest of the Arab countries in Eurasia, complementing the already existing sporadic domestic and foreign studies, is intended to form a list of arguments in favor of proving the hypothesis of the strategic, rather than purely tactical nature of the intentions of Arab elites to cooperate with Russia and other Eurasian states. Such arguments imply among other things the common perception by Russia and the Arabs of the current historical transition from the unipolar to a multipolar world.

The dilemmas of Russian diplomacy in the context of fundamental geopolitical changes

The strategic goals formulated in the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation dated March 31, 2023, pose complex and non-standard tasks for our diplomacy, the achievement of which requires a deep understanding of the essence of the ongoing geopolitical changes, as well as a critical understanding of the previous period of our foreign policy. The dynamics of international processes are very high, and the transatlantic community, despite the weakening of its dominance, is making incredible efforts to maintain its positions. In fact, Russia and the countries of the world majority are carrying out a peace enforcement operation, limiting the West's ability to unleash a global military conflagration.

Russia as a civilization-state: Making sense of Moscow’s 2023 Foreign Policy Concept

With the war against Ukraine, Russian foreign policy is going through a critical juncture that causes significant regional and global uncertainties. The current crisis is not a result of short-term brinkmanship but a consequence of Moscow’s three-decade-long search for self-identification since the collapse of the Soviet Union. To follow the overall foreign policy trajectory and self-identification of the Kremlin, Foreign Policy Concepts are quite helpful since they reflect the main framework of Russian diplomacy since 1993. The study begins by explaining the significance of the Concepts for Moscow’s foreign policy. Then it highlights the main themes of the latest Foreign Policy Concept: anti-hegemonism, multipolarity, Russia as a center, and Russia as a civilization-state. In each section, Moscow’s understanding of these themes is discussed and put into a historical context to explain the significance of their appearance in the official documents. The article then compares the previous concept to expose the change of narrative in 2023 to show the main changes in Russia’s foreign policy priorities, articulation of other actors, and perception of threats.

CONTINUITY IN POLITICAL AUTHORITY OF THE PRC: FEATURES OF THE FIRST GENERATION FOREIGN POLICY

The issue of succession to political power in the People's Republic of China is a frequently discussed topic in academic research. The fifth generation of Chinese power, the Xi Jinping administration, without opposing the political views of previous generations, continues its political course adhering to the basic foreign policy principles since the time of Mao Zedong. Therefore, the issue of continuity of China's foreign policy concepts is of particular interest. The main goal of the work is to consider the conceptual foundations of the foreign policy of the first generation of Chinese power and its evolution of development associated with changes in international relations of that time. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that foreign policy concepts formed during the time of Mao Zedong create optimal conditions for rationalizing the foreign policy of today's China. Objectives include assessing certain historical events in Chinese foreign policy and diplomacy and determining how they influenced the subsequent development of Chinese foreign policy. The research topic was considered based on the theory of political realism using methods of historical-comparative, structural, content analysis, and systematization methods. These methods helped to consider the problem and systematize the research results comprehensively. The results of the study provide an opportunity to deeply understand the issues of succession of Chinese political power and China's current foreign policy positions in a historical context. In addition, the results of the study can be widely used in research in the field of international relations, political science, Chinese studies, and history.

STOSUNKI LITEWSKO-NIEMIECKIE W SFERZE BEZPIECZEŃSTWA PODCZAS WOJNY ROSYJSKO-UKRAIŃSKIEJ W LATACH 2022-2024

The concept of Lithuanian foreign policy is based on three basic priorities: membership in NATO, membership in the European Union and friendly relations with neighbors. The axiological basis for building international relations was based on values such as common attachment to democratic values, human rights and support for an international order based on rules, law and peace. Thirty-three years later, this Baltic country of about 2.8 million people is taking bold steps to counter Russia’s imperialist aspirations at a time of international security crisis. The aim of the article is to analyze the changing geopolitical reality through the strengthening cooperation between Germany and Lithuania in the area of security policy. The research problem of the work was defined in the form of a question: what are the characteristics of the issues of Lithuanian-German relations during the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022-2024 In the context of potential threats generated by Russia? What will be the composition of the future German brigade in Lithuania and its preliminary schedule? The starting point of the discussion is the hypothesis that: small countries are able to start a process that can bring benefits to the entire region and thus contribute in their own way to building international peace and security. Moreover, Lithuania, by pursuing an active and effective foreign policy based not only on national but also regional interests, contributes in its own way to building international security; Moreover, tangible results are being achieved thanks to Lithuania’s efforts to attract Berlin’s attention and pressure it to take more decisive action against Ukraine and its eastern flank. The research method used in the work was content and content analysis and analysis of secondary data. The argument for taking up this issue is the lack of both Polish and English-language literature. For this reason, the presentation of preliminary research results provides a perspective for further, in-depth research on this topic.

