Foreign Organizations Research Articles

Кримінальна відповідальність за злочини проти основ yаціональної безпеки: вітчизняний та зарубіжний досвід

The article deals with the issue of criminal liability for crimes against the foundations of national security on the example of domestic and foreign experience of certain countries. The author specifically analyzes the legislative regulation of criminal liability for crimes against national security in the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Estonia, Georgia, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Poland, Switzerland, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the French Republic. The author suggests that there is a need for more in-depth research and improvement of the legal regulations regarding criminal liability for crimes against the foundations of national security in Ukraine. The article proposes resolving any inconsistencies between the title of Section I of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which is “Crimes against the Fundamentals of National Security of Ukraine”, and the content of the relevant articles included in it. This section should address criminal liability for all activities that threaten Ukraine’s national security. Therefore, the author recommends to include provisions for criminal liability related to the protection of state secrets, safeguarding critical infrastructure, expanding the scope of information security, imposing penalties for actions that aim to harm the state by an authorized person representing Ukraine in dealings with the leadership of a foreign state or organization, and establishing criminal liability for individuals who publicly insult the Ukrainian people or Ukraine.

Russian Science and Technology Policy to Counter Sanctions: In Search of a Strategy

The article examines the scientific and technological policy of contemporary Russia in the conditions of international sanctions and analyzes both current general issues of the development of science and technology and problems in certain areas of scientific knowledge. We have studied special legal sanction acts of foreign academic organizations. The authors have developed and proposed mechanisms to counter sanctions in the scientific and technological sphere. The experience of applying measures for the development of science in the People’s Republic of China has been studied. The goal of the work is to conduct research on the state of modern science, taking into account the current Russian state policy under conditions of sanction pressure and proposing the authors’ unique classification of measures to support the development of Russian science. We used empirical methods of comparison, description and interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. We also applied special scientific methods: legal and dogmatic method and the method of interpretation of legal norms. The authors have summarized the problems of government measures to support science under the sanction conditions and proposed measures to preserve the scientific sovereignty of Russia.

Sustainability Strategies and Performance of International Not-For-Profit Organizations in Kenya: A Case of World Food Programme

Purpose: The study aimed at identifying sustainability strategies adopted by international not-for-profit organizations in Kenya and how the strategies influenced the organizations’ performance. This research specifically focused on the World Food Programme (WFP) as a case study. The research aimed to examine the impact of fund generation, talent development, managerial capacities and collaboration on the success of international not-for-profit organizations in Kenya. Methodology: The research was informed by Resource Dependency Theory, Dynamic Capabilities Theory, Contingency Theory of Leadership, and Stakeholder Theory. This study used a descriptive research approach. The research focused on a specific group of individuals, consisting of 319 senior and middle management personnel that work at World Food Programme headquarters located in Nairobi County, Kenya. The research used Fishers' et al. methodology to get the sample size of 174 respondents. The research used a questionnaire to gather primary data. The obtained data was encoded and exported into the computer software program known as Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) for analysis, which produced conclusions related to the topic of the research. Descriptive statistics were used to combine quantitative analytic methodologies. The main data was summarized, organized, interpreted, and presented using frequencies, percentages, mean scores, and standard deviations. The research findings are shown using statistical graphs, data tabulation, and measurements of central tendency. The principles of impartiality, secrecy, anonymity, and voluntary involvement were scrupulously followed. Findings: The results showed that implementing fund development as a sustainability strategy has a notable and beneficial impact on the performance of international not-for-profit organizations in Kenya (β = 0.263; P = 0.000<0.05). The study revealed that talent development has a noteworthy impact on the success of international not-for-profit organizations in Kenya (β = 0.334; P = 0.000<0.05). The study revealed that management qualities had a strong and beneficial impact on the success of international not-for-profit organizations in Kenya (β = 0.308; P = 0.000<0.05). The results also indicated that cooperation and collaboration had a crucial role in influencing the success of foreign non-profit organizations in Kenya (β = 0.206; P = 0.007<0.05). The study found that implementing sustainability strategies significantly improved the performance of international not-for-profit organizations in Kenya. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Therefore, the study recommends that leaders of these organizations prioritize the adoption of these strategies to further enhance performance.

