Foreign Historiography Research Articles

National images and symbols of visual Ukrainian cinematography in the works of foreign scholars

The article is devoted to the problem of historical symbolism in the visual language of Ukrainian cinema. The focus is on the foreign historiography of the problem, which today is one of the most relevant areas in the general scientific discourse of the problem. The author notes that at present, the understanding of national imagery and symbolism in cinematography continues within the framework of two parallel strategies: 1) as the still active deconstruction of existing historical images and visual narratives (especially in cinematography and in general within the framework of audiovisual art) of the Soviet era; 2) as the formation of a new look at the models of national imagery. Within these limits, foreign historiography of the problem is extremely important, in which the analysis of the visual language of Ukrainian cinematography presents many reflective characteristics. The studies analyzed by the author make it possible to single out three areas within which the research of national images and symbols in the visual language of Ukrainian cinematography is being actively continued. First of all, this direction of analysis is the symbolic imagery of Ukrainian cinema in an interpretive way. No less important for foreign historiography is the comparative direction. Finally, within the framework of a complex direction, foreign researchers are making an attempt to accumulate the experience of analyzing Ukrainian cinema and, on this basis, to give its evolution a systemic character, to fit it into the pan-European context. The article ends with conclusions. The author notes that modern Ukrainian cinema is an organic part of the pan-European and world context of cinema. In this form, its presentation as a national pattern of symbolism often emerges in a universal and systemic vision. Within the framework of the first one, which is the earliest in terms of time, the symbolic imagery of Ukrainian cinema is studied in the historical and chronological context. In works. B. Berest, J. Fest, J. Gurg and other scientists, the symbolism of the visual language of Ukrainian cinema is represented linearly. Within the framework of the second direction, national images and symbols in the cinematic language are considered as objects of comparative practices of comparison and comparison with the parallel national spaces of European cinema: Polish, Baltic countries, Moldova, etc. O. Pressitch, A. Narushito, Rzh. Sandal, S. Lewis S. Brower and other researchers. The third direction combines the research of foreign scientists focused on the search for universal schemes for analyzing European and world cinema, within which domestic cinema is often given an important, but secondary role. In the works of K. Portugues, K. Farmer, M. de Valk, K. Celli and other scientists, national images and symbols in the visual language of Ukrainian cinema play an instrumental role that allows to determine the pain of typological and systemic processes in the development of European cinema.

Fenomén raně novověké akademické peregrinace jako specifické téma středoevropské historiografie

The aim of this study is to present the phenomenon of academic peregrination as a specific topic of Czech and foreign historiography, one that has been addressed since the second half of the 19th century. Czech historiography dealing with travelling for education from the Czech Lands in the 16th and 17th century is presented in chronologically ordered subchapters. The second part of the study deals with related phenomena (Grand Tours) and denominationally defined mobility (peregrinations of the Brethren and Jesuit schools). The final part of the study offers a brief look at investigations of this subject also in other countries of Central Europe (Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland) and compares their approaches and results with Czech historiography.

Urban issues in Kazakhstan and foreign historiography (historiographical overview)

Modern Kazakh historiography is in the paradigm of mastering the results of foreign urban history. The article presents a historiographical review of urban issues. The study of the city as a complex organism has become one of the most relevant areas recently. Since the middle of the twentieth century, American and European historical urban studies have considered the city in its entirety, the interaction of the city and citizens, as an environment and subjects that create urban space. To date, Kazakh historiography is represented by separate studies on the history of the city, in the context of local lore, the history of urban architecture. There are few works considering the population of Kazakhstan and the city as a single complex organism in permanent interaction and mutual influence, focusing on the history of everyday life. The historical and genetic methods allow us to consider the problems in its development and identify patterns. The application of the historical-comparative method reveals differences in the development of Kazakh historiography. A comprehensive study of the urban environment in the historical context allows us to understand the nature of the changes in which society and the state were, as well as the motives and aspirations of social groups. As a result, it is identified that there are common patterns in Soviet and Kazakh historiography, as the city and society, being objects of research, were not considered in close connection and mutual influence. The indicated problems have not received proper attention from the researchers of both the Soviet and modern periods

Проблемы концептуализации традиционной общественной организации Кабарды (XVI–XVIII вв.)

