Foreign Language Sources Research Articles

The Danish St Croix Project: Revisiting the Lincoln Colonization Program with Foreign-language Sources

Working from previously unknown sources in Danish archives, this article establishes for the first time the important role that the island of St Croix played in the Lincoln administration's considerations on colonizing African Americans abroad. This article argues that U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward, commonly viewed as an anti-colonizationist, was at least a mild proponent of colonization in its earliest stages. The article demonstrates further that in the summer of 1862, the St Croix colonization project was an important stepping stone in the Lincoln administration's legal justification for emancipation, and that it was recognized as such by high-ranking Confederates. The negotiations failed for reasons that had little to do with Lincoln or his opinion on the matter. Rather, the plan fell through because the Danes slowly turned against it for economic and political reasons. The substantial conclusion of this article is that, contrary to earlier perceptions in the historiography, African American colonization during the Civil War was not led and directed entirely from Washington. Rather, in this case, the Danish minister proposed a colonization plan and then worked with the U.S. Government to attempt to see it through.

The Behavior of Citing: A Perspective on Science Communication Across Languages

This article addresses the perceptions and behavior of Chinese tourism researchers citing foreign language sources in (for) their own studies. Theoretically sensitized to notions of dissemination of knowledge and science communication, and departing from the ongoing measurement of citation impacts, the study adopts a qualitative approach to the scrutiny of citer perceptions and behavior in the instances of citing sources from other languages. Observations and narratives from in-depth interviews with 24 active Chinese tourism researchers amply speak of the dynamics, politics, subjectivity, and at times irrationality of citing from foreign languages. In particular, the inductive analysis complements traditional scientometric perspectives on citation impacts and provides insights into the motivation, perceived benefits, facilitation, and constraints, as well as (re)presentations of cited ideas in the observed instances of science communication in tourism.

Review: The Triumph of the Dark European International History 1933-1939

THE TRIUMPH OF THE DARK European International History 1933-1939 Zara S. Steiner Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. 1248 pp, US$65.00 (cloth) ISBN 978-0199212002With the second and final volume of her study of European international politics between 1919 and 1939, Zara Steiner has completed what is now the touchstone for several generations and beyond of international historians, international relations specialists, and the wider reading public interested in the period between the two world wars of the 20th century. Together with the first volume, this study is an immediate classic - one based on 20 of research and, before that, a distinguished scholarly record and accumulation of knowledge stretching back to the late 1950s. Demonstrating the same deft analytical hand that dissected the vagaries of European international history from the Paris peace conference to the collapse of the Weimar republic, a command of English and foreign language sources, and lucid prose, Steiner provides an exegesis that neither preaches about nor excuses the generation of statesmen, politicians, military leaders, diplomats, and journalists who dominated Europe and hold responsibility for the outbreak of a second world war in 1939. In the first volume of her study, she argued that by the end of the 1920s, the problems spawned by the First World War were resolved and continental stability had emerged from the chaos of war and revolution. This process was then undermined by the hinge years of the Great Depression, beginning in late 1929 when the disruption of the international economy, the concomitant undermining of democratic government, and the rise of radical prescriptions to meet the apparent failure of capitalism and democratic governance emerged.In this context, the central figure of this book is Adolf Hitler, the German chancellor after January 1933, supreme German leader after August 1934, and fountainhead of National Socialist ideology. Steiner's initial chapter, Brown dawn, looks closely at the Nazi revolution and the end of the quest for disarmament. She sees Hitler's ideology as nourishing the roots of a foreign policy designed to make Germany supreme in Europe and laying the basis for an eventual struggle with the United States to make Germany the sole world power: territorial expansion to the east, whereby the newly created states, including German- speaking Austria, would have to be brought within the Reich; the complete destruction of Nazidom's ideological enemy, Bolshevik Russia; and cleansing Europe of its subhuman races, especially the Jews. Through his dark social Darwinian lens, Hitler looked for the means and opportunity to achieve his foreign policy goals.Opportunism is central here. In his influential 1961 book, The Origins of the Second World War, the revisionist A.J. P. Taylor argued that Hitler did not follow a diplomatic blueprint but was pragmatic in foreign policy: announcing German rearmament in 1935, remilitarizing the Rhineland in 1936, forcing the annexation of Austria in March 1938, detaching the German-speaking Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia six months later, occupying the Czechoslovak rump in March 1939, and initiating the Polish crisis in September 1939. In contrast, Steiner shows clearly that while Hitler was opportunistic, he was an opportunist who knew where he was going. He gambled on inaction by the other great powers, took risks, and proved daring in exploiting the openings given to him. He took the initiative and the other powers' leaders reacted.In Steiner's estimation, these responses were crucial to the origins of the Second World War. Engaged in a pyrrhic competition among themselves, all the successor states except Czechoslovakia gradually moved into the German orbit because the new Bolshevik Russian threat differed little from the old tsarist one. In Italy, Benito Mussolini found common ground with Hitler after the Italian conquest of Abyssinia in May 1936 and led his country away from London and Paris, which had temporarily united with Rome in a vain effort to contain Germany. …