НАУЧНАЯ ШКОЛА «ЧАСТНОПРАВОВОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЙ В УГОЛОВНО-ИСПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЕ»: ИСТОРИЯ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article analyzes the history of the formation and development of the scientific school of private law support for the activities of the penal system. The historical background of its origin is revealed, the main activities of the scientific school and its scientific results, their practical use are characterized. The author defines the prospects for the research of the scientific school, including in the field of cooperation with domestic and foreign organizations.

Principles of accounting and reporting as principles of valuation and their implementation in practice

The basis of any valuation rules are its principles. In this regard, before defining these rules, it is first necessary to establish what these principles should be. In this article, the basic modern principles of accounting and reporting embedded in the systems of Russian and International standards are considered as principles for valuation of accounting and reporting objects. When conducting research, methods such as analysis and synthesis, grouping method, comparison, analogy method, logical approach, systematic approach were used. As a result of the research, this paper presents a system of valuation principles derived from the principles of accounting and reporting provided for by the main domestic and international regulatory documents. In addition, this article analyzes the practice of implementing these principles by Russian and foreign organizations with different scales of activity. The results obtained in this article will be useful to a wide range of readers interested in the problems of modern accounting and reporting, including valuation, which can be used in the educational process of higher educational institutions, as well as in the practical work of accounting departments of modern organizations.

Unmet need for heart transplantation in Africa.

Heart transplantation is a critical treatment option for end-stage heart failure patients, offering a lifeline for those with severe cardiac conditions. However, in Africa, the unmet need for heart transplantation is a significant issue that poses challenges to the healthcare system and patient outcomes. Africa faces multiple barriers to heart transplantation, including limited infrastructure, a shortage of skilled healthcare professionals, a lack of funding, and inadequate organ donation systems. These challenges result in a considerable gap between the demand for heart transplants and the available resources to meet this need. As a result, many patients in Africa do not have access to life-saving heart transplantation procedures, leading to high mortality rates among those awaiting transplants. Addressing the unmet need for heart transplantation in Africa requires a multifaceted approach. The authors recommend that Africa as a continent build up a heart transplantation workforce involving a multidisciplinary team that consists of transplant surgeons, transplant physicians, nurses, anesthetists, pharmacists, etc. Heart transplant education and training programs should be well-constructed to ensure the delivery of safe and effective transplantation services. International collaborations have proven to be effective and should be encouraged between African institutions and transplant centers worldwide to facilitate knowledge transfer. Foreign and local organizations should promote public awareness about organ donation to address the myths about heart transplantation and promote heart donation. With these, African countries can improve access to heart transplantation, enhance patient outcomes, save lives in the region, and ultimately reduce the mortality rate in Africa.

THE EFFECT OF EXPORT PROMOTION PROGRAM TOWARDS SMALL-MEDIUM ENTERPRISES’ EXPORT PERFORMANCE: A GOVERNANCE PERSPECTIVE

This paper investigates the effectiveness of export promotion programs (i.e., information, experiential, and financial supports) towards small-medium enterprises (SMEs) export performance. The research framework is guided by the Research-Based View. A sample of 116 Malaysian small and medium size exporter firms was tested by using the model. The data were analyzed through a partial least square structural equation modelling approach. Study results show that all three supports in the export promotion program improve SMEs’ export performance with the mediating effect of network role. The findings show that the implication of the impact of export promotion programs on export performance is justified. Besides, it also validates the importance of networking in using support from government agencies. The findings can also help SMEs engage with foreign buyers or trade organizations to profit from trade fairs and trade exhibits, promoting promotion programs on a global scale. Last but not least, government agencies can also strengthen international trade relations and foreign diplomacy for exporters to boost their trade competitiveness.