European Integration: Everything New Is Actually Well-Forgotten Old

Introduction: the paper examines the history of the formation and competence of regional economic integration associations after the Second World War. The analysis of the integration processes that took place in the context of the current state of the world economy is given. The question of the viability of those models of integration associations that are still being used by the representatives of the West in opposition to the model proposed by Russia is raised. The purpose of the presented research is to analyze the state of the European system of economic integration with a comparative analysis of models of integration associations and to establish the characteristics and trends of development of such models, as well as to determine the role and place of Russia in integration associations. Methods: the paper was prepared with using the methods of scientific cognition, mainly the method of system analysis, comparative law and historical methods. Results: the most effective and rational strategy for cooperation within the framework of economic integration is to promote the role and effectiveness of existing integration associations (SCO, EAEU, BRICS and others), to attract states to participate in them, which the Russian Federation adheres to in accordance with the provisions of the current Foreign Policy Concept. Conclusions: regional economic integration is a multifaceted phenomenon that can strengthen the geopolitical importance and economy of only individual participants of the association, assist in establishing effective interaction between small and medium-sized (in terms of assessing economic power) states with larger integration entities and, in the case of Russia, contribute to the restoration and development of production, as well as the creation of their own Eurasian TNCs based on existing experience and resource base.

ჩინეთ-აშშ-ის ურთიერთობების თავისებურებები

The interaction between China and the US is examined since the current head of the Chinese state – Xi Jinping – came to power. The separate characteristics of the China policies adopted by the Obama, Trump and Biden administrations are examined. China's position and main concepts of foreign policy are discussed as well. The main factors of disagreements between China and the US are discussed. The geopolitical rivalry in the Indo-Pacific region and the Taiwan issue are defined as the two main reasons for the escalation of relations. The dangers of the conflict between China and the US and the necessary factors to reduce the tension are examined.

Foreign Policy as Compensation: Why Brexit Became a Foreign and Security Policy Issue

Abstract Exogenous reform demands can put leaders in a tight spot where change runs up against structural impediments. Yet, where asymmetries in reform costs occur across domains, leaders can seek to re-frame the impetus of change from one domain to another. Such compensatory behavior is commonplace but is not adequately captured by existing research on linkage politics, forum shopping, or diversionary conflict. This article develops the concept of compensatory foreign policy, whereby leaders use foreign policy change to compensate for unviable economic reforms when they have greater capacity and choice in the former domain. Empirically, we use elite interviews to reconstruct the politics of security policy in the post-Brexit United Kingdom, showing how party leaders focused on foreign policy change when beneficial economic arrangements were precluded. Our argument contributes to recent research on linkage politics by demonstrating the conditions under which leaders seek foreign policy reforms to compensate for economic weakness.

МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ҮНДЭСНИЙ АЮУЛГҮЙ БАЙДЛЫН ЗӨВЛӨЛИЙН ЧАДАВХИЙГ САЙЖРУУЛАХ АСУУДАЛД

The Foreign Policy Concept of Mongolia (2011) states that the priority of Foreign Policy is to ensure the security and national interests of Mongolia through political and diplomatic means within the framework of international law. All government institutions of Mongolia, including the National Security Council (NSC) play an important role in the realization of this goal. However, the matter of protecting national security, maintaining the integrity and continuity of the state's foreign and domestic policies, ensuring inter-sector coordination, and effectively implementing the operation, results, efficiency, and control system of state institutions are still ongoing issues in our country. It is concluded that significant changes shall be made in the legal framework of the foreign policy and national security of Mongolia. Those changes shall be made to the Constitution of Mongolia (1992), the Laws on National Security (2001), and the Laws on the National Security Council. "Social unit system methodology" was used to analyze the concept of National Security and the Law on National security of Mongolia. In addition, the role and importance of the National Security Council in the National Security System, its potential in terms of political governance, and the issue of improving the legal status were discussed.

