Foreign Nationals Research Articles

Hak Atas Satuan Rumah Susun Bagi Warga Negara Asing Berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 18 Tahun 2021

This study analyzed the rights to flats for foreign citizens based on Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021 and legal certainty in Government Regulation 18 of 2021. This study used a normative legal method with a statutory and conceptual approach. The provisions of Article 71 paragraph (1) letter b of Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021 regulated the right to apartment units for foreign nationals. As a result, foreign citizens could obtain use rights or building use rights on flats built on state land, land rights management, or property rights. However, government Regulation Number 18 of 2021 was considered unable to provide legal certainty because it was contrary to Law Number 5 of 1960 as a higher-level regulation. Article 37 of Law Number 5 of 1960 did not stipulate that foreign nationals could obtain building use rights as described in Article 71 paragraph (1) letter b of Government Regulation 18 of 2021.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of imported malaria in Bulgaria: A retrospective study of а 21-year period

BackgroundBulgaria, with a high endemicity for malaria in the past, was declared by the WHO as a malaria-free country in 1965. We intended to analyze the epidemiological and clinical implications of imported malaria cases in Bulgaria. MethodsThis is a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of all recorded cases of imported malaria in Bulgaria over a 21-year period (2000–2020). Patients’ clinical records and information gathered from the epidemiological survey of each recorded malaria case were reviewed. ResultsA total of 232 cases of imported malaria were reported, 147 (63.4%) were Bulgarian citizens (BC) and 85 (36.6%) were foreign nationals (FN). Two thirds (66.4%) of cases were diagnosed from April to October. Most BCs had travelled for work (66.6%) to Africa (93.9%) and were infected with P. falciparum (83.3%), while most FNs were migrants (54.7%), exposed in Asia (63.5%) with P. vivax infection (62.4%). Clinical complications and a fatal outcome were noted in 14.7% (n = 34) and 3.5% (n = 8) of cases respectively. All complicated cases were in BNs with P. falciparum infection. ConclusionsBulgaria experiences a steady import of malaria. Efforts to improve diagnosis, management and prevention of malaria, as well as maintenance of a high degree of epidemiological vigilance are needed.

Factors Influencing Receipt of Radiation Treatment in Women with Carcinoma of the Cervix in Ghana

Objective: We evaluated the influence of demographic and clinical features on access to radiotherapy among women with cervical cancer.Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study design was used to review hospital records of women diagnosed with cervical cancer from 1st January 2010 and 31st December 2013 at Ghana’s two largest public cancer treatment centres. Basic demographic andclinical data were captured from the records. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the odds of receiving radiotherapy in women with carcinoma of the cervix.Results: One thousand seven hundred twenty-five (1725) women with cervical cancer were studied, of which 955 (57.7%) women received radiotherapy. The likelihood of receiving radiotherapy increased with increasing age (OR: 2.2; 95% confidence interval, CI,1.5-3.1, 70-79, versus ≤39 years. The indigenous semiurban dwellers (unadjusted OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.6-3.5), and foreign nationals (unadjusted OR: 4.1; 95% CI: 2.5- 6.9), were more likely to receive radiation treatment relative to those who resided in the metropolis. Women with three or more comorbidities (unadjusted OR: 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1-0.5), those recruited at the gynaecology unit (unadjusted OR: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.002- 0.01) and subjects with no histological diagnosis (unadjusted OR: 0.004; 95% CI: 0.002-0.01) were likely not to receive radiation treatment. After controlling for other variables, recruitment from the gynaecologic units was significantly associated with a probability of receiving radiation treatment (Adjusted OR: 0.1; 95% CI: 0.01- 0.3).Conclusion: Women diagnosed with cervical cancer at the gynaecologic departments were less likely to access radiation treatment.