Information Services of Fundraising Organisations’ Internet Portals

The purpose of the research is to make an information and analytical review and characterise the typical information services of Internet portals used by fundraising organisations in Ukraine and abroad. Research methods. The following general scientific methods were used: systematisation (in the process of selecting the necessary sources of information), generalisation (in the process of defining general concepts that highlight the main features), formal-logical method (in the process of studying the structure and classification of portals), method of systematic analysis of information (in the process of reviewing Ukrainian and foreign experience of the functioning of typical web portals), descriptive method. The scientific novelty of the research is to determine the differences between a website and a web portal; to generalise (based on the results of the analytical monitoring) and to highlight typical information services of fundraising web portals and their functional features that are actively used by domestic and foreign fundraising organisations. Conclusions. The results of the study conclude that Ukrainian fundraising organisations, using benchmarking methods, are actively studying the experience of foreign institutions working in the social sphere and gradually introducing and developing fundraising in the Ukrainian Internet segment. Today, domestic and foreign fundraising activities are carried out through a large number of relevant Internet portals. The relevance of utilizing Internet portals is driven by the fact that an informational web portal contributes to greater transparency of processes occurring within civil society. Moreover, the functional capabilities of Internet technologies help to establish joint work and highlight the activities of both domestic and foreign non-governmental organisations in the digital environment. The research results indicate that the development of the Internet portal market and the constant demand for such services are driving developers to expand the functionality of typical information services and tools that help organisations create user-oriented digital content management capabilities, mobile support, etc. In general, the ratio of the number of foreign and Ukrainian fundraising web portals shows that domestic fundraising is becoming more active and popular in the form of patronage, sponsorship and support through grants, donations, material and information resources, etc. through online portals. It is digital tools and technologies that make it possible for such organisations to remain relevant, with a range of information services and services that are constantly growing and becoming more customer-oriented.

Prospects for integration and Obstacles to democracy - EU’s role in the Albanian political crisis

Abstract More than three decades after the totalitarian regime collapse, Albania is still categorized as a hybrid democracy despite having made consistent strides toward becoming a liberal democracy. Most local political leaders have remained antagonistic towards liberal democratic principles. In 2019, relations between the European Union (EU) and Albania were at a special stage of development. After a difficult period and tensions in the EU, the European Council decided to postpone the decision to start membership talks with Albania and North Macedonia. Apart from this issue, Albania had other challenges in 2019, including institutional and political conflict, justice reform, the fight against corruption, and the consolidation of democratic structures. This article examines the intricate connections that Albanian political representatives and institutions maintain with foreign organizations and entities. It specifically highlights the role that the EU Delegation played in mediating the political and institutional crises of 2019. Although the external incentives models provide a useful foundation for understanding Albania’s Europeanization process, other factors that may be relevant and encourage the ongoing democratization and rule adoption are indicated by the country’s low membership credibility.

Prospects For Integration and Obstacles to Democracy. Eu’s Role in The Albanian Political Crises

More than three decades after the totalitarian regime collapse, Albania is still categorized as a hybrid democracy despite having made consistent strides toward becoming a liberal democracy. Most local political leaders have remained antagonistic towards liberal democratic principles. In 2019, relations between the European Union (EU) and Albania were at a special stage of development. After a difficult period and tensions in the EU, the European Council decided to postpone the decision to start membership talks with Albania and North Macedonia. Apart from this issue, Albania had other challenges in 2019, including institutional and political conflict, justice reform, the fight against corruption, and the consolidation of democratic structures. This article examines the intricate connections that Albanian political representatives and institutions maintain with foreign organizations and entities. It specifically highlights the role that the EU Delegation played in mediating the political and institutional crises of 2019. Although the external incentives models provide a useful foundation for understanding Albania's Europeanization process, other factors that may be relevant and encourage the ongoing democratization and rule adoption are indicated by the country's low membership credibility.

Japan: Treatment of foreign organizations (including private foundations) and trusts in Japan

Japan: Treatment of foreign organizations (including private foundations) and trusts in Japan

Methodology of Organizing and Conducting Distance Olympiads in Korean as a Second Foreign Language in the Process of Professional Training of Future Foreign Language Teachers