This paper analyzes the ways of reconstruction and conceptualization of the traditional organiza-tion of society and power of Kabarda in the 16th–18th centuries. This work studies features of the presentation in the generalizing works of the stage-typological characteristics of the traditional society of Kabardians in the complex of socio-spatial, socio-economic and potestary-political conditions of development. Demographic, territorial and economic factors of social and political development are emphasized as key problems, being the focus of the research attention. The in-consistency of the characteristics of the social system of medieval North Caucasian societies in historiography, presented in a summary picture of the history of “mountain feudalism”, is noted. There is a tendency to reduce the analysis of the social organization of Kabardians to the problems of “features” and “level” of development of “Kabardian feudalism”. Potestary-political identifica-tion of Kabarda in the 16th–18th centuries in the sense of organizational and governance forms of institutionalization of power is emphasized as a problem that is difficult to solve. Also, attention is drawn to the development of fruitful traditions of domestic and foreign historiography associat-ed with the study of ancient forms of statehood and institutional alternatives and analogues to the state. Successful interpretations of the social organization of traditional Kabardian society and forms of institutionalization of power are associated with modern political anthropological con-cepts, within which an assessment is made of the level of development of the considered tradi-tional and archaic communities in studying complexity of the ideological, economic, social, de-mographic, and territorial components.

Religious reformism and Jadidism in the Volga-Ural region of Imperial Russia (XIX – the beginning of XX centuries

The Authors of this article assess the phenomenon of how was perceived religious reformism and Jadidism in the public thought of Muslims who lived in the Volga-Ural region (Russian Empire). The approach to this phenomenon and its assessment differ in the pre-revolutionary Russian, Soviet and foreign historiography, which is due to the heterogeneity of the subject of research itself. By stressing the fact that in international scholarship there are different views on the formation of this phenomenon, the Authors of the article offer a more balanced approach to this phenomenon. This approach differs from that popular in historiography, labelled as "jadidocentrist". Equally, they suggest making the distinction and clear the technical terms such as "Islamic discourse", "religious revival" and "Jadidism" itself.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ИМПЕРСКОЙ ВЕТЕРИНАРНОЙ СЛУЖБЫ В КАЗАХСКОЙ СТЕПИ: НА ПРИМЕРЕ ТУРГАЙСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ(КОНЕЦ ХІХ ВЕКА)

Today, historical science on a global scale is going through a fundamentally new stage. This is due to the introduction of new theoreticaland methodological approaches to historical research, as well as the interdisciplinary nature of the development of science itself. In this matter, the diversity of approaches to the study of the imperial past, as well as the study of the colonial period in the history of Kazakhstan, requires the introduction of new approaches to foreign historiography and makes it possible to enter new directions in the same research space. For example, how colonial history expanded and added a global perspective to environmental history, thereby exploring the destructive forces of European colonialism and exploitation, as well as interactions with local environmental regimes. Alternatively, how, as a non-political phenomenon, the animal became one of the important areas of interest to the metropolis and the scientific world, and how veterinary medicine became one of the prisms through which historians can examine change and observe the changing relationship between rulers and ruled, between colonizers and colonized. This article is the result of those studies.

Интервенция держав Антанты и их союзников в Россию в период Гражданской войны (1918–1922 гг.): современные зарубежные исследования

Introduction. The review is devoted to modern foreign literature on the military intervention of the Entente powers and their allies in Russia in 1918–1922. The centenary of the Russian Civil War is a suitable occasion to characterize the modern historiography of intervention and the prospects for its research. Methods and materials. In the analysis of the literature, historical-genetic, historical-typological and historical-comparative methods were used. Analysis. The centenary of the Civil War in Russia passes almost unnoticed in foreign historiography, which is also due to the shift of attention to the Russian revolution. The Russian Civil War is often considered as an integral part of the revolutionary era, so its research in recent years has not gone beyond the generalizing works on the history of the revolution. The intervention is in a more advantageous position, since the military personnel of the United States, Great Britain, France, Japan, Canada, and Australia participated in it. Accordingly, the interest of researchers from these countries remains. Nevertheless, despite the “anniversaries” of the landings of Allied troops in Arkhangelsk, Transcaucasia and Vladivostok, operations in the Baltic and Siberia, only a small number of monographs and articles were published. A certain surge of interest is visible in popular science books about the operations of British and American troops in the North of Russia, but their authors used a small number of sources and did not present fundamentally new conclusions. Results. The “jubilee” historiography of the intervention is quite modest, but the topic of intervention has prospects due to numerous “white spots”, a lot of unexplored sources. The topic of foreign interventions remains relevant for the modern world.