Chinese Sources on the 1903–04 British Military Expedition to Tibet

AbstractChinese sources, especially first-hand materials such as archive collections, field-work reports and Amban Youtai?s diary, have been little considered or consulted in the international debate on issues of modern Tibetan history. Although these Chinese sources would make their studies more balanced, Western scholars who do not understand Chinese characters tend to rely English sources only, with very few of them using Tibetan sources as well. However, just as it has become more and more common in academic circles in China for Chinese scholars to use English or other foreign-language sources in their studies of Tibetan history, so also should Western scholars realise how important the Chinese sources are for studies of Tibetan history, for Tibet has been related to China so closely and for such a long time.

The Creation and Transmission of Justinian's Novels

Drawing upon the most authoritative foreign-language sources on the subject, this article provides an English-language survey of how editions of Justinian’s Novels were created and passed along over nearly two thousand years. It further describes how some important nineteenth century scholarship on the Novels not widely available in print is now freely accessible online.

The worlds of the fortepiano

This book is a splendid tribute to the instrument which dominated so much of keyboard culture in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The international conference from which it stems was supported by the Istituto Storico Austriaco a Roma, the Società Italiana di Musicologia and the Istituto Germanico a Roma, Sezione di Storia della Musica, under whose auspices the volume is published. The editor, Richard Bösel (who acknowledges the assistance of Roberto Illiano, Luca Sala and Massimiliano Sala), provides an extensive introductory essay, printed both in Italian and German; the warmth and enthusiasm as well as the learning with which he writes make this an enticing prelude to the 20 chapters that follow, and he takes pains to mention specifically the work of his fellow contributors at various appropriate points during the course of his discussion, selecting themes and references from their chapters as a kind of aperitif to the chapters themselves. His survey ranges widely over aesthetic, social and historical factors; developments in the instrument, its makers and geographical centres; and a host of performers and composers (the two of course were often united in the same person), together with a wide sweep of the repertory, reaching from C. P. E. Bach via Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and Clementi to Chopin and Liszt, and mentioning many lesser-known but demonstrably influential figures in the process. The introduction concludes with an extract from Joseph Rohrer's account of his travels from the Turkish borders through Eastern Europe to Vienna, published in 1804, a source particularly relevant to Otto Biba's topic in one of the finest chapters in the book, ‘Die Wiener Klavierszene um 1800. Klavierunterricht, Klavierspiel, Klaviermusik, Klavierbau’: indeed, Biba draws on the same source. Consistency is always a challenge in a volume of this breadth; unfortunately Bösel's version (p.lxxxix) of the passage quoted by Biba (compare p.233) has numerous small differences in punctuation and orthography, and some apparent misprints (‘einig’ for ‘eigen’, ‘find’ for ‘sind’). While the editor's command of contributions in four different languages (English, French, German and Italian) is to be admired, there are many infelicities in the English-language items, and errors in translating quoted material from foreign language sources into English.

