Foreign Military Research Articles

On the Peculiarities of the Use of Storytelling Technology in Teaching Russian to Foreign Military Personnel as a Foreign Language

On the Peculiarities of the Use of Storytelling Technology in Teaching Russian to Foreign Military Personnel as a Foreign Language

Features of the Organization of the Process of Training Foreign Military Personnel From Near and far Abroad in Special Disciplines

Features of the Organization of the Process of Training Foreign Military Personnel From Near and far Abroad in Special Disciplines

The Analysis of Structural Changes in the Reserves of the Bank of England

Bank of England, one of the leading examples of modern banking, has been established at the end of the 17th century. Economic and social turmoils and wars that broke up in the first half of the 19th century have led to a serious debate between the Currency School and Banking School regarding the primary function of BoE. The Bank Charter Act dated 1844 has been enacted to eliminate the ongoing instabilities in the British economy. The act was suspended in 1847, 1857, and 1866 because of the developments. In this study, the effects of economic and non-economic developments on the Bank’s reserves are investigated using the structural breakpoint tests for the period between 1844 and 1866. To detect the presence of any regime shifts in both series mean and variance, the Bai and Perron and ICSS algorithm procedures were employed. The findings of the study reveal the effects of domestic and foreign military, political and economic developments directly affecting the UK, on the reserves of the Bank. Key Words: Bank of England, The Bank Charter Act of 1844, Structural breaks. JEL Classification: N23, E58, E52

Sultan II. Abdülhamid’in Yönetim Anlayışı ve Osmanlı Bürokratik Yapısındaki Yeri

Ne modern devlet sistemlerinin vazgeçilmez bir unsuru; çoğu zaman bir kangren çoğu zaman da olmazsa olmaz bir yapı olarak değerlendirilen bürokrasi, ne de Türk dünyasının en çok iz bırakan liderlerinden birisi olan Sultan II. Abdülhamid üzerine yapılan tartışmalar yakın zamanda bitecek gibi durmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada da II. Abdülhamid’in dış politikaya, iç politikaya, ekonomiye, eğitime, adalet hizmetlerine ve askeriyeye dair yönetim anlayışları incelenmiş ve bunların Osmanlı bürokratik yapısındaki yerlerine dair birtakım saptamalar yapılmıştır. Çoğu zaman istibdat yönetimi, tek adamlık, merkeziyetçilik ve gericilik ile birlikte anılan II. Abdülhamid’in Türk modernleşmesi sürecinde dizmiş olduğu kilometre taşları göz ardı edilmektedir. Nitekim o Osmanlı tarihinde ilk defa meclis açan ve ilk defa anayasa ilan eden padişahtır. Ancak tahta geldiği dönemde yönetimde bulunan yozlaşmış bürokrasi ile mücadelesi onu zaman zaman çelişkili kararlar almaya itmiştir. Özellikle Tanzimat sonrası Osmanlı’nın modernleşme furyasına kapıldığı bir dönemde kendisini bu hareketlerin tam ortasında bulan bürokrasinin modernleşmesi ilmi ya da teknolojik alanlardan ziyade kültürel alanda gerçekleşmiş ve bürokrasi giderek kendisini ayrıcalıklı bir konuma getirerek devletin otoritesini eline almıştır. II. Abdülhamid ise tahta geldikten sonra devlet otoritesini yeniden saraya bağlayarak, bürokrasi ile mücadele etmeye başlamıştır. Ancak bu mücadele bürokrasinin yok edilmesi amacıyla değil; keyfiyetten uzaklaştırılarak kurumsallaştırılması ve saraya sadakatin sağlanması amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Birçok alanda modernleşme hareketlerinin fitilini yakan II. Abdülhamid, bürokrasinin de modernleştirilmesi adına çok önemli düzenlemeler yapmıştır. II. Abdülhamid’in dizayn ettiği bürokratik yapının mirasçısı ise Türkiye Cumhuriyeti olmuştur.

Qui bono? Foreign military, economic, diplomatic interventions, and the termination of civil wars: An integrative approach

ABSTRACT Foreign interventions are generally considered as game changers in civil wars. Yet the extant literature on this topic typically focuses on a single type of intervention, neglecting the effect of other intervention types deployed within the same conflict. Breaking with tradition, this article proposes a more extensive, multi-faceted bargaining model that integrates multiple types of interventions – military, economic, and diplomatic – that may be employed in a given conflict. The new framework analyzes how the interventions – either alone or in combination with others – shift the balance of power, often partly because interventions reveal previously private information regarding the true capacities of the warring parties. By including the asymmetrical aspects of civil wars in the framework, the article argues and finds support that although rebel-sided interventions usually produce their desired effect by enhancing the opposition’s military capacity, state-sided interventions tend to backfire and ultimately undermine the government.