Structura etno-lingvistică și confesională a populației Bucovinei în perioada interbelică (1918 - 1940)

"The history of Bukovina in general and that of Bukovina during the interwar period in particular dispose of a series of historiographical works intended to highlight the various aspects of political, social, cultural, economic, ethno-linguistic, confessional issues etc. of the former Moldavian province. Some of these works are general, others specific, and many of them succeed to offer a fairly comprehensive image of the elements, processes and phenomena that have influenced the ethno-linguistic and confessional evolution of Bukovina’s population in the interwar period. The specialized articles and studies are distinguished by the great analytical and synthesis capacity of their authors, but the aspects considered by them, although extremely valuable for knowing the international factors which have influenced the evolution of national political processes, overtake only extremely tangentially the particularities of the local communities from different territorial-administrative units which could have influenced, in turn, the evolution or the tendency of certain ethno-linguistic and confessional phenomena and processes which can or could have taken an international amplitude. While many studies succeed to highlight the socio-cultural, inter-ethnic and identity realities of Bukovina during the interwar period, whose contribution to the understanding and evaluation of the international framework is extremely valuable, they do not explicitly aim to contextualize the interethnic and confessional facts and processes during the interwar period in Bukovina. The main objective of this research is to understand the impact of national and international government policies on administrative-territorial changes and, implicitly, on the ethno-linguistic and confessional structure of the Bukovinaʼs population in the interwar period. The research methodology takes into account the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data provided by statistical yearbooks, county, national and international archives, as well as Romanian and foreign historiography on the analysed issues. Therefore, this research aims to highlight the evolution of the ethno-linguistic and confessional structure of the population of Bukovina in the interwar period, as well as the internal and international factors that favoured or, on the contrary, inhibited the physiognomy of Romanian communities and national minorities in this historical space. "

Nationalism in Japanese Historiography of the 1990-2010s

The object of the study is the phenomenon of Japanese nationalism in foreign historiography of the 1990-2010's. The subject of the study are the factors that historically formed the concept of Japanese nationalism and its modern perception by researchers. The Japanese political model and its components, including nationalism, are often subject to biased interpretation. Western approaches to Japanese nationalism almost always boil down to the fact that Japanese individualism is considered not as a kind of individualism, but as nationalism. The author examines the works of nationalism researchers who have used various methods and approaches to the analysis of this topic in order to compare the main models of nationalism in Japan and Western states. The author uses problem-chronological and comparative research methods. The novelty of the research lies in the author's comparison and study of the concepts of national identity and nationalism used in Japan by political elites to solve the problem of consolidating power, establishing state control over all aspects of the life of Japanese society, as well as combating external threats. The study of a country with a non-Western political culture demonstrates that if in Western approaches "nationalism" is usually defined as a phenomenon, a sense of solidarity arising from a common historical experience, then nationalism in the Japanese sense is an ideological mixture of militaristic, industrial and reformist aspects of the national idea and contains many complex factors. In addition to Japanese researchers, the author also studied the works of Russian and Western researchers.

The History of the Bulgarian Prince Ferdinand of Coburg’s Visits to Russia at the Late 19th Century in the Right Official Press

This article, for the first time in domestic and foreign historiography, examines the coverage by the domestic press of the visits of the Bulgarian prince Ferdinand of Coburg to Russia at the end of the 19th century. After the death of Alexander III, Bulgaria began to take steps in order to restore relations with Russia. Personal diplomacy was of great importance in such situations. After the baptism of Prince Boris into the Orthodox faith, the first visit to St. Petersburg of the Bulgarian prince Ferdinand I took place. The main feature of the coverage of this visit in the press was that many publications had to rebuild their attitude towards yesterday's "false prince" and cover the arrival of Ferdinand of Coburg in the pages of their publications, taking into account the changed political realities. The first visit was followed by an invitation to the coronation of Nicholas II in Moscow in May 1896. The arrival in Russia in July 1898 of the Bulgarian prince with his wife Maria Luisa and the heir to the Bulgarian throne, the godson of Nicholas II, Prince Boris, became the apotheosis of these visits. Therefore, by the end of the 19th century, it seemed that an idyll had begun in Russian-Bulgarian relations. The article examines the very course of the visits, the main participants, as well to the Bulgarian prince (in particular on the basis of the diary entries of Nicholas II).

