Foreign Inputs Research Articles

Horticultural Restorations

Abstract The United States has a rich and varied heritage. Beginning with the early settlements of Jamestown, Va., Plymouth, Mass., and St. Augustine, Fla., we have been influenced by a great diversity of climates, natural resources, ethnic populations, and foreign inputs. These influences and their products are well-documented in the traditional artifacts collected in museums: art, furniture, craftwork, and impliments. In communities across this nation many old buildings have been restored and furnished with the help of existing historical records. The desire for accuracy in such an undertaking extends to a need for historically accurate landscaping as well as architecture and furnishings. Horticultural restoration is of increasing interest and concern.

Popular participation under socialism

1. (1) The definition of development that we employ is a determinant of the sort of international interface we posit. There are pitfalls into which the general literature has fallen in this regard which need not and should not be allowed to distort our inquiry into the East European case. For several reasons it seems desirable to start with whatever self-described definition is operative in the particular society under examination. 2. (2) In identification of the specific elements of international interface, we are apt to arrive at distorted conclusions about non-Soviet foreign influences if we do not seriously endeavor to take account of successively mediated foreign inputs as well as the more readily observable direct ones. 3. (3) The flows of external influence should be presumed to be two-directional. In different dimensions on influence, the “source” and “target” roles with respect to impact on political development may be reversed, even among the same pair of countries. Reciprocal dependencies exist. 4. (4) The problems of data accessibility and data ambiguity restrict severely the prospect of confident social science explanation of foreign impacts in East European development on the basis of quantitative analysis of aggregatable data. The situation calls for the cooperative employment of social scientific methods and historical case studies. [Ed.]

Foreign Ownership and the Theory of Trade and Welfare

Some standard topics in the theory of international trade are reconsidered in this paper by distinguishing between national and aggregate income when fixed supplies of foreign inputs are present within the home country. Under conditions that would ensure a national welfare gain if foreign ownership were absent, international transfer, economic growth, or tariff policy might cause a national welfare loss in the presence of foreign ownership. The techniques developed could be applied to other domestic distinctions (such as those based on race, sex, age, or ethnicity) and to the theory of customs unions in a three-country world.

Simulation of Nigerian Development: Northern Region Model

A multidisciplinary team is currently studying the applicability of computer simulation to problems of agricultural sector development in Nigeria. The program has as one of its major objectives the exploration of simulation as a tool for aiding policy makers of that country concerned with meeting the nutritional needs of the population, generation of foreign exchange earnings and raw material inputs for industrialization, and other important questions relating to long-run development of the agricultural sector and its interaction with nonagricultural development. While the project is localized in a particular country, models are being developed with adaptability to other developing areas of the world as a major objective. To date, a model of the northern region of the country has been developed which will be linked to a southern model currently under construction. The structure of the northern model is described in some detail as an example of the application of simulation to a macroeconomic system. Preliminary tests of this model are discussed and an assessment of the capabilities and limitations of this approach to planning development in emerging countries is given.