ELECTRONIC WARFARE IN THE BRICS COUNTRIES: CURRENT STATE AND ISSUES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (THE EXAMPLE OF BRAZIL, INDIA AND SOUTH AFRICA)

The subject of the research in this article is the means and systems of electronic warfare in the BRICS countries on the example of the approaches of Brazil, India and South Africa in the context of the protection of intellectual property rights by means and mechanisms, such as patents and trade secrets (know-how). The relevance of the study is due to the fact that modern states, and the selected BRICS countries are no exception, are aware of the importance and practical significance of electronic warfare and strive to develop such tools and systems or acquire them from those who have achieved success in their development. This requires an understanding of their approaches, including the development and implementation of such tools and systems from the perspective of law. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the goal itself and the results of the work. Thus, it was revealed that in Brazil the issues of providing the country with innovative military equipment, including electronic warfare, are solved both by national companies and military institutions independently, and in cooperation with foreign military and industrial corporations; in India work is underway to create a new generation of ground- and air-based electronic warfare systems with an extended range, South Africa has a number of achievements in this area. As for the protection of such technical achievements by the provisions of the intellectual property law, South Africa (unlike Brazil and India) openly proclaims a system of keeping military innovations secret, while in the other two countries the emphasis is made on patenting.

Winning Hearts and Minds for Rebel Rulers: Foreign Aid and Military Contestation in Syria

AbstractA primary objective of foreign aid in conflict zones is to help political actors win citizens’ ‘hearts and minds’. Previous studies have focused on assistance provided to state actors; however, this article examines aid's impact on rebel governance. It argues that aid only bolsters opinions of rebel governors where military control is uncontested. In contested areas, rebels lose credibility if they cannot offer protection, and they have difficulty delivering – and receiving credit for – services in insecure environments crowded with competitors. Using novel data from the Syrian civil war, this article shows that aid improves opinions of opposition councils in uncontested areas but not in communities experiencing intra-rebel conflict. It also explores the underlying mechanisms using in-depth interviews with residents of Aleppo City and Saraqeb. The findings reveal a more nuanced relationship among aid, military competition and governance than prior studies have suggested, which has implications for both scholars and policy makers.

Tugging on Superman’s Cape: Why Some Insurgencies Are Targets of Foreign Militaries

Why do foreign militaries attack some insurgencies and not others? Although foreign involvement in civil conflicts is on the rise, many insurgencies are not targeted militarily by external powers. Current research suggests organizations that are lethal or that attack democracies should be targeted more often. We argue that organizations that have vital markers of capabilities, such as alliances with other violent non-state actors (VNSAs) and territorial control, and the ability to attack members of a powerful country, in this case, U.S. citizens at home or abroad, are more likely to be targeted. Our empirical analysis supports this contention: we use a logistic regression model and, in post-estimation, predicted probabilities and a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) model to understand the effect of potential factors on international military interventions.

Adapting a Military System for Other Markets Early in the Development Lifecycle

Military technologies are typically the product of long-term development efforts. These technologies are often adapted late in the development process for use by other users, including other members of the defense enterprise, foreign militaries, or the commercial sector. The need to adapt a technology can arise from cost over-runs or changing operational requirements. This article describes a value-based methodology for developing a transition plan early in the development process, when the system is still in the conceptual phase. Performing this analysis early in the design phase allows for design choices that will support adapting the system for other users. Moreover, it provides a risk mitigation strategy against cost over-run and changes in operational requirements. The process begins by capturing the functional architecture of the technology and analyzing them against a set of tasks associated with different military positions. From there, the adapted technology is evaluated for its projected adequacy based on the value added and the effort required for adaptation. The end-state of this analysis is a value-based model that identifies a portfolio of possible alternative markets and/or uses, which can be comparatively analyzed. A case study is presented for adapting a military augmented reality system for a different market.