Interdisciplinary approaches in Roman Family Studies: heuristic potential and possible limitations

Family relations are the basic "structures of everyday life" and therefore act as part of the macro-context of the life of the past. In addition, it is within the framework of the institution of the family that the gender roles of a certain society, its economic and cultural traditions and norms are most clearly manifested. Therefore, by studying family relations in the multi-ethnic military community of the Roman Empire, we have the opportunity to eventually get information about various layers of culture of the Roman civilization. Nevertheless, the versatility of such a subject of research requires a special approach and new methods in the study. The article uses the example of three disciplines — gender archaeology, historical demography and the history of emotions — to prove the need for an interdisciplinary approach in the study of the ancient Roman family. The object of the research is significant scientific works for these disciplines. The subject of the study is the methodology of these works. The author considers the fundamental works (p. Alison, T. Parkin, K. Kreineker) of the named directions, examples of studies are given in which the methods developed in key works were successfully used, shortcomings and possible limitations of each direction are identified separately and ways to overcome them with the help of interdisciplinary synthesis are proposed. The novelty of the research lies in the appeal exclusively to modern foreign historiography and new directions of historical science. The author comes to the conclusion that the interdisciplinary approach allows overcoming the limitations set by the source base, building new hypotheses and generally contributes to the increment of historical knowledge in the field of the study of the ancient Roman family.

Внешняя торговля Британской Индии на рубеже XIX–XX вв. (по материалам дипломатических представительств России)

Introduction. The history of British Raj’s foreign economic activity development at the turn of the 20th century remains somewhat understudied both in Russian and foreign historiography. Since the 1880s, India significantly increased foreign trade to become Asia’s leader in this regard. Goals. The paper aims at examining dynamics of India’s export-import operations and foreign trade by countries. Materials and methods. The article analyzes reports and accounts of Russian diplomats to have worked in British Raj, the Near East, and Great Britain. The employed research methods include the historical/genetic, comparative historical, and historical/typological ones. Results. Britain had been India’s dominating trading partner. However, gradually other states also increased trade operations with the latter, especially import ones. The paper emphasizes Russia failed to become a key foreign trade partner of British Raj (except for export of kerosene and import of tea). The identified reasons are contentious British-Russian relations in Central Asia in the 1860s–1890s, poor knowledge of the Indian market, and geographical remoteness. British Raj turned an outpost of Great Britain’s economic strength in the Persian Gulf. At the same time, Indian goods displaced products from other countries — including Britain manufactured ones — in many ports of the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula. The article stresses that the bulk of India’s foreign economic relations were maintained via maritime transport. This was due to complicated natural and climatic factors along land borders, instability in frontiers (Afghanistan and Persia). Nonetheless, British Raj was increasing its economic presence in Afghanistan, Persia, Nepal, Ceylon, Siam, and western provinces of China. An important place in India’s foreign trade was occupied by transit trade and re-export of goods from other states, which makes it difficult to accurately determine the actual volume of its foreign trade. Conclusions. The specifics of India’s national economic development can thus be traced in the structure of its foreign trade. The exports were dominated by raw materials and foodstuffs; manufactured products were only making their way to foreign markets. The difficulties were largely associated with the Great Britain’s colonial policy in India since the former sought to keep using the latter as a market for industrial products produced in the British Isles. On the eve of WW I, British Raj was building up its economic potential through strengthening its positions in world trade.

Иранская проблема в нацистской пропаганде на оккупированной территории Северо-Запада России (1942–1943 гг.)