Widowhood and Visual Culture in Early Modern Europe (review)

206 Reviews Parergon 21.2 (2004) images. If those who are most intimately familiar with them do not consider that the illustrations are important, how then are art historians supposed to know that they even exist. At the same time, Knapp’s focus on English texts means that he downplays the international nature of print media, the book trade in general, and the printed image in particular. But it is not surprising that art historians, whose interests often do not correlate to those of literary scholars, might be more interested in the wider market of print culture than the specificities of the English book. Another quibble is that, although Knapp criticises earlier scholars for not paying enough attention to the book page or the particular image or the relation of image to text, he himself does not deal with these matters in any depth. For example, when he discusses the different usages of typefaces and number of columns on the page to designate English and foreign language sources in John Foxe’s Acts and Monuments he neither includes reproductions of any examples nor discussing the impact of this. Nor does he compare this manipulation of the page to similar design solutions in manuscripts. I also found it frustrating that he did not analyse more fully the different sizes and placement of imagery within these books nor how they compared to other contemporary books both within England and abroad. While for an art historian Knapp leaves many questions hanging, I found this book extremely compelling and it is one that I will return to again and again when doing my own research. It is certainly a significant contribution to any discussion of book culture. Judith Collard Art History and Theory University of Otago Levy, Allison, ed., Widowhood and Visual Culture in Early Modern Europe (Women and Gender in the Early Modern World), Aldershot, Ashgate, 2003; hardback; pp. 266; 101 b/w plates; RRP US$79.95; ISBN 0754607313. The past decade has witnessed the appearance of a number of excellent edited essay collections dealing with widowhood in the European past, including Louise Mirrer’s Upon My Husband’s Death: Widows in the Literature and Histories of Medieval Europe (1992), Cindy L. Carlson and Angela Jane Weisl’s Constructions of Widowhood and Virginity in the Middle Ages (1999), and Sandra Cavallo and Lyndan Warner’s Widowhood in Medieval and Early Reviews 207 Parergon 21.2 (2004) Modern Europe (1999). The essays assembled by Allison Levy in Widowhood and Visual Culture in Early Modern Europe offer a distinctive contribution to the existing scholarship, shifting the focus away from social, legal, and discursive constructions of widowhood to explore instead the ‘understudied correlation’ between widowhood and such visual media as painting, architecture, sculpture, mourning ritual, and so on. The volume’s 15 essays together make a compelling case for widows’active involvement in the production and perpetuation of visual culture (particularly in their capacity as patrons), and offer a thorough portrayal of widows’ centrality in the memorial practices of their day. The strength of the volume is twofold. First, it fuses social history with close interpretations of images, artefacts, and architectural spaces, an approach that emphasises the dynamic interaction between legal, social, creative, and individual interpretations of widowhood. This approach is particularly assured in the hands of Michael E. Yonan, Marina Arnold, Sara French, and Christelle L. Baskins, all of whom offer carefully contextualised and astute analyses of their materials. Secondly, the geographical and historical breadth of this volume effectively highlights the volatility of widowhood not only as a socio-historical phenomenon but, crucially, as a lived state that was endured (or embraced) by individual women in a vast range of circumstances. To this end, Levy has made sound editorial decisions in assembling this volume, selecting essays that range from the trecento to the eighteenth century. And while there is a concentration of discussion on Italian widows, analysis also extends to England, France, Spain, Germany, and Austria. The division of the volume into four thematic sections works as a sound organising principle, allowing complementary essays to offer suggestive commentary on one another. For instance, the essays on Caterina Sforza, Marie de Médici...

Global English in the Humanities? A Longitudinal Citation Study of Foreign-Language Use by Humanities Scholars

The authors counted 16,138 citations within 468 articles found in four journals from history, classics, linguistics, and philosophy in the years 1962, 1972, 1982, 1992, and 2002 in order to identify trends in foreign-language citation behavior of humanities scholars over time. The number of foreign-language sources cited in the four subjects has not declined over time. Consistent levels of foreign-language citation from humanities scholars indicate a need for U.S. research libraries to continue to purchase foreign-language materials and to recruit catalogers and collection development specialists with foreign-language knowledge.