Tracking Chinese Perceptions of Vietnam's Relations with China and the United States

executive summary: This article sheds light on trends in Chinese assessments of U.S.-Vietnam relations and security cooperation to discern patterns in the security dynamics between the three countries. main argument Since the turn of the century, Chinese foreign policy experts have consistently assessed that while there will always be certain tensions in the China-Vietnam relationship, economic and geopolitical realities prevent Vietnam from aligning against China or collaborating with the U.S. to any significant extent. Although some Chinese experts began to question the durability of China-Vietnam ties following Beijing's expansive nine-dash-line claim over much of the South China Sea in 2009 and a series of standoffs over disputed waters starting in May 2014, the general Chinese assessment that Vietnam will not work too closely with the U.S. to counter China continues to prevail. policy implications • The consistency of Chinese analysts' perceptions strongly suggests that China is unprepared for major and abrupt shifts in Vietnamese hedging in the future. Chinese elites likely view the predictability of U.S.-Vietnam relations as favorable to their government's foreign policy and military strategy. Thus, any significant change in Hanoi's security cooperation with Washington would surprise and rattle Beijing. • Although Vietnam is unlikely to oppose China outright, it is also unlikely to collaborate with Beijing on security issues. This dynamic appears irreversible, barring a wholesale revamping of Chinese security policy in the South China Sea that includes recognition of and respect for Vietnam's exclusive economic zone and territorial claims. • China is unlikely to disrupt regional peace and stability over closer U.S.-Vietnam cooperation. Therefore, raising the U.S.-Vietnam partnership from "comprehensive" to "strategic" in Vietnamese parlance, as has been discussed in the past, would be unlikely to register much reaction from Beijing.

Training Foreign Militaries for Peace – U.S. IMET and Militarized Interstate Disputes 1976-2007

How do U.S. International Military Education and Training programs affect the recipient states` behavior in militarized interstate disputes? While the relationship between U.S. military aid in the form of arms and equipment transfer and MID involvement has been studied extensively in international relations literature the effects of U.S. IMET programs on the same phenomena has been largely ignored. This study intends to fill some of this gap. This paper proposes that American educated and trained foreign military personnel return home with a better understanding about the role of the military as an instrument of national power, civil-military relations, and the cost of war. These military personnel advise their political masters against the use of military force during international disputes leading to a decreased probability of both MID initiation and escalation. To test this argument the analysis employs a merged dataset from the Correlates of War Projects and the most prominent U.S. IMET and coups data. Using logistic regression analysis this study finds that more U.S. IMET support a country receives the less likely it initiates MIDs. The analysis also finds that countries that receive U.S. IMET support are less likely to escalate ongoing MIDs to higher levels of hostility.

대한민국 육군의 브랜드 정립을 위한 국내외 군대관련 마크디자인 분석 - 한국, 미국, 영국, 일본의 군대관련 마크를 중심으로 -

대한민국 육군의 브랜드 정립을 위한 국내외 군대관련 마크디자인 분석 - 한국, 미국, 영국, 일본의 군대관련 마크를 중심으로 -

Foreign Military Adventurers in the Taiping Rebellion, 1860–1864

Abstract Using Western and Chinese archival sources, the following paper explores the military intervention of freelance foreign adventurers, particularly a militia eventually known as the Ever-Victorious Army, in the waning years of the Taiping Rebellion (1860–1864). My goal here is not merely to retell the story of this force, or to reassess its contribution to the subjugation of the Taipings, a question already studied by several historians. Instead, I will analyze the complicated and ever-changing relationship between these adventurers and the powers around them: Qing local authorities, the imperial court in Beijing, and the various foreign countries, especially Great Britain. I argue that the opening for such a force as the Ever-Victorious Army was created by the need of all parties for informal cooperation against the Taiping while maintaining plausible deniability. Once this need had passed, the foreign military adventurers became redundant and could be discarded by their former sponsors.

Beyond Ouagadougou: State-building and jihadism in Burkina Faso

ABSTRACT The article evaluates the current worsening security situation in Burkina Faso and ties it to a lack of state-building in the country. Based on Tilly's approach to state-building, it, consequently, draws a set of recommendations aiming to strengthen the effectiveness of Burkinabe security forces as a primary step to stop the current wave of violence and establish more stable state institutions. These would become a first step of the process that is necessary to stabilise the situation in the region, enhance the Pillars of State, and allow the state institutions to overcome the militias. The article clearly states that foreign intervention and military solution only of the conflict cannot lead to a successful result. Burkina Faso needs to enhance institutional penetration throughout its territory to allow for the mitigation of the rebellions not only in this instance but also for the future and strengthen the state-building project.