Introduction. The article analyzes the coverage of the Iranian problem in the collaborationist newspapers Za rodinu (‘For Motherland’) and Novyi put’ (‘New Way’). These periodicals were published and circulated both in the Baltic and Northwest Russia during the Nazi occupation (1941–1944). The publications have never been subject to scientific inquiry before. The period witnessed a subtle diplomatic game on the ‘Iranian front’ played by Nazi Germany and aimed at winning over both Iran and Soviet peoples (including those from Transcaucasia) to its side. That policy proved so active that it was implemented even in a very remote region — Northwest Russia. Materials and methods. The work analyzes articles of the collaborationist newspapers dealing with Iranian affairs. In Russian and foreign historiography examining various aspects of Nazi propaganda during World War II this aspect has not been considered properly yet. The guiding research principles include those of objectivity, comprehensive analysis, historicism, and source criticism. Results. The article scrutinizes into Nazi Germany’s propaganda policy on Iran as a factor in the strategic struggle against the Soviet Union and Great Britain. Particular attention is paid to the propaganda affirmations used by Germany after the arrival of Soviet and British troops in Iran. Geographically, special emphasis is laid on the Near East. Nazi Russian-language propaganda in the occupied territories of Russia made significant efforts to prove depravity of the Allies of World War II. Iran and its people were treated as victims of the Soviet-British occupation and potential allies of the Third Reich.

Main areas of study of noble corporations in modern historiography

The article attempts to identify the main trends in modern domestic and foreign historiography in the study of noble corporations in Russia. The relevance of the study is due to both the increase in the interest of scientific community in this topic, and the revival of noble communities in the post-Soviet space. The main directions and methodology of researches are revealed, their grouping according to the problematic and chronological principle is carried out. It is noted that traditionally, researchers pay attention to the problems of interaction between noble societies and state institutions, socio-economic status and socio-political activities of both individual representatives of the corporation and regional noble societies. The main trend in the study of this topic is the predominance of regional studies. An analysis of new trends in the study of problems is given. It is noted that at the present stage in domestic and foreign historiography, a discussion continues about the time and nature of the emergence of noble corporations. A tendency to increase the number of studies in which attention is paid to the analysis of the composition of corporate employees is revealed, while it is noted that this area is poorly studied. Studies of public organizations created in the 1990-ies are aimed at identifying common features and specifics in comparison with pre-revolutionary institutions, assessing their activities in modern realities. The prospects for research of a complex nature, historical and legal, genealogical, microhistorical aspects of the problem are shown. Further study of the corps of servants of noble societies will allow not only to take a fresh look at the functioning of noble societies, but also to form a biographical narrative, which will facilitate the search for their ancestors. Of no small importance will be studies affecting the noble associations formed after the revolution of 1917.

Non-state Actor in Waste Disposal in the USSR: Activities of “Ukrutilzbir” in the 1920s

The article explorers the activity of the joint-stock company «Ukrutilzbir», which during 1923 – the 1930s was one of the largest waste collectors in the Ukrainian SSR and during period under study successfully competed with such state agencies as Gostorg, Rusavstorg, Rudmetaltorg, Ukrbumtrest, etc. This topic has not been studied in domestic and foreign historiography. The article is based on the analysis of archival materials, which were at first put into scientific circulation. It has been shown that the emergence of the non-state actor was stimulated by the growing demand of industrial enterprises, which in the 1920s have experienced resource hunger in raw materials as well as the large capacity of the Ukrainian waste market. It was found that the first charitable motives of the company’s establishment were soon changed by the commercial interest in waste collection and recycling, but this did not diminish the importance of its activities for the development of waste management policies in the 1920s. The article reveals the main activities of the company (collection and sale of paper, scrap of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rags, bones, rubber, and glass), its achievements, and problems. It was concluded that «Ukrutilzbir» has managed to build relevant infrastructure as well as an effective network, attracting to cooperation a wide range of both state and non-state actors, consumer cooperation societies, private waste collectors. It has not only taken up a significant share of the waste-collection market, influencing its formation but has also contributed to the development of standards of their utilization and recycling (collection, sorting, storage, and transportation) and preparing the skilled workers. However, with the establishment of the socialist economic system, the organization found itself in a situation of unequal competition with state actors, which had different preferences and access to financial resources. This led to its exclusion from the market and closure.

