Foreign Domination Research Articles

Emerging Markets and the Future of Business History

This working paper suggests that the business history of emerging markets should be seen as an alternative business history rather than merely adding new settings to explore established core debates. The discipline of business history evolved around the corporate strategies and structures of developed economies. The growing literature on the business history of emerging markets addresses contexts which are different from developed markets. These regions had long eras of foreign domination, extensive state intervention, faced institutional inefficiencies, and experienced extended turbulence. This working paper suggests that this context drove different business responses than in the developed world. Entrepreneurs counted more than managerial hierarchies; immigrants and diaspora were critical sources of entrepreneurship; illegal and informal forms of business was commonplace; diversified business groups rather than the M-form became the major form of large-scale business; corporate strategies to deal with turbulence were essential; and radical corporate social responsibility concepts were pursued by some firms. Today emerging markets such as China, India, Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, and Indonesia are amongst the largest economies in the world. If business history is to remain relevant as a subject, it must transition as a discipline from being heavily focussed on North America, Europe and Japan to fully incorporating the historical experiences of Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Constituting the occupation: preventive detention and permanent emergency in Kashmir

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes Indian occupation of Kashmir as a legal, social, and spatial process of asserting power through borders and jurisdictional claims, produced and reproduced through constitutional processes and legal institutions that have enacted generalized notions of emergency and crisis. We argue that the distinctive socio-spatial power structures established between India and Kashmir in a provisional capacity amidst war and partition at the time of independence have been legitimized through rights regimes established through the constitutional structure and institutionalized through laws, executive orders, and the judicial system. We examine how India's legal incorporation of Kashmir was embedded in the constitutional drafting process and the extension of fundamental rights to the region through presidential orders, and how this legal incorporation became sedimented through the work of the courts across time. Building on Ranabir Samaddar's discussion of “colonial constitutionalism,” we consider “occupational constitutionalism” as a form of foreign dominance and control produced through the annexation of part of Kashmir's territory and its legal sovereignty to India in the aftermath of independence and reproduced through a series of legal mechanisms and processes across time that institute a state of emergency and permanent crisis in Kashmir.

BANKING SYSTEMS IN ROMANIA AND ICELAND: TWO DIFFERENT WORLDS BUT SIMILAR DEVELOPMENT

The novelty of this paper is the comparative analysis of the Romanian and Icelandic banking systems. The study results reveal that despite the fact that Romania and Iceland are two different worlds, there are several similarities between the banking systems of these countries. They include a late development of banking systems, foreigners contributing a great deal to the development of the banking systems in the early stage of evolution. After the Second World War until the 1990s specialized banks operated in both countries. The banking systems of both countries prior to the 1990s were dominated by politics. Liberalization of banking and capital occurred both in Romania and Iceland after 1990; the bank privatization process took place during a similar period (1999-2006, Romania; 1998-2002, Iceland). Before privatization, banks in both countries lacked experience in a new banking “arena”. The global financial crisis greatly affected the two banking systems. Despite similarities, the evolution of the two banking systems was also marked by differences, notably the ownership origin of banks after privatization (foreign dominance in Romania; domestic owners in Iceland) and different business models developed by banks in the pre-crisis period.

DIVERSIFYING URBANITY: THE JAPANESE COMMERCIAL COMMUNITY OF PRE WORLD WAR II MANILA

Starting from a small group of transient peddlers and workers early in the 20th century, Manila’s Japanese commercial community became a diverse group of businessmen whose establishments contributed to the character of the city. Internal and external factors were responsible for the growth of the Japanese community in Manila that by the 1930s the commercial community numbered 250 establishments ranging from small shops to branches of big Japanese corporations such as Mitsui Bussan and Daido Boeki Kaisha (today’s Marubeni Corporation). Though the Japanese commercial community in the 20th century was a recent arrival and it was small compared to the communities of other nationalities its businessmen showed exceptional acumen that by the 1930s many things that a Filipino bought or ate passed through a Japanese merchant. Sections of Manila became known as “Manila’s Ginza” and “Little Tokyo” because of the presence of many Japanese establishments. As the decade of the thirties approached the 1940s the foreign community especially those of the Japanese faced the challenge of rising Filipino economic nationalism caused by the sentiment over the foreign domination of the Philippine economy. Instead of crumbling to the pressure the Japanese commercial community did not just survived but continued its expansion as it addressed the threats to its existence and it was prepared to defend its rights and gains through any means possible including force if necessary. This paper discusses the reasons for the growth of the Japanese businesses in Manila during the first four decades of the 20th century. It also discusses how the behavior of the Japanese commercial community in the context of rivalry between the United States and Japan and the rising Filipino nationalism.

Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods

Egypt, located on the isthmus of Africa, is an ideal region to study historical population dynamics due to its geographic location and documented interactions with ancient civilizations in Africa, Asia and Europe. Particularly, in the first millennium BCE Egypt endured foreign domination leading to growing numbers of foreigners living within its borders possibly contributing genetically to the local population. Here we present 90 mitochondrial genomes as well as genome-wide data sets from three individuals obtained from Egyptian mummies. The samples recovered from Middle Egypt span around 1,300 years of ancient Egyptian history from the New Kingdom to the Roman Period. Our analyses reveal that ancient Egyptians shared more ancestry with Near Easterners than present-day Egyptians, who received additional sub-Saharan admixture in more recent times. This analysis establishes ancient Egyptian mummies as a genetic source to study ancient human history and offers the perspective of deciphering Egypt’s past at a genome-wide level.

Daniel as an Americanized Apocalypse

Set in the context of Judean resistance against the Seleucid Empire, Daniel addresses issues such as diaspora, identity, empire, and power. The first biblical apocalypse models how to survive faithfully within a hostile foreign culture, and it voices a full-throated rejection of foreign domination. In contrast, American religious media domesticate Daniel into a morality tale, a fable that promotes personal integrity and trust in God. The Americanized Daniel cannot or will not ask what “empire” means or what it means for believers to inhabit an empire themselves. This essay explores what modern readers can gain by reintroducing categories like “empire” and “resistance” in Daniel.

Utopian Science Fiction from Quebec, from National Allegories to Cultural Accommodation: Joël Champetier's RESET—Le Voile de lumière (2011)

This article surveys utopian science fiction from Quebec with an analysis of a contemporary novel, drawing on national allegory and imperialism. The literature is significantly concerned with domestic amelioration rather than foreign domination, notably through historical revision and idealized social organization. In Joël Champetier's 2011 novel RESET—Le Voile de lumière, characters in a Quebec village have suffered amnesia via bedazzling light. What actually took place was an alien incursion and subsequent attempt to reeducate the population according to puritan principles. Chaos ensues as factions of the alien conglomerate act according to differing ends and the humans respond to the occupation, increasingly viewed as an invasion rather than an aid effort. The intercultural dynamics in RESET play on the debate surrounding reasonable accommodation practices by mirroring and warping them. The novel problematizes a conflicting appreciation of history through seemingly genuine and manifestly skewed memory, based on an incomplete understanding of the self and of the intentions of those who represent alterity. Champetier nuances the legitimacy of competing values and relativizes the authenticity of those who assert their authority by invalidating rival models. This articles offers a critical appreciation of the corpus by shedding light on patterns specific to these works.

Просвітництво дітей та дорослих у Західній Україні 1920-х - 1930-их років (санітарно-гігієнічний аспект)

У статті розкрито просвітницьку діяльність українських громадських товариств щодо виховання здорового способу життя особистості. На початку ХХ ст. за умов чужих держав і політичного гніту вітчизняні лікарі, студенти-медики, які належали до “Народної лічниці”, Українського гігієнічного товариства, Українського лікарського товариства, “Відродження” та ін., та освітяни створили громадську систему медичної опіки дітей та дорослих, компенсувавши прогалини в соціальній політиці Польщі.