Languages for Specific Purposes at the United States Military Academy: A Cumulative Learning Approach

The United States Military Academy at West Point is a four-year, undergraduate institution that educates and trains its students (cadets) to become future leaders in the US Army officer corps. The Department of Foreign Languages (DFL) at West Point plays an integral role in developing cadets’ cultural and linguistic competencies in preparation for potential overseas deployments while serving in the Army. DFL offers cadets the opportunity to major in eight different foreign languages. Among these are Spanish and Portuguese, two robust second language (L2) programs whose current annual enrollments are 487 and 393 cadets, respectively (out of a total population of 4,000 cadets). Besides language instruction for general proficiency, the Spanish and Portuguese curricula also offer embedded training modules, independent courses, and immersion programs centered on how to negotiate specific military tasks within the target languages. These L2 touchpoints fall under the umbrella of Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP) and are designed to prepare our cadets for future interactions with foreign militaries and cultures in a variety of global regions, including Latin America, Europe, and Africa. This essay details West Point’s Spanish and Portuguese LSP models, focusing on their phased, cumulative design and overall effectiveness as specialty curricula within DFL.

ANTI-BOLSHEVIKS UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN FAGARAS FORTRESS-ROMANIA (1920-1923)

Fagaras Fortress had over the centuries of its existence, a special importance in Romanian history, knowing both moments of glory and decay. It is known the fact that it has been successively a strong defensive fortress, residence for Transylvania's Princes, military garrison and communist prison. Nevertheless, it is less known or is not at all known another aspect, the one that the fortress had in some moments after 1918 the function of shelter and refuge for foreign military and civilians, how it was the case of hundreds of Ukrainians afflicting wanderers, fled from the front of Bolshevik steamroller. Regarding the last of these aspects we will talk in the next pages, trying to shape this moment from the century-old existence of the fortress as coherent and consistent as possible, even if the archivist sources or the information from the local press of that period are minimal.

Foreign Military Intervention In Case Of Natural Disasters:, Contingency Or Fatality

Foreign Military Intervention In Case Of Natural Disasters:, Contingency Or Fatality

군사 한국어 교재의 구성 원리와 실제 -국방어학원 『외국군을 위한 한국어』 교재 개발을 중심으로-

군사 한국어 교재의 구성 원리와 실제 -국방어학원 『외국군을 위한 한국어』 교재 개발을 중심으로-

MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH OF TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN MILITARY ACADEMY

The article is devoted to the practice of introducing subject-language integrated training (CLIL) in a military university, which receives insufficient attention in modern teaching methods. The article presents the scientific directions of the organization and the basic principles of bilingual education in special disciplines and a foreign language in technical universities of the country. 4 stages of studying a foreign language at a military university using CLIL technology are described. A new approach to the study of a foreign language is presented as interdisciplinary coordination of a foreign language, humanitarian (history, Russian, translation), natural sciences (physics and mathematics) and military (military-technical) disciplines. All of these disciplines are a tool in mastering the professional knowledge of future military specialists and increasing their professional competence. Intersubject integration at the moment is characterized by a new attitude to the subject of teaching a foreign language - obtaining professional knowledge while simultaneously mastering knowledge, skills in a foreign language and other special disciplines according to the Federal State Educational Standard. The purpose of the study is to identify the links between the humanities and science disciplines for the application of an integrated approach in practical lessons. The study of technologies and approaches to interdisciplinary training in a military university and their use in the educational process is the relevance of the study. The analysis of scientific and theoretical materials of foreign and Russian authors confirms the use of subject-integrated training at a military university. Based on the results of an empirical study, a number of practical recommendations were developed for teachers of military universities. The article provides the organization of an integrated practical lesson in a foreign language with third-year cadets. Tasks for the integration of a foreign language and knowledge of cadets in the field of mathematics and physics have been developed. Methodological recommendations on the organization of subject-based integrated learning in foreign language classes are given. The article emphasizes that interdisciplinary interaction is a complex organizational task and a unified model of subject-integrated education in a military university does not yet exist, and its actualization depends on the capabilities of a particular university.

The Significance of Foreign Military Bases as Instruments of Spheres of Influence

The category of the sphere of influence can explain some contemporary international processes. To define that category, however, much stress is laid on great powers’ exclusivity within their spheres of influence. The author takes into consideration the thesis of the aforementioned exclusivity’s erosion. Because foreign military bases are essential instruments of spheres of influence due to their strong impact on security policy, it is worth investigating their presence in this context. Specifically, the author carries out an in-depth study of military bases of more than one major power in one host country. Further, the article discusses the extent to which the gradual erosion of exclusivity undermines the significance of spheres of influence as such. In conclusion, the author states that the case of Djibouti undermines the idea of great power exclusivity. Yet, other cases do not provide sufficient evidence on such deep transformation because of either limited periods of bases’ existence or great power cooperative attitudes.