ORGANIZATIONAL EFFORTS OF CARPATHO-UKRAINIAN STUDENTS DURING 1939 – 1943: CZECHOSLOVAK HERITAGE IN THE TIMES OF THE KINGDOM OF HUNGARY (BASED ON PERIODICALS AND MEMOIRS)

Based on the achievements of Ukrainian and foreign historiography, as well as an analysis of a significant database of published sources (periodicals, memoirs, etc.), the article analyzes the attempts of Carpatho-Ukrainian students to organize their public activities in the period after the break-up of Czechoslovakia and integration of the Transcarpathia into the Kingdom of Hungary. The analyzed material makes it possible to assert that the Carpatho-Ukrainian student movement, formed during the Czechoslovak Republic, had an inevitable logical continuation in a new reality. During this period, several Carpatho-Ukrainian student associations operated in the Kingdom of Hungary. In particular, in 1940, the «Центральный Союзъ Русскихъ Студентовъ» (Central Union of Russian Students) was established. Its backbone was formed by activists of Russophile student organizations of the Czechoslovak Republic. Due to its own national and linguistic orientation, its structure was not legalized. Still, it operated de facto for the next few years, uniting small groups of students in Debrecen, Budapest, Pécs, Sopron, and Szeged. In 1941, after a long preparatory process, the "Society of Subcarpathian Rus Higher Education Students" ("Kárpátaljai Ruszin Egyetemi és Főiskolai Hallgatók Egyesülete") was formed in Debrecen. The organization followed the official course of "Ugro-Rusynism" and, for some time, was under the care of the Regent's Commissariat of the Carpathian Territory. Many student activists from the Czechoslovak period were also members of the executive board. At the same time, ideological orientation and loyalty to the Hungarian authorities caused apathy among a large part of the students. As a result, the society failed to expand its activities to other educational centers in the country. At the same time, during this period, there were attempts to involve Carpatho-Ukrainian students in international fellowship organizations (Debrecen Felvidéki Egyetemi és Főiskolai Hallgatók Egyesülete) and to establish informal creative associations ("Budapest club"). At the same time, the government's attempts to interfere in the student movement mainly met with resistance from the activists meanwhile strengthening their (students') opposition.

On Some Aspects of Foreign Historiography on State-Muslim Relations in the USSR

An analysis of the works of foreign authors on the problem of state- Muslim relations in the Soviet state shows the possibility of their classification on various grounds. The article gives several options for the author’s classification of works of foreign researchers studied state- Muslim relations in the Soviet Union not only during the existence of this state, but also after its collapse. One of the motives that guided the author during the preparation of the article is the belief in the importance and urgent need to draw the necessary lesson for the Russian Federation — its authorities and the scientific community. The need to formulate such a lesson is due to the fact that in the works of a significant number of foreign scholars who analyze state- Muslim relations in the Soviet state, there is a number of negative trends: the substitution of concepts, the lack of a verified source base, conclusions one-sidedly characterizing the religious policy of the Soviet state in general and state- Islamic relations in particular. At the same time, despite the collapse of the USSR, authors from various foreign countries continue to be interested in the history of its state- Muslim relations. The most striking content of these works, published in recent years by foreign authors, is analyzed in the article, along with works published back in the years of the existence of the USSR.

DYNAMICS OF THE THEORETICAL RATIONALE FOR THE CONCEPT OF “TRADITION” AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

The article is devoted to the dynamics and evolution of the concept of «tradition» which for a long time in European historiography has evolved into a synergy of related sciences such as philosophy, ethnology, religion, art history, ethnography, and others. In this work, the content of the etymology of the concept of “tradition” is deciphered, the types and classification of this concept are analyzed, which comprehensively constitutes scientific knowledge on this issue. The foundation of a meaningful understanding of the concept of “tradition” was and continues to be the result of material and spiritual socio-cultural heritage, which determines national identity and statehood and is the result of collective human activity in general and each nation in particular. The following research is based on the heuristic method of systematization of existing modern scientific thought, which formed the cultural studies direction of the reconstruction of the holistic process of the problem; historical and retrospective for the study of historical and theoretical aspects of the content of the concept of “tradition”, the evolution of development in national and foreign historiography, and chronological to reveal the state of scientific research on the problem in historical and chronological order.