Some issues of public and information adaptation to the provisions of Russian foreign policy concept 2023

The importance of this topic is directly related to the problem of misusing the foreign policy terminology towards Russian Southern historical territories, Little Russia, and changing the media and journalism style in the scope of special military operation on liberating Russian territories from the bandera ideology.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ РОССИИ В РАМКАХ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ КОНЦЕПЦИИ ВНЕШНЕЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

The article deals with the analysis of the provisions of the new Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation in 2023 concerning ensuring the country’s information security in modern conditions. The article shows how this document can specify certain provisions of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation, including in the information sphere. The author shows how the Concept under consideration can make it possible to build, among other things, promising international relations that ensure the information security of Russia, based on a conceptual framework. Attention is paid to the issues of ensuring the national security of the state in the framework of the processes of expanding relations with countries that are positively disposed towards the Russian Federation, erasing dividing lines, and establishing long-term relations, taking into account modern realities. The article emphasizes and develops the position that the priority for Russia is to ensure global security, based on the principle of respect for the requirements of ensuring the national security of different countries, including in the information sphere, and the mission of the Russian Federation is to maintain a global balance of power. The author analyzes, in relation to the issues of ensuring the information security of the Russian Federation, the provision of the Concept regarding the fact that Russia does not oppose itself to the United States and its allies, but at the same time it provides for the possibility of using armed forces in the event of a hypothetical attack on Russia or its allies in order to maintain a balanced and just world.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТРУКТУРИЗАЦІЇ БЮДЖЕТНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОЇ СПІЛКИ

The formation of economic, customs, currency unions, as well as common budgeting systems by independent states can be considered as a concomitant trend of modern globalization processes. It is globalization, as well as increasing economic interdependence and a greater degree of market openness, that have led to the need for more effective management of regional financial transactions, as well as coordination among decision-making centers. The task of increasing the efficiency in the financial management of these associations can be solved due to the synergistic effect of the integration of the economies of the member states of such unions. The Economic and Monetary Union of European States is a vivid example of the result of integration processes in the field of economics and finance. Its most significant achievement is the implementation of a common monetary policy. However, important theoretical and practical problems arise both in the implementation of the budget policy and in the management of the budget processes of the Union. An unconditional factor in improving the efficiency of budget process management is the use of the resultoriented budgeting mechanism, the establishment of a clear relationship between goals, objectives, implementation tools, and indicators of expenditure effectiveness. This mechanism can be used in the practice of budgeting not only by sovereign states, but also by regional associations. The integration of the result-oriented budgeting mechanism into the budget systems of regional associations is associated with solving the problems of budget planning, coordination of participants in the process of coordinating budget decisions, execution and control. The EU's experience in managing budget processes has developed as a result of constant processes of improvement, adaptation to changing conditions, and the development of the most optimal solutions for the distribution of the Union's resources. Undoubtedly, the experience gained is unique due to the specifics of the EU from the economic, political, and institutional points of view. Nevertheless, the developed mechanisms and principles of management are of interest for a detailed study and assessment of the possibility of applying the established practices to other integration associations. Strengthening regional integration associations is a priority task for Ukraine in the framework of the implementation of the foreign policy concept. One of the main factors contributing to the integration processes is the provision of sustainable coordination mechanisms between members in the adoption and implementation of joint decisions, including within the framework of joint budget management. Consequently, strengthening and increasing the efficiency of the system of managing budget processes can contribute to achieving the task of strengthening the integration of regional associations as a whole. In this regard, the study and analysis of the

Srpska stranka (1920-1926): ideologija – praksa – ishod

This paper reconstructs the ideology and political practice of the Serbian Party, the only political party that in the first Yugoslav state stood for Serbian nationalism and the defense of Serbian cultural and state traditions. The central theme of the paper is the attitude of the ideologues of the Serbian Party towards Yugoslavism as a state and national idea. Special attention is paid to the attitudes of the Serbian Party towards the so-called the “Croatian question” and its relation to Bosnian and Old Serbian Muslims, Catholic clericalism and national minorities. In addition, we expose the foreign policy conceptions of the Serbian Party and its relationship with neighboring countries and the Versailles order. At the end, we analyzed the attitudes of the Serbian Party towards the leading political parties of the first Yugoslav state and its cooperation with ideologically similar political groups such as the Serbian National Youth (SRNAO), the Serbian National Organization, the Warrior Party and the Associations of Volunteers and thewar invalids.