Dismemberment as a Method of Body Disposal in Spanish Forensic Cases

This study provides an overview of victim and offender data, the cause and manner of death, the dismemberment type, the post-dismemberment alteration, and the forensic investigation, for 35 Spanish forensic cases. The main aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of dismemberment and body part alteration in Spain since 1990, in particular relating to burning. The sample was selected from a Spanish national database on criminal records (CENDOJ). Official court records were examined for 96 variables, which were analysed through non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (nMDS). The results obtained revealed that the number of dismemberment cases between 1990 and 2016 totalled 35 (amounting to a total of 40 bodies) with an incidence of 0.29% of the total number of homicide cases in the database. Most of the aggressors were Spanish adult males, and the victims were adult females of foreign nationality. The most commonly employed tool used to kill and dismember was the knife. A total of 15.00% of the 40 bodies were further altered by fire. It was concluded that dismemberment and other postmortem actions contributed to complicating the forensic investigation and hindering the identification of the deceased.

The H-1B Visa and US GATS Market Access Commitments: Options and Strategies for India

Indian IT firms and professionals have been one of the primary beneficiaries of the US H-1B visa. However, the new US ‘buy American, hire American’ policy and the consequent suspension of the H-1B visa have resulted in India’s claims that the US measures are discriminatory and not in compliance with various provisions of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The present article aims to assess the consistency of the US measures on H-1B category visa in the context of its specific commitments under Mode 4 of GATS and explore India’s options in finding a suitable solution. Our analysis posits that India’s concerns are well-founded, and the US measures at issue may have direct implications on its commitment under the GATS Schedule of Commitments. At the same time, for India, the option of the invocation of the WTO redressal process to force the well-guarded discretionary sovereign power associated with entry visas could be counterproductive and finding a mutually beneficial solution seems to be the way forward. The article will also help understand and explore India’s options in dealing with the highly sensitive area of entry for foreign nationals that falls under the domain of sovereign prerogative of a State.

Narratives of Xenophobia at a South African University

Many studies have examined xenophobia in South African townships and inner cities, but few have interrogated how xenophobia manifests itself in other South African contexts, such as tertiary education environments. The study presents the results of a qualitative study undertaken to explore the perceptions and experiences of students regarding xenophobia at the University of Johannesburg Auckland Park Kingsway Campus (UJAPK). The results indicate that most students have perceptions or have experienced xenophobia at UJ—although in subtle forms including language discrimination, anti-migrant attitudes, and social and academic exclusion. There are, however, traces of non-perception or experiences of xenophobia observed in the responses of some students. The findings further reveal that African foreign nationals (the so-called makwerekwere) are the primary targets of xenophobia rather than non-nationals from outside the continent. I argue that patterns inherited from South Africa’s colonial and apartheid past persist in post-apartheid South Africa, manifesting through the politics of race, nationalism, and fear of the other. I propose dialogue sessions where students (local and international) can openly communicate their perceptions of xenophobia and its consequences and find potential ways to mitigate the phenomenon.

Patterns of Social Interaction and Lifeways which Affect Health and Healthcare of Families in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States

Background: Lifeways of Saudi Arabia and neighboring Gulf States form a unique pattern. A large portion of healthcare providers are foreign nationals. Purpose: The absence of insight into these unique lifeways by healthcare providers may limit their caring activities. Review of related literature has suggested that dissonance between clients and care providers may be a barrier to care. Method: Purnell’s Cultural Competency framework was utilized to focus on communication, family roles and organization, developmental tasks, social status, family dynamics, workforce issues, biocultural ecology, high-risk behavior, physical activity, nutrition, pregnancy, fertility, birth, spirituality, and death from the standpoint of healthcare delivery. Results: Each of the sectors discussed illuminate important ways in which Saudi and Gulf society are similar and different from the body of research related to this area. Conclusion: This inquiry has added perspectives which may be useful for provision of care by healthcare practitioners who are unfamiliar with some of the health related lifeways in Saudi Arabia and Gulf. Keywords: Lifeways; Health; Healthcare; Families; Gulf-States

Миграционная политика как элемент повышения образования иностранных граждан

The priorities and problems of teaching foreign youth in the Russian Federation, the Volga Federal District and the Republic of Mari El are revealed. The dynamics showed that over the past four years, the largest number of registered students was typical for 2021 (633.5 thousand people), and the smallest number arrived in Russia in 2018 (536.5 thousand people). The national education project plans to double the number of foreign nationals studying at Russian universities and scientific organizations, and to develop and implement a set of measures to employ the best of them in Russia. To this end, the experience accumulated in the federal districts, a number of republics and regions of the country are to be used. It is necessary to achieve internationalization of higher education by increasing quotas and budgetary places for foreign students.