Дискуссия о причинах Гражданской войны в США (1861–1865): периодизация историографии

Introduction. The Civil War in the United States (1861–1865) has been of considerable interest to historians, lawyers, economists, and political scientists for more than 150 years. The internal political struggle that broke out in the middle of the 19th century between the two regions of the young democratic state seems to be a valuable object of research. However, scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the “inevitable conflict”, their transformation and rebirth depending on the historical period and the political situation are of even greater interest. This article attempts to summarize the main trends in the historiography of the causes of the Civil War in the United States, mainly in foreign historiography. Methods of research and materials. The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific and private scientific methods. The historical-legal, comparative method, as well as sociological, concrete-historical and systemic methods are used. The theoretical basis of the study was the work of mainly foreign historians, lawyers, political scientists and state historians. Analysis. Without denying the centrality of slavery among the causes of the Civil War, researchers identify religious, economic, political and social factors as the key determinants of the separatist movement in the South. A special place in American studies is occupied by the consideration of the role of African Americans in inciting conflict, the personality factor of A. Lincoln, as well as the influence of the abolitionist movement and journalists on the growing confrontation between the North and the South. At the same time, all directions, one way or another, boil down to the fact that it was slavery that was the fundamental cause of the Civil War. The peculiarities of the formation of each of the scientific directions were determined by the socio-economic and political conditions that took place in a particular historical period. Results. The periodization of scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the Civil War in the United States in the historical and legal literature can be carried out by dividing the research into three main periods: the “confrontational” (second half of the 19th century); the “socio-economic” (beginning – middle of the 20th century); the “industrial” (middle of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century). In the period from the beginning of the 21st century to the present, there is an obvious consensus on the central role of slavery among the determinants of war, but approaches to this problem in recent years have been characterized by interdisciplinarity, complexity, taking into account completely different sides of the conflict. Each of these areas has contributed to the formation of a holistic view of the causes of the Civil War, allowing us to realize the complex, multifaceted nature of the causes of the conflict and to reject two-dimensional approaches to their understanding. Key words: American Civil War, causes of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln, slavery in the United States, the Missouri Compromise, abolitionists, history of the USA.

МАТЕРІАЛИ ДО ІСТОРІЇ ПЕРЕМІЩЕНИХ ОСІБ (ДіПі) У ВІДДІЛІ РУКОПИСІВ ЛННБ УКРАЇНИ ім. В. СТЕФАНИКА

The goal of the paper is to characterize materials from Department of manuscripts of Vasyl Stefanyk Lviv National Scientific Library of Ukraine dedicated to the history of Ukrainian displaced persons after World War II. Source criticism going to be the main methodological aspects of the presented research. The research on post-war displaced persons is quite popular in both Ukrainian and foreign historiography and that is why the paper will add some new information to this topic. Among domestic researchers of this problem it is worth noting the monograph by O. Podobed, which studies the cultural life of Ukrainians in DP camps. N. Sydorenko is engaged in the study of the camp press. Lviv researcher L. Holovata also pays attention to this issue in her articles. The activities of the Soviet repatriation commission are closely connected with the history of Ukrainians in the camps of postwar Europe. L. Khromeichuk and A. Andreev published papers dedicated to the USSR’s attempts to «bring» its citizens home. About a dozen of Ukrainian archival institutions store primary sources to the history of Ukrainian DP camps. And now the Department of manuscripts of Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine can be added to that list. The topics dedicated to the history of Ukrainian DPs are still incomplete in historiography and revealing of a new archives and documents will do much help for future researches. Conclusion. Most of the materials for studying the history of Ukrainian DPs are stored in the personal archive of Mykhaylo Demkovych-Dobryansky (Fond # 298). Documents related to the movement of the fundraiser to the United Kingdom from the DP camp are available for researchers. Also within the fond #298 are collection materials of Stepan Baran who took an active part in a life of Ukrainian DP camps. Other materials could be found in the personal poet Canadian journalist A. Bedriy and 1917‒1921 Ukrainian revolution military activist I. Hnoyovyi.