In this article, the author presents the methodology of organizing and conducting distance Olympiads in Korean as a second foreign language in the process of professional training of foreign language teachers.The purpose of the study is to examine specifics of second foreign language distance Olympiads organization in the context of professional training, main objectives of the Korean language Olympiad (increasing motivation, interest in learning Korean, exposure to Korean culture, etc.), and to analyze the main requirements for distance Olympiad tasks of the first round (tests), and tasks of the second round, which are aimed to identify the level of communication abilities. Interview, testing and observation are used as the main methods of research.Results. The methodology proposed by the author was tested in groups of 3–4 year students of Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University (educational program 6B01703 foreign language: two foreign languages). The article presents analysis of the distance Olympiad’s results, examples of tasks for each round and the main criteria for evaluating the tasks. The requirements to the second foreign language Olympiad tasks implied: possibility of mass coverage of students with Olympiad tasks; compliance of the tasks with the curriculum; time limit; relying on the students’ experience, including their native language skills and abilities; increasing tasks complexity; variety of tasks forms and content, the tasks contents and novelty; problem nature tasks to stimulate students thinking, language guess; using authentic material for the Olympiad tasks; the use of local history and extralinguistic material. The general complexity of the tasks, and difficulties associated with the nature of the linguistic material were also taken into account.Conclusion. According to the results of the experimental work, the author comes to the following conclusion: the leading principle of organizing distance Olympiads assumes that the university faculty will be focused on the timely identification of the future teachers’ interest to the Korean language, their involvement in preparation for the Olympiad, thus forming their interest in Korean culture and language. Olympiad assignments should be creative so that students learn to find their own ways of solving problems and develop self-education skills. Participation in the Olympiad increases students’ learning motivation, broadens their horizons, and develops their ability to express their opinions. The variety of requirements to the work of participants makes the assessment of each member of the jury quite subjective, but the collective nature of the evaluation procedure ensures correctness and objectivity of the final decision, allows participants to familiarize with the results of their work and consider appeals after each round of the Olympiad participants.

Organization of Effective Interaction Between the Employer and the Educational Organization in the Professional Training of Engineers

The development of modern industry actualizes the issues of organizing interaction with educational organizations that conduct professional training of engineers, because the "personnel shortage" is obvious. On the other hand, educational organizations cannot carry out professional training without focusing on the requirements of industry, and without fulfilling the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard 3++ in terms of practical training. Thus, the organization of effective interaction between the employer and the educational organization is necessary for both sides of the process.The authors of the article highlighted the conditions for the organization of interaction between an employer and an educational organization, compliance with which will help bring the professional training of engineering personnel to a qualitatively new level and make it the most effective. These authors include: taking into account and using the historically established experience of Russian and Soviet vocational education; application of the practice of interaction of foreign educational organizations; application of the principles of continuity, continuity; the intersection of the educational space of the educational organization and the internal environment of the enterprise; creation of a regional sectoral integration educational space.The purpose of the article is to describe the conditions for effective interaction between an employer and an educational organization. The authors give examples of foreign and domestic pedagogical experience that can be used in the practice of vocational training.Within the framework of this study, the following methods were used: the method of historical and pedagogical research was used to study foreign and domestic pedagogical experience. The conclusions were formulated through the use of the method of observation of the educational process and the analysis of pedagogical experience.The authors come to the conclusion that compliance with the conditions described in the publication is important and can be used to create a pedagogical system of professional training of engineers.

Journalistic Storytelling for Social Justice: A CDA of Global News Coverage of the Otodo Gbame Forced Evictions in Nigeria

ABSTRACT Despite the growing discourse on forced evictions around the world, very limited scholarship has explored the constitution, replication and/or transformation of a discourse of urban development and forced evictions in journalistic work. This study investigates the global news coverage of state-sanctioned forced evictions of Otodo Gbame community in Lagos, Nigeria—with specific attention to journalistic discursive construction of urban development and the reproduction of hierarchies of worth in journalistic work. Critical discourse analysis of 17 journalistic texts published online by national and foreign news media organisations during the Otodo Gbame forced evictions (November 2016–April 2017) revealed journalists positioned Otodo Gbame residents at the bottom of a hierarchical social order and as victims of an unfortunate circumstance without transforming that discourse into possibilities for social and environmental justice. Journalists prioritised institutional voices, used passive construction and detached expressive mode to downplay the social implications of state-sanctioned forced evictions, and reproduced hierarchies of worth in journalism and broader society. Considering journalism plays a crucial role in the social construction of reality, this study offers insights and directions for journalistic role expansion and the transformation of conceived journalistic roles into meaningful practice.

К ВОПРОСАМ О ДУХОВНОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ В СЕВЕРОКИТАЙСКОЙ ПРОВИНЦИИ МАНЧЖУРИИ В НАЧАЛЕ XX в.