“Private and Family Life” in Times of Pandemic, Continuities and Breaks in a Discriminatory Policy: The Case of France

This article examines the impact of measures to address COVID-19 on the right to family life in France. The shutdown of prefectural reception facilities, the freezing of visas for family reunification and the closure of international borders left families at an impasse. Some people already on French territory saw the hope of regularisation fade away, while others waiting for reunification witnessed the lengthening of the period of separation. With the adoption of a series of complex government measures, recourse to exceptional legal practices (i.e.: summary proceedings) became common and various forms of collective mobilisation emerged. An analysis of administrative immobilisation and of this collective mobilisation reveals increased inequality in terms of access to the law and the visibility of certain categories. These dynamics reflect the ongoing deterioration of the rights of foreign nationals, which predates the health crisis.

Peningkatan Kemampuan Bahasa Mandarin Bagi Karyawan Pt. World Innovative Telecommunication (OPPO Smartphone)

This community service focuses on training to improve Chinese language skills for employees of PT. World Innovative Telecommunication as a solution offered to the communication constraints between foreign nationals and employees so that employee performance decreases. This training for employees includes language skills training, namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing. In this training, they are taught how to communicate using Chinese daily and are also trained to master Chinese Business. The instructors in this training consisted of Chinese teachers and Indonesian teachers. From the training results obtained, it was seen that the participants were very enthusiastic in participating in the activities carried out, as evidenced by the participants asking several questions and responding actively to the presenters. In addition, there was a significant increase in test results over time, starting from the 1st exam to the final exam. The obstacle faced in this training was ignorance about Video conferences which caused the virtual room to become out of control so that the learning atmosphere was not conducive. Through this short training, it is hoped that employees will be facilitated to increase their knowledge and abilities, which will ultimately impact improving employee performance in doing work.

진료지원인력의 양성화 및 합법화 고찰

Every year, South Korean medical field is undergoing significant shortage of residents, especially in the field of surgery. Therefore, hospitals hire physician assistants(PA) to cover for short-staffed physicians and increase the quality of medical care. PA’s perform medical checkups, surgery assistance, prescription, anesthesia, and directing nurses to aid physicians. Foreign nations like the United States and Canada produce highly skilled PA’s via official PA training programs and standardized license exams, and PA’s are allowed to perform limited medical practice. However in South Korea, lack of legal basis for PA’s eligibility, training program, and range of allowed medical practice causes social problems like unlicensed medical care and medical accident. South Korea’s objective for PA program is significantly different from that of the United States and Canada. In those countries, purpose of PA is to aid and cover for primary care, whereas South Korean PA program is used for remedying surgeon shortage problem and hospitals’ business purposes, such as cost reduction and treatment time saving. This study criticizes implementing a new occupational field based on foreign PA policy will cause numerous problems and limits due to the difference of purpose. Therefore, establishing a new management& operating system for medical support persons considering patient safety, supply of health medical manpower, medical field requirements and characteristics of different medical institutions will be a realistic solution. Tasks for PA’s should be categorized and trained accordingly so that PA’s quality increases. Also, appropriate reward system, athority, and eligibility of PA’s are required according to their experience and ability. Registered nurse(RN) in South Korea is recognized as professional medical personnels that went through systematic education. This study suggests improvising RN program and utilizing it will be a efficient and realistic alternative solution for this problem.