Frank Lloyd Wright: a bio-bibliography

Frank Lloyd Wright is one of the 20th century's best-known architects. Over 40 years after his death, historical and critical comment and debate are increasing and controversy continues to surround him. This volume is a chronologically arranged, annotated bibliography of English- and foreign-language sources including over 3,500 primary entries, with thousands more connected references, presented alphabetically by decades and genres. The book documents not only the literature on Wright from 1886 to the present, but also his own extensive writings. It covers source books, monographs, anthologies, exhibition catalogues, book and exhibition reviews, periodical articles, and obituaries. All references are indexed by personal names, buildings, and projects. There is also a photo-essay comprised entirely of images published here for the first time, and a comprehensive chronology of the architect's life and career, which spanned 70 years and produced about 450 buildings and almost 550 unrealized architectural projects. The book will be of great value to scholars, students, and practitioners.

The Role of Translation in Shaping the Ladino Novel At the Time of Westernization in the Ottoman Empire (A Case Study: Hasan-pasha and Pavlo y Virzhinia)

Sephardic literature in the Ottoman Empire was born soon after the expulsion of Jews from the Iberian Peninsula. It went through various stages and died in the 20th century with the emergence of nation-states. The Holocaust dealt it the last blow. But before this literature perished, it had a last period of bloom. The last third of the 19th century witnessed the birth of secular mass literature in the vernacular, where the leading role belonged to the novel. The very genres in which Ladino secular literature was written had no counterpart in previous epochs, deriving instead from European literary experience. Thus, the majority of Ladino novels, without being translations proper, were to a varying degree dependent on foreign-language sources, which became an important factor in the formation of the genre. In this paper, I explore the function of translated literature in the development of the Ladino novel. After a description of the study's historical and theoretical framework, I go on to analyze two sample texts. One of them has an obvious foreign original, while the other is believed to be an original Ladino creation. I argue that both texts were produced by means of amalgamation of domestic and imported elements, where foreign sources serve as catalysts.

Analysis of surfactants: Part II

AbstractWe present a comprehensive review of the literature devoted to the analysis of surfactants. The period covered is 1995 through 1998. We address patents, reviews, books, journal articles, and any conference proceedings abstracted by Chemical Abstract Services. We consider classical, instrumental, and state‐of‐the‐art analytical applications, including those not in common practice but in a developmental stage. We also include analytical techniques that make use of surfactants for improved performance, although such treatment is not comprehensive. Literature from foreign language sources is covered as completely as practical.

Analysis of surfactants: Part I

AbstractWe present a comprehensive review of the literature devoted to the analysis of surfactants. The period covered is 1995 through 1998. We address patents, reviews, books, journal articles, and any conference proceedings abstracted by Chemical Abstract Services. We consider classical, instrumental, and state‐of‐the‐art analytical applications, including those not in common practice but in a developmental stage. We also include analytical techniques that make use of surfactants for improved performance, although such treatment is not comprehensive. Literature from foreign language sources is covered as completely as practical.