The Transformation of Motherhood: From a Neglected Mother to The Mother of a Whole Nation

The aim of this article is to explore how the perception of Italian women and their different roles — especially that of a mother — changed from ancient times to the Risorgimento period. In this context, the article seeks in particular to clarify the role played by the image of the Italian mother in forming a unified and common national identity during the Risorgimento. It illustrates how, from this point in time, women started to play a new role in society — a role which until then history had prevented them from enjoying. In an Italy which before 1861 was heavily split and divided into areas of different foreign domination, women, and mothers in particular, began to be used to create, in the minds of the ‘new Italian citizens’, a new unifying symbol that would serve as a measure to keep the nation together. What emerged was a new image of women, and especially of Italian mothers, that was imbued with religious and romantic symbolism. This did not exactly mean emancipation for women — often, in fact, these visions of mothers were full of sexist images — but it nevertheless helped all Italian women to come in from the shadows to which they had been relegated historically and culturally.

Attitudes Driving Support for PEGIDA – a 2015–16 Two-Wave Panel Study

At the end of 2014, a right-wing populist movement named PEGIDA emerged in Germany, starting in Dresden. Whereas branches of this movement disappeared within a few months all across the country, the movement in Dresden persists. This article seeks to uncover the attitudes behind this movement. Derived from literature regarding the voting of right-wing populist parties in Europe we built an analytic model considering group-focused enmity, political disenchantment, distrust in media, right-wing attitudes, fears of extremism, foreign domination as well as of economic decline, as conceivable predictors of support for PEGIDA. With a time lag of twelve months, we conducted a two-wave web survey with inhabitants of Dresden within a representative, recruited, online panel. Our results show that the most important factors driving the support for PEGIDA are hostility against foreigners, fears of foreign domination, distrust in the media and right-wing attitudes. However, political disenchantment and fears of economic decline do not play a role in explaining the support for PEGIDA.

Apostasy and Repentance in Early Medieval Zoroastrianism


 
 
 The Middle Persian (Pahlavi) literature from the early Islamic centuries frequently deals with practical theological issues faced by the Zoroastrian communities under foreign domination. Here, we present a number of questions regarding a Zoroastrian’s conversion to Islam and his subsequent repentance and desire to return to Zoroastrianism and answers given by ninth- and tenth-century Zoroastrian priestly authorities. It is shown how the priests cite ancient traditions found in the Pahlavi versions of Avestan texts to justify their answers, and then apply them to the contemporary social reality.
 
 

Cultures of Empire, Nation, and Universe in Pres. José P. Laurel’s Political Thought, 1927–1949

In order to refigure the period of Japanese occupation along a longerhistorical narrative of Filipino resistance to foreign domination, this articleexamines the mobilization and definition of the Filipino nation vis-a-visWestern imperialism and empire in the political thought of the wartimePhilippine president and Japanese “collaborator” Jose P. Laurel. In orderto elucidate the historical genealogies and legacies of empire informing histhought, this article reconstructs and interrogates his universalism againsthis nationalism and his construction of Pan-Asianism and the Orient againstthat of Western imperialism and the Occident. Keywords: Pan-asianism • LaureL • imPeriaLism • nationaLism •universaLism

Workers vs Machines: Ottoman Tunis between Industrialisation and Colonisation

The Ottoman province of Tunis between the 1850s and its integration into the French colonial sphere in the 1880s, was marked by the emergence of new issues directly arising from an international configuration undergoing profound change. This chapter aims to analyse the relationship between economic development, geopolitics and local issues in the last decades during which the province belonged to the Empire. It will home in on an emblematic conflict, one related to the fate of workers and artisans in fez factories as they protested against what they saw as unfair competition imposed by the European powers, and against the industrialisation that followed the mechanisation of production. These new operating conditions, in a market subject to the growing dominance of foreign trade and to instability in local production, gave rise to many protests. This chapter endeavours to compare and contrast the different levels and scales of this sector, to explain the impact of a new global dimension on local balances and the vectors of a new form of foreign interference. These conflicts also involved different ways of negotiating the reformed relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its province of Tunis in the face of the threat of ever-increasing foreign domination and colonisation. Focusing on the voices of the most modest local players, who spoke out to condemn the deterioration of their living conditions, and on the local and international context, the chapter aims to reveal the dynamic interrelation between different levels and issues, and individual destinies and wider perspectives, at a time of great historical change.