Punishment of Illegal Fishing Perpetrators in Indonesia in the Perspective of Equality before the Law

Introduction: Equality before the law is one of the important principles in the enforcement of criminal law in Indonesia, so it is important to pay attention to it. The punishment of illegal fishing perpetrators in ZEEI is not on the principle of equality before the law. Although the Fisheries Law adopted the 1982 UNCLOS, UNCLOS itself did not state the prohibition on the application of confinement instead of fines. Therefore, the application of fines for illegal fishing in ZEEI does not conflict with the 1982 Fisheries Law and UNCLOS. The fines of imprisonment are also applied to foreign nationals to ensure that the fines paid will be paid.Purposes of the Research: This study aims to analyze and explain the concept of equality before the law in criminal law enforcement and whether the punishment of illegal fishing perpetrators in Indonesia is following the principle of equality before the law, especially related to the application of confinement instead of fines for Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals.Methods of the Research: This research belongs to the type of normative legal research with a legal and conceptual approach. The research material used is secondary data derived from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The research materials were collected using a literature study and then analyzed qualitatively and then conclusions were drawn using the deductive method.Results of the Research: Equality before the law is one of the important principles in the enforcement of criminal law in Indonesia, so it is important to pay attention to it. The punishment of illegal fishing perpetrators is not by the principle of equality before the law. Although the Fisheries Law adopted the 1982 UNCLOS, UNCLOS itself did not emphasize the prohibition on the application of confinement instead of fines. Therefore, the application of confinement in lieu of fines for perpetrators of illegal fishing in the ZEEI does not conflict with the 1982 Fisheries Law and UNCLOS. The penalty of confinement instead of an important fine is also applied to foreign nationals to ensure that the fines imposed will be paid.

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Foreign Patients' Satisfaction and Financial Dimension, Treatment Quality, and Treatment and Tourism Facilities in Hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences

Background: Medical tourism provides Effective economic, political and social profits to the countries active in the field, which should be taken into account in a competitive market. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between foreign patients' satisfaction and other aspects of health tourism in educational and medical centers of the Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS).
 Methods: This was a descriptive correlational study with a researcher-made questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire contained the demographic characteristics of the participants, and the second part included 30 questions about the components that affect receiving medical services by foreign nations. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was determined by using Cronbach's alpha (0.980). Expert judgment was used to assess the validity of the questionnaire. Out of 70 hospitals affiliated with the University of Iran in 2019, 10 hospitals from 35 licensed centers in the field of international health were randomly selected, and 300 questionnaires were delivered to foreign patients who were willing to complete the questionnaire. The received information was from Random sampling recorded in SPSS25 software. Descriptive Statistics was used to determine the effective factors. 
 Results: The largest numbers of foreign patients in this study were from Iraq (64 %) and Kuwait (24 %), respectively. In correlation review, there was a significant relationship between satisfaction of foreign patients and financial dimension (0.785), quality of treatment dimension (0.914), medical facilities dimension (0.799) and tourism facilities dimension (0.918) in hospitals.
 Conclusion: This study demonstrates that there is a significant relationship between satisfaction of foreign patients and other aspects of health tourism (such as financial dimension, treatment quality, treatment and tourism facilities) in hospitals, Which needs to be given special attention by health tourism managers for short-term and long-term planning for its development.

Strengthening the Rule of Law and Good Governance amid COVID-19 Pandemic in the Global South