Mary For All Christians by John Macquarrie

BOOK REVIEWS 703 tention to the psychological factors that are part and parcel of ritual celebration and human, as well as Christian, identity. A greater familiarity with foreign language sources, especially on this latter point, would have made the book more cogent and complete. The academic theological community is still searching for ever more adequate methodologies for ritual studies. The fact that the American Academy of Religion and the North American Academy of Liturgy have ongoing study groups concerned with this topic is a very encouraging sign. Harper is to be thanked for publishing this book as one at· tempt to articulate how ritual studies are not for the theorist only. As Driver repeatedly asserts, the study of ritual is essential for human survival and Christian vitality. The Catholic University of America Washington, D.C. KEVIN w. IRWIN Mary For AU Christians. By JOHN MACQUARRIE. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Pub. Co., 1991. Pp. xiii + 160. In the preface, John Macquarrie expresses his purpose for writing this collection of papers very clearly and concisely: "... the ecumenical spirit of recent years has been encouraging Christians to try to understand and appreciate one another's traditions better, so this book is ' for all Christians ' and is written in the hope that they may find in Mary resources for reconciliation rather than conflict." Fittingly enough most of the chapters of this book were originally papers given by Macquarrie to members of the Ecumenical Society of the Blessed Virgin Mary (ESBVM) to which he has belonged since 1970, only a few years following its foundation in England. The foreword to this book by Dom Alberic Stacpoole, one of its contemporary leaders, provides a helpful description of the origin, growth, and ecumenical effectiveness of ESBVM which gives the reader the proper context for the spirit and doctrinal contents of the book. Part Two, " An Ecumenical Office of Mary -the Mother of Jesus" and several supplementary appendices for options in reciting this Office, shows that ESBVM is very much motivated by devotional practices as well as doctrinal dialogues. "God and the Feminine," the initial essay, was originally a paper delivered by Macquarrie at ESBVM's Third International Ecumenical Congress held at Birmingham during Easter Week 1975. It is a masterpiece of theological precision and a balanced interpretation concerning an issue which is all too seldom characterized by either quality. 704 BOOK REVIEWS In the movement toward greater equality of the sexes which would produce more freedom and dignity for women, it seems that the most vociferous pro-feminists and anti-feminists rarely hit the happy medium in this complex and highly emotional issue. Macquarrie, on the other makes superb use of the Judaeo-Christian Tradition to aceom· plish just that, looking, for example, to the ethical monotheism of the Old Testament in opposition to the pagan cults, to the fact that there were women among the disciples of Jesus, one of whom was the first witness to his resurrection, and to St. Paul's teaching that the differences between male and female do not really count in the new creation of Christ. Macquarrie points out the indispensable role of Mary in the New Testament scheme of salvation as most significant for the authentic liberation of women. It is his thesis that the "... study of the Marian tradition can help Chrit>tians reach a fuller and more balanced understanding of the feminine in their religion, from the theological question about the significance of sexuality for our understanding of God to practical questions about the roles of women in the modem Church" (p. 23). According to Macquarrie, it is not linguistic innovation but only sound teaching that will show the triune God revealed in Jesus Christ, Son of God and Son of Mary, as communicating divine recreating love to us ,through the feminine as well as the masculine. This reviewer does feel obliged to raise a question about 'the author's use of theological terminology when he refers to the three divine Persons as "three distinct modes of being" (p. 21) which seems to lend itself to a modalist or Sabellian misinterpretation of the mystery of the real distinction between the three divine Persons within the one divine nature...

A Selective Bibliography of the California Indian, with Emphasis on the Past Decade

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Imre Sutton; A Selective Bibliography of the California Indian, with Emphasis on the Past Decade. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 1 January 1988; 12 (2): 81–113. doi: https://doi.org/10.17953/aicr.12.2.36602x645506h844 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest Search

Foreign-Language Fluency

M t ,/[OST graduate schools require that candidates for the doctoral degree demonstrate their fluency in one or more foreign lan..MD.. guages. Although a variety of reasons have been given for this requirement, the commonest justification appears to be that knowledge, if not mastery, of one or more foreign languages is an essential research tool.' Some investigators have demonstrated that members of graduate faculties consider knowledge of a foreign language to be a necessary scholarly skill,2 whereas others have demonstrated that scholars-many of whom are members of graduate faculties-give only minor attention to foreign-language sources in their own postdoctoral scholarship.3 This ambiguous state of affairs results, in part at least, from the methods used to conduct the studies. In the main, investigations of the utilization of foreign languages as a research tool have been based upon questionnaires administered to holders of the doctorate. One is not unjustified in suspecting that responses to questionnaires of this sort are confounded by the notoriously inaccurate memories of the scholarly set, if not by their personal appetites for foreign literature. Investigators in this area, then, must seek some less contaminated source of data. If foreign languages represent an essential research tool, one would expect to find the tool widely used in research. Scholarly writing should reflect this use. A survey of scholarly journals would supply data on the actual use of foreign-language sources independent of