The Alternative Business History: Business in Emerging Markets

This article suggests that the business history of emerging markets should be seen as an alternative business history, rather than merely adding new settings to explore established core debates. The discipline of business history evolved around the corporate strategies and structures of developed economies. The growing literature on the business history of emerging markets addresses contexts that are different from those of developed markets. These regions had long eras of foreign domination, had extensive state intervention, faced institutional inefficiencies, and experienced extended turbulence. This article suggests that this context drove different business responses than are found in the developed world. Entrepreneurs counted more than managerial hierarchies; immigrants and diaspora were critical sources of entrepreneurship; illegal and informal forms of business were common; diversified business groups rather than the M-form became the major form of large-scale business; corporate strategies to deal with turbulence were essential; and radical corporate social-responsibility concepts were pursued by some firms.

Clio’s Other Sons: Berossus and Manetho. By John Dillery. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2015. Pp. [xxxviii] + 494.

<i>Clio’s Other Sons: Berossus and Manetho</i>. By John Dillery. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2015. Pp. [xxxviii] + 494.

The Lion, the Honey, and the New Timnite Woman: Joseph and Aseneth and the Samson Cycle

This study presents a solution for the symbol of the honeycomb employed in Joseph and Aseneth, an ancient Hellenistic Jewish novel, by recognizing signals throughout the rest of the narrative that point to an allegorical reading of Samson's encounter with the lion in Judg. 14.5–9. The thesis is that the author of Joseph and Aseneth is providing an allegorical reading of Judg. 14.5–9, where Samson is a type of wayward Israel and the Timnite woman represents foreign domination. The lion and the honey are interpreted as symbols of Samson's subsequent victory over his Philistine foes, and this symbolical movement is applied to Aseneth's transformed identity. Aseneth is a new Timnite woman and Joseph is a new Samson, reconfigured to triumph over her seductive influence. Parallels are drawn between a constructed allegorical reading of the Samson cycle and the encounter of Aseneth with Joseph and later with the heavenly man. The theological themes upon which such a reading relies are discussed.

Aitamurto, Kaarina and Simpson, Scott (eds) Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe (review)