Disproportionate curtailment measures against the COVID-19 pandemic alongside compulsory vaccination (in the midst of rumours and conspiracy theories) have contributed to vaccination hesitancy, data and surveillance monitoring without due regard to civil and political rights. The absence of due regard to these rights by governments, undermine the observance of rule of law and good governance. Consequently, there have been sweeping implications on public order and security, disruption of electoral process and the right to dignity through torture and unlawful use of force. Socio-economic rights violations, relaxation of public procurement mechanisms, lack of capacity to deliver essential services, disinformation, perversion of justice, and gender-based violence have also overwhelmed the entire global health care system. The paper assesses curtailment measures against COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on rule of law and good governance in the Global South towards a better COVID-19 stimulus and recovery packages. It adopts doctrinal research method by relying on relevant statutes, international instruments, judicial decisions and literature. It finds that the discriminatory, inequitable curtailment measures and insufficient governmental social protections and economic supports, constitute “multiplier threat” that produces structural violence against vulnerable, marginalised communities and foreign nationals. The pandemic has created scientific uncertainty that necessitates global solidarity and scientific precautionary measures through digital and telemedicine leading to important health management. The paper calls for international democracy support for electoral reforms and United Nations oversight mechanisms for rule of law and good governance to promote transparency and accountability in the management of COVID-19 pandemic.

Generational differences in selected aspects of social situation and health status of foreigners living in the Czech Republic.

Demographic differentiation caused by the history of migration in the Czech and Slovak Republics led the authors of this article to analyse generational differences in the groups of foreigners living in the Czech Republic (CR) and the impact of generational differences on selected aspects of their social situation and perceived health. The crucial research question was whether and to what degree do different generations of foreigners vary from each other and what impact this has had on their social situation and health determinants. The main goal was to examine mutual relationships between selected characteristics of social situation and health determinants in various groups of foreigners living in the CR. A total of 1,003 questionnaires among foreigners officially living in the Czech Republic were collected and analysed. In the area of subjective perception of health, a comparison of foreigners with Czech citizens (representative sample of Czech seniors; 1,172 respondents) in the age category 65+ was made in order to find out whether this perception differs between senior foreign nationals and senior Czechs. Older individuals (50-64 years and 65+ years) appeared to have the best integration into Czech society. This age generation felt positive about stay and migration status in the CR. Older foreigners differ from older Czech citizens who tend to refer to their health as very good to rather good compared to foreigners who described their health as neither good nor bad. The middle generation (30-49 years) of foreigners was characterized by hard work and the initial stages of integration into Czech society. This group also reported positive feelings about living in the CR relative to their home country. The oldest generation of foreigners is the best integrated in the Czech Republic (with regard to selected aspects tested in this article). This generation is able to offer new immigrant effective integration strategies. However, they assess their subjective health one degree worse in comparison with Czech seniors (representative sample), this finding should lead to the setting of preventive programmes related to a healthy lifestyle, including lifestyle for foreigners living in the Czech Republic.

Kepemilikan Properti Bagi Warga Negara Asing Yang Berkedudukan Di Indonesia

In principle, only Indonesian citizens can own land in Indonesia. With the government's program to improve development and the Indonesian economy by promoting investment by bringing in foreign investors, the government issued a policy to regulate property ownership for foreign citizens who wish to own a residence in Indonesia. Property that can be owned by foreign nationals can only be owned with the status of Right to Use and Right to Rent for a certain period of time. The purpose of this limitation of the period of property ownership for foreign nationals is to protect land owned by Indonesian citizens from various exploitation and covert foreign domination. Ownership of property by foreign nationals is regulated in various laws and regulations and their implementing regulations. With the issuance of these various regulations, it is hoped that there will be harmonization between property ownership arrangements for foreign citizens and residential ownership for Indonesian citizens.

Thickening Autocracy in a Non-Democratic State: Changing Demographics in Syria to Maintain Authority

Abstract This article analyses several authoritarian practices in Syria since 1971 and demonstrates that, since the 2011 uprising, its authoritarian regime has successfully remained resilient instead of collapsing. The post-2011 Syrian Government under Al-Assad is no longer the Ba`thist government of old, albeit still autocratic but adept at adapting to hostile changing political environments. Al-Assad’s regime no longer relies on Ba’ath Party loyalty and appearances of legitimacy but both during and post-war has depended more on social re-engineering to sustain its political, economic power. The Syria example demonstrates that, when threatened, authoritarian regimes may thicken the layers of their autocratic rule to sustain their grip on power, even changing the composition of its citizenry to create a new population to rule. We demonstrate how the Syrian Government has used urban planning, housing, and property laws to re-engineer its demographics so that friendly foreign nationals will receive permanent citizenship and displace indigenous citizens.