The paper touches on the processes of formation of the Russian population on the border territory of North-East China in the exclusion zone of the Chinese Eastern Railway, and reveals aspects of spiritual culture. The main emphasis is on creating a religiously tolerant environment for settlers in Manchuria, which was a common policy for the entire population of the Far Eastern Region. Particular attention is paid to Baptists, which took an active position in the Far East. Research is based on a wide range of sources, archival funds, personal archives, newspaper articles, research and general scientific literature. Some aspects of the work of Protestant missionaries are reflected only in confessional sources (in the books of V.I. Franchuk, Y.F. Sablin, G.P. Vince). Historical-systemic, comparative chronological, statistical and other methods made it possible to examine part of the spiritual culture in the designated area. The article examines aspects of the spread of evangelical doctrine at the beginning of the 20th century. As a result of the active work of Baptist churches and missionaries, the Far Eastern Union of Baptists (FEBL) was formed, which extended its activities to the border areas. Foreign missions provided personnel and financial support to fellow believers, this contributed to the spread of the gospel message in the 10s of the 20th century, but by the end of the 20s and 30s the situation had changed, and cooperation with foreign organizations was unfavorable. According to the author, the activities of the Manchu Baptist communities were closely connected with the Russian Far East, on the territory of which the governing body of the DVSB was located (initially in Blagoveshchensk, and then in Khabarovsk). The adherents of Evangelical Christian Baptists were mostly Russian-speaking, but work was also carried out with the Chinese population. In turn, the Far Eastern Union of Baptists, through the territory of Northern China, had the opportunity to more quickly and without control receive various types of assistance from European and American churches: funds and spiritual literature for the development of missionary activities.

The impact of public organizations on development of professional qualification of medical workers

The professional development of personnel is one of highest priority task of development of both medicine as science and health system as mechanism protecting health of citizens. The public organizations are professional communities of medical specialists specializing in particular sectors of medicine that actively participate in implementation of educational measures and other initiatives targeted to support opportunities for professional growth and improving competence level of participants of these communities. The article considers examples of such initiatives as exemplified by foreign and Russian public organizations of pulmonologists and dentists.

"Take it or leave it": Analysis of pediatric heart offers for transplantation in Switzerland.

There is a shortage of donor hearts in Switzerland, especially for pediatric recipients. However, the rate and reason for refusals of pediatric donor hearts offered in Switzerland has not been systematically analyzed. The national transplant database, Swiss Organ Allocation System, was searched for all hearts from Swiss and foreign donors younger than 16 years from 2015 to 2020. The numbers of accepted and refused hearts and early outcome were assessed, and the reasons for refusal were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 136 organs were offered to the three Swiss pediatric heart centers and foreign donor procurement organizations. Of these, 26/136 (19%) organs were accepted and transplanted: 18 hearts were transplanted in Switzerland, and 13 of these were foreign. Reasons for refusal were (1) no compatible recipient due to blood group or weight mismatch, 89.4%; (2) medical, meaning organ too marginal for transplantation, 7.4%; (3) logistic, 1.4%; and (4) other, 1.8%. Five organs were refused in Switzerland by one center but later accepted and successfully transplanted by another center. Hearts from outside Switzerland were transplanted significantly less than Swiss hearts (n = 16/120 vs. 10/16, p < .001). The most common reason for refusing a pediatric donor heart is lack of compatibility with the recipient. Few hearts are refused for medical reasons. A more generous acceptance seems to be justified in selected patients. Switzerland receives a high number of foreign offers, but their rate of acceptance is lower than that of Swiss donations.

British Society in the reflection of the press: fascist sentiments among the World War I veterans in the 1930s