REVIEWS 793 Aitamurto, Kaarina and Simpson, Scott (eds). Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Studies in Contemporary and Historical Paganism, 2. Routledge, Abingdon and New York, 2014. x + 358 pp. Tables. Notes. Bibliography. Index. £90.00. The volume, Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Kaarina Aitamurto and Scott Simpson, two academics specializing in contemporary Paganism studies in Central and Eastern Europe, is an ambitious and successful contribution to Pagan studies. In Central and Eastern European countries, where this academic field is still relatively new, this collection can be regarded as pioneering, providing a thorough reflection on contemporary trends in Pagan and Native Faith movements in the region. The volume brilliantly challenges various stereotypes and paradigms related to the subject. These include the common Soviet experience or belief that modern Paganism in Eastern Europe is necessarily prone to nationalism, supportive of right wing politics and focused on local ethnic traditions (in contrast to that in the West, which is most commonly presented as concentrating on magic, liberation from traditional gender and sex roles or leaning to the political left). The authors also object to simplified models of study, such as the imposition of convenient labels (in many cases the English word ‘pagan’) without taking into consideration other definitions and an automatic hierarchical ordering of the objects of study. The collection is divided into three parts: overviews, country studies and thematic studies. The first part of the volume — overviews — aims to provide guidelines for the core of Pagan and Native Faith movements in the region. The chapter by Piotr Wiench is based on extensive research that covers most of the region and is focused on providing a theoretical framework for the analysis of Neopagan movements which emerged in the late-1980s. The article also discusses the relevance of post-colonial theory in studying the field. It evaluates to what extent foreign domination in the region had an impact on the dynamics of native religions. This is illustrated by an example of two analogous anti-Valentine’s Day campaigns by Shiv Sena Hindus and Polish Neopagans. This indicates that resistance to mass culture and foreign domination are shared by various anti-colonial groups around the world. In her chapter, Agnieszka Gajda explores the phenomenon of re-paganizing and the pagan ideas that originated from Romanticism, when a strong national culture was re-created in Poland. The Romantic re-discoveries of the Slavic Native Faith and re-acknowledgment of its value preconditioned the dawn of re-paganizing — the emergence of organized Neopagan movements in the twentieth century. SEER, 94, 4, October 2016 794 Although the chapter focuses on the Polish case, the phenomenon discussed can be applied to the region as a whole. The second part of the volume — country studies — analyses individual case studies. The essay by Rasa Pranskevičiūtė considers Lithuania, where Native Faith is relatively strong, well established and enjoys widespread support. The essay provides an explanation of the core principles of Lithuanian Romuva, using information gathered from interviews with its members. This establishes a contrast with the neighbouring Latvian Dievturi movement, presented in the chapter by Gatis Ozoliņš, which has been far less successful in attracting the younger generation. Fixations on conservative doctrines and a lack of innovation, as well as conflicts between groups, are identified as the key reasons for the absence of broader public recognition. The chapter by Anna-Marie Dostálová explores Pagan movements in the Czech Republic in the context of individual histories of the people involved in shaping Neopagan communities. The Czech case is particularly interesting because it is a construct of various traditions, and is perhaps the most open to Western forms of Neopaganism. What makes this contribution unique is that the author is herself a member of a Neopagan community and is actively involved in its development, thus providing an exclusive opportunity to glimpse the dynamics of this phenomenon from an insider’s perspective. The final part of the volume — thematic studies — reflects on more general themes of Neopaganism in Central and Eastern Europe. The chapter by Maciej Witulski explores the phenomenon of imported Paganism in Poland. The author concentrates...

Arab Responses to Western Hegemony

Scholars have long held that Islamism—defined as a political ideology that demands the application of Islamic holy law and the deepening of religious identity—is in part a response to Western domination of Muslim lands. Drawing on the literatures on nationalism and international relations theory, we argue that Islamism is one of a menu of options that Muslims may adopt in response to Western hegemony—a menu that includes Arab nationalism and pro-Western accommodation. We hypothesize that a Muslim’s ideological response to Western domination is a function of the type of domination experienced—that is, military, cultural, or economic—as well as of individual-level characteristics such as intensity of religious practice. We test this hypothesis with a nationally representative survey experiment conducted in Egypt. We find that, among subjects in our study, pro-Western responses to Western domination were more common than “Islamist” or “nationalist” ones and that these were particularly driven by reminders of the West’s economic ascendancy. These findings suggest that foreign domination does not always yield defensive responses and often produces desires for greater cooperation with the hegemon.

Contradiction between decolonization and decoloniality with regards to post Independence in Africa

After the political liberation of African countries from foreign domination during the decolonization process, the social structure and way of life of many Africans continued to be disempower by the inherited colonial systems that was never transformed by the new founding fathers on independence and this inhibited the empowerment of individual Africans and communities to adopt their traditional approach at all levels of society. This essay presents a distinction between political liberation at post independent time and its relation to societal functioning of Africa in the same error. Subsequent subtopics provided bellow will contextualize the explanations categorically.

The marketing research of anticancer drugs for the treatment of lung cancer

The results of the analysis of the marketing of anticancer drugs (AD) market are presented, namely physical, social and economic availability of drugs used to treat patients with lung cancer has been determined. It has been found that in the period from 2010 to 2015 the main tendency of the market segment development of the drugs studied was the private foreign domination. In the unstable financial situation in the country this tendency has negative consequences for the society. It has been proven that within 2010-2015 there was the growth of the average purchase prices for AD, the exception was 2013. It has been found that in 2010-2013 and 2015 the average value of accessibility for AD was greater than unity and varied in the range of 1.00 (in 2015) to 1.26 (in 2010). It should be assessed as a positive tendency of developing the pharmaceutical market segment studied.