Kebijakan Luar Negeri Arab Saudi Terkait Perempuan dalam Kerangka Visi 2030

Saudi Vision 2030 changes domestic policy and Saudi Arabia's foreign policy landscape. Saudi Arabia is trying to change its position on the international stage by involving more women's contributions. This research aims to explain Saudi Arabia's foreign policy regarding women within the framework of Vision 2030. This research used qualitative methods with secondary data from various literature sources, such as books, journal articles, and official documents. The data was analyzed using James N. Rosenau's foreign policy concept, consisting of orientations, commitments or action plans, and forms of behaviour. This research finds that Saudi Arabia's exposure within the Vision 2030 framework is as a tourist destination, financial and commercial centre, as well as a trade centre for a leading exporter of clean energy by including women’s involement. Commitment or action plans are demonstrated through the ambitious master plan contained in Vision 2030. Some forms of behaviour are presented, including cooperation with Sweden regarding the SHE-Leads Program and cooperation with Korea regarding the involvement of Korean companies in Biban.

ALEVİ SİYASALLAŞMASI VE DIŞ POLİTİKA: ALEVİ SİYASİ PARTİLERİNDE KİMLİK-ULUSLARARASI POLİTİKA BAĞLANTISI

The foreign policy and international relations perceptions of sub-state groups have recently begun to be discussed in the literature. The central role of the state is eroding and non- and sub-state actors are emerging as influential factors in international politics. Identity is the most dominant factor in the foreign policy perspectives of these actors. This study examines Alevi politicization in Turkey in relation to foreign policy and identity. The politicization of Alevism in Turkey has accelerated since the 1950s with the urbanization of Alevis and their rapprochement with leftist ideologies. The tension between Alevism and the state since the Ottoman period has also fed this process. As a result of this politicization, the Unity Party (1966-1980) and the Peace Party (1996-1999) were established as Alevi parties. The relationship that both parties established with their Alevi base, their perception of domestic politics and their interpretation of international developments influenced their identities. This study examines the relationship between Alevi identity and foreign policy based on the parties' programs. The study aims to contribute to the literature by making three claims. The first is that sub-state entities can also make foreign policy. Sub-state identities formulate their own foreign policy concepts independently of governments and successfully integrate domestic and international developments into their political programs. Second, domestic and international developments have a transformative impact on the politicization of Alevis. The birth of the Alevi political movement following urbanization and its subsequent ideological transformation with leftist politics illustrates this. As a result, there has been a rupture between the Alevi political movement and its traditions and institutions. Third, Alevi politicization in the 1960s and 1990s followed different paths. The first was the process of individual Alevi politicization in the bipolar order of the Cold War conditions, which shrouded micro debates, while the second was the emergence of an Alevi political movement as a result of the increased emphasis on identity after the end of the Cold War.

The turning point: new foreign policy concept of Russia

The avalanche processes in the world have clearly confirmed the need for a holistic inventory, significant correction and, in many cases, a radical reassessment of the previous version of the 2016 Foreign Policy Concept of Russia. The dynamics of world politics is so rapid that many of them, no longer fit into the previous schemes. A fundamentally significant matrix in understanding and rethinking the doctrinal and practical-political experience of Russian diplomacy has become the approval by President V.V. Putin on March 31, 2023 of the new Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation (hereinafter: FPC-2023). FPC-2023 marks an unprecedented turning point in the conceptualization of attitudes of Russian diplomacy. A clearly defined continuity has been preserved with respect to the fundamental principles of Russia's foreign policy. FPC-2023 is a new geopolitical premises for the positioning of Russia in the global space and in its relations with the world. The basic system components of Russia's national-state interests have been elaborated in a comprehensive integrity and linkage. FPC-2023 is a convincing answer to those Western politicians who stubbornly consider Russia a semi-peripheral zone in the global space. From FPC-2023 it clearly follows that the strategically “unprofitable” search for a balance between the possible and the impossible has ended. It fully takes into account the negativism of the predominant part of the Western political establishment towards Russia, which has sharply increased in connection with the special military operation in Ukraine. The new Concept takes into account the destructive features of today's crisis geopolitics, but does not block constructive paths to a more optimistic future of international relations.