Importance. The topic of the threat of fascist ideas and movements at the present stage is increasingly being brought up in the framework of public and scientific discussions. The coverage of this problem of the history of Great Britain in the 1930s is connected with the need to study the development of the features of fascism in society and in the society of veterans of the World War I. The novelty of the work is to consider the strengthening of the right-wing sentiments of part of the community of British war veterans in the 1930s, while fascism in Great Britain has been studied most widely by historical science in relation to political organizations and parties. Revealing the connection of veterans with the fascist movement will reveal the essence of the state ideology and the contradiction in public sentiment.Materials and Methods. Within the framework of a historical and systematic approach, the Fascist movement in Great Britain was considered as one of the features of the development of public sentiment. The problem of fascization of British society was the duality of political attitudes. On the one hand, representatives of British fascism were marginals, and on the other, prominent figures of the largest veterans’ organization, the British Legion, were the exponents of the ideas of fascism. Using the prosopographic method, the social and political activities of the World War I veterans were investigated.Results and Discussion. Based on the analysis of the development of Great Britain in the 1930s, the specifics of public sentiment are described. The veteran movement in the country adhered to various ideologies. By the mid-1930s, opinions arose among veteran leaders about the possibility of uniting with the fascists. During this period, the veterans of the World War I themselves, with the assistance of politicians and the aristocracy, as well as the support of capitalist circles, created right-wing radical organizations that openly adopted nationalist, anti-Semitic, and racist positions. The possibility of veterans coming under the influence of fascist organizations actually existed, given the numerous contacts and joint activities both within the UK itself and with foreign organizations and politicians (in particular, with the leaders of the Third Reich and Italy).Conclusion. Prominent figures of the veteran movement (in particular, the British Legion) are responsible for the development of fascism in the UK and have contributed to the policy of appeasing the aggressor. Their activities in the process of unleashing the World War II were derived from the prevailing socio-economic system. In the 1930s, veterans and their leaders became instruments and sometimes representatives of the interests of competing groups of the economically dominant class in Great Britain. Dissatisfaction with the policies of the British governments and the rise of fascist sentiment was reflected in social protest and criticism in the press.

Гонения на верующих на Украине как индикатор кризиса института правозащиты

The article provides information about the inconsistency of the activities of foreign human rights organisations with the goals and objectives of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The author's idea is confirmed by the data of monitoring of observance of religious freedoms and rights of believers, carried out by the Russian Association for the Defence of Religious Freedom. It is concluded that it is necessary to establish new international mechanisms for the protection of human rights on the platforms of BRICS, SCO, and others.

Обмеження та заборони як різновид адміністративного примусу в умовах правового режиму воєнного стану

Prevention as a form of state coercion is one of the most important means of ensuring public order and security in Ukraine. The use of preventive restrictive measures in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law is provided for by the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine (Article 64) and other regulatory and legal acts [1]. Preventive restrictive measures are constituent elements of state coercion, which include termination, restoration of administrative and procedural support, and administrative responsibility. The word “coercion” means the necessity to act in a certain way even if you are unwilling to do that, being influenced by someone or something. [2, p.543]. In our case, we are considering the administrative and legal influence of the state, which, under the conditions of martial law, forces people who do not respond to its demands and violate restrictions and prohibitions that operate on the territory of the country. It is worth agreeing with the opinion of V.V. Gordeev. V.K. Kolpakova, A. T. Komzyuk, I. M. Sopilko and other scientists that the state embodies power, the use of which in relation to violators can be considered as violence [3, p. 228]. At the same time, it is worth considering the existence of the “preventive coercion” as one of the methods of legal influence on a subordinate subject, which is used by competent state bodies (officials) in the event of a violation of established legal norms to stop the relevant illegal activity or to prevent such a violation, as well as ensuring that the culprit is brought to justice [4, p. 34]. As we can see, the concept of coercion does not include its application to subjects (natural and legal entities) who are not subordinated to the authority of the subject, which to some extent indicates the need for a broader interpretation of the meaning of this concept. The use of these means is a peculiar reaction of the state to a possible commission or fact of violation of the restrictions acting under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law. It should be mentioned that the restrictions on the duration of the legal regime of martial law put into effect by the Decree of the President of Ukraine (from February 24, 2022) have socio-political and social significance because they are aimed at strengthening law and order in the state. The mandatory content of restrictions, which are of a preventive nature in the conditions of martial law and in the territory of its operation, can be conditionally divided into: 1) measures of administrative coercion that limit the personal inviolability of citizens. These include: verification of documents certifying the identity of a citizen, inspection of a person and his belongings, administrative detention, administrative expulsion of foreign citizens outside Ukraine or internment of citizens of a state that is at war with Ukraine. 2) measures of administrative coercion that limit the property rights of citizens. These include: confiscation of property and other material assets (weapons, ammunition, poisonous substances, vehicles) for the needs of the country's defence, followed by their compensation. Citizens may be also forced to work. 3) measures of administrative coercion that limit the political activity of citizens. This concerns the suspension of the activities of public national and foreign organizations, the creation of censorship bodies to control the activities of the mass media, as well as other constitutional restrictions on the citizens’ political rights and freedoms.