Southeast Asian “Island Barbarians” as Perceived by a Fujian Official He Qiaoyuan 何喬遠 (1558–1632) in the Late Ming Dynasty

Abstract Min shu 閩書 (The Book of Min; finished in 1620) written by He Qiaoyuan 何喬遠 (1558–1632), a native of Quanzhou, is a relatively well-known source among researchers studying the local history of Fujian province. However, apart from the information on the administrative division of the province, its customs and various aspects of local history it does also contain a section entirely dedicated to the description of the foreign island nations entitled Daoyi zhi 島夷志 (“A Description of Island Barbarians”). The present article analyzes the structure and the contents of this section, provides translations of several passages from it connected with the polities of Southeast Asia. Apart from that, a comparison of borrowings from the first edition of a Yuan dynasty treatise Daoyi zhilüe 島夷誌略 (A Brief Description of the Island Barbarians; 1349/1350) which was at the disposal of He Qiaoyuan and by which the name of the section was probably inspired has been carried out. Most importantly, drawing on the data from the text this paper shows how the outside maritime world to the east and south of China was perceived from the perspective of a South China resident who dealt with and gathered information about the foreign both as an official and as a common person. All in all, the present study is meant to build a basis for the future studies of Min shu and its contents in relation to the foreign countries and people as well as other understudied late Ming – early Qing geographical works.

Pre-War Soviet Rural Medicine as Assessed by National and Non-National Observers

This study analyses the full-scale transformation of rural health care in the USSR in the late 1920s and the second half of the 1930s. The work is relevant because it fills serious gaps in our understanding of both the development of the national health care system and the realities of the Stalin era, thereby acting as an interdisciplinary social history. This work rejects the inherent bias of numerous studies when the task of exposing the Stalinist regime dictates the logic of analysis of social life, including the health care system, and determines the conclusions prematurely. This work is based on the principle of objectivity and rare sources little-known in Russia. They consist of personal observations of foreign eyewitnesses, both journalists and professional doctors, who visited the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and the second half of the 1930s. The study of these documents makes it possible to scrutinize the key moments of social modernisation processes in the Soviet countryside and feel the acute need for the reforms. Without any censorship restrictions in the analysis of the events taking place before their eyes, on the one hand, and any bias towards the Soviet social system, on the other, foreign eyewitnesses could impartially describe the sweeping transformation of the rural health care system in the USSR. The value of foreign observations is also enhanced by numerous comparisons of Soviet medicine with the medical system of their own states. It is established that foreign eyewitnesses agreed on the success of the Soviet government’s policy in rural health care, considering it a real social revolution in medical care for Soviet peasants. To prove the objectivity of the foreign nationals’ judgments, the author uses cross-references from domestic documents from the 1920s–1930s, which confirm the statements of foreign authors. As a result, this work concludes that until the beginning of the period of massive collectivisation in the USSR, foreign eyewitnesses unanimously characterised the medical care available to the peasant population as limited and insufficient. They described the general sanitary and hygienic situation in the village as outrageously deteriorated. At the same time, foreign observers are characterised by equally consolidated evidence of the rapid development and quick progress of rural health care after the establishment of the collective farm system, the first time in the country’s history when medical care became an integral part of everyday peasant life.

An Agenda-Setting Test of Google News World Reporting on Foreign Nations

News consumption has been dramatically altered by the rise of social media. The current study examines the international news section of Google News by looking at the frequency and valence of coverage of other nations. News headlines and snippets about various countries are compared to public perceptions, in order to assess the agenda set by the most popular online news aggregator: Google. The public agenda is based on a dedicated survey. Study results provide qualified support for a framework derived from agenda setting theory. In particular, systems-level variables--such as a nation‘s political philosophy and perceived cultural proximity--influence media agenda-setting.