Foreign Direct Investment Outflows Research Articles

FDI in India and Pakistan: Potential Sectors for Bilateral Investment

Both India and Pakistan follow a liberal and open economic policy. Almost all the sectors of these two economies are open for foreign investment. Both of them have also been able to attract a substantial volume of foreign investment from various corners of the world in almost all the sectors of the economy. During the last decade, many companies from both nations have emerged that have successfully invested in foreign markets. But, to date, there exists no bilateral direct investment between these two developing neighbouring economies. In this connection, the present study tries to explore the trend of the foreign direct investment inflows and outflows from India and Pakistan. The study also tries to explore the potential sector in both economies where either side can invest. Applying a robust three-stage methodology, the study finds that sectors such as power generation, healthcare, pharmaceutical and e-commerce are some of the vital sectors in Pakistan where Indians can invest. Similarly, banking and insurance, cement, and textiles are the prominent sectors in India where Pakistani companies can invest and collaborate.

Does a stronger system of law and order constrain the effects of foreign direct investment on government size?

The flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has increased the challenges governments face in carrying out their fiscal responsibilities. A country's system of law and order enables or constrains the implementation of government policies, and consequently influences whether the size of government responds to changes in FDI inflows and outflows. We test this hypothesis by fitting a semiparametric model of government consumption to a panel of developed and developing countries with within-country variation. Over a short data frequency, the average compensating response of governments in developing countries to an increase in FDI inflows is larger by a factor of five than that of developed countries. These significant level effects of FDI inflows are driven by law and order and are adjusted for differences in per capita income across countries. The larger the compensating response of a government, the bigger is the constraining effect of a stronger system of law and order. The efficiency hypothesis seems empirically valid for developing countries with a moderate system of law and order. Over a long data frequency, we find a strong (negative) link between FDI inflows and government consumption, and increases in law and order weaken this link. For both data frequencies, FDI outflows have no level effect on government consumption, whereas the empirical regularity of strong and robust inertia in government consumption exists in all countries.

Capital Flows Across Developing Countries: Is There an Allocation Puzzle?

Foreign direct investment inflows are positively related to economic growth across developing countries — but so are savings in excess of investment. This paper develops an explanation for these known empirical findings by focusing on the limited availability of consumer credit in developing countries, together with general equilibrium effects. In the model, fast-growing developing countries scale up their holdings of debt assets, which creates net capital outflows — despite inflows of foreign direct investment — and reduces the world interest rate. Slow-growing developing countries reduce their holdings of debt assets in response, which creates net capital inflows despite outflows of foreign direct investment.

Does a Stronger System of Law and Order Constrain the Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Government Size?

The flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has increased the challenges governments face in carrying out their fiscal responsibilities. A country’s system of law and order enables or constrains the implementation of government policies, and consequently influences whether the size of government responds to changes in FDI inflows and outflows. We test this hypothesis by fitting a semiparametric model of government consumption to a panel of developed and developing countries with within-country variation. Over a short data frequency, the average compensating response of governments in developing countries to an increase in FDI inflows is larger by a factor of five than that of developed countries. These significant level effects of FDI inflows are driven by law and order and are adjusted for differences in per capita income across countries. The larger the compensating response of a government, the bigger is the constraining effect of a stronger system of law and order. The efficiency hypothesis seems empirically valid for developing countries with a moderate system of law and order. Over a long data frequency, we find a strong (negative) link between FDI inflows and government consumption, and increases in law and order weaken this link. For both data frequencies, FDI outflows have no level effect on government consumption, whereas the empirical regularity of strong and robust inertia in government consumption exists in all countries.

International Investment Arbitration in Thailand: Limiting Contract-Based Claims While Maintaining Treaty-Based ISDS

Abstract Thailand was initially cautious with its bilateral investment treaties (BITs), consistently eschewing investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). From 1989 it began agreeing to ISDS, but only if both states were party to the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States, which Thailand signed in 1965 but never ratified. From 1993, BITs increasingly provided for ad hoc arbitration. Major disputes emerged from the 1990s instead under contracts with foreign investors containing arbitration clauses. From 2004 concession contracts required Cabinet pre-approval. This limitation was extended to all public contracts from 2009, after the first treaty-based ISDS award against Thailand, although two further claims have been filed recently. A 2002 Model bit was revised in 2013 to incorporate more pro-host-state provisions, but Thailand had net foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows in 2011 and still concludes treaties with ISDS. These patterns suggest ‘more than bounded’ rationality.

Urban Concentration and Spatial Allocation of Rents from natural resources. A Zipf's Curve Approach

This paper aims at demonstrating how countries' dependency on natural resources plays a crucial role in urban concentration. The Zipf's Curve Elasticity is estimated for a group of countries and related to a set of indicators of unilateral transferences. Results show that in comparison to others, countries with higher urban concentration explained by higher Zipf's Curve Elasticity have a higher percentage of income coming from natural resources and education expenditures whereas public spending in health and outflow of Foreign Direct Investment seem to have spatial redistribution effects. Summing up, there are signs that the spatial allocation of property rights over natural resources and related rents influences urban concentration.

ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURE OF RUSSIAN DIRECT INVESTMENTS ABROAD

This article analyzes direct investments. Currently, with the development of market relations and the strengthening of international relations, the objective trends in the growing volume of the export of Russian capital, the increase in its scale and the size of foreign assets, the consolidation of Russian companies in the promising segments of the world market, makes the article relevant and important for consideration. For a more precise presentation of the present situation, the structure of capital flows, in the context of economic entities, as well as statistical data on regulatory measures for foreign direct investment, are provided. The analysis revealed an unfavorable situation on the world investment market for the Russian Federation. The outflow of foreign direct investment from countries with economies in transition tends to decline. Carrying out the analysis of investments it is impossible to bypass. It should be noted that the structure of the capital exported from Russia differs from the similar structure of states with a progressive market by the fact that the share of other investments approximates to the share of foreign direct investment, and this trend increases dramatically in the period of instability. A clearer idea allows us to obtain a detailed analysis of the outflow of Russian investments and the inflow of foreign capital, as given in the paper. The article allows to consider the structure and present position of Russian direct investments and foreign capital.

Foreign Direct Investment and Poverty Reduction

It is widely proclaimed that capital account liberalization would immensely benefit developing economies because once capital controls are lifted, developing economies create a potential for movement of capital. And, this free movement of capital could possibly increase growth thereby lifting millions out of poverty. India has been gradually liberalizing since the 1980s and throughout more capital inflows were observed compared to outflows. Also, the composition of capital flows has been changing since the 1980s–with Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows rising steadily post-1991compared to portfolio and debt flows. However, since 2000, FDI outflows from India were also witnessed. In this paper we empirically test the impact of FDI flows on poverty in India for 1980–2011. To provide a correct perspective to India’s performance we also analyze the link between FDI flows and poverty for SAARC countries. For a better understanding of how FDI flows impact poverty, we analyze the outflows and inflows separately. The results show both similarities and contrasts in the behaviour of India in comparison with the other SAARC countries.

Effect of multilateral trade liberalization on foreign direct investment outflows amid structural economic vulnerability in developing countries

This paper examines whether both multilateral trade policy liberalization and structural economic vulnerability (EVI) matter for outward foreign direct investment (FDI), which like FDI inflows, could substantially contribute to economic development in developing countries. The empirical analysis is carried out on a panel data of 112 countries over the period 1998–2013. It leads to two major conclusions: first, multilateral trade policy liberalization encourages outward FDI, while higher structural economic vulnerability discourages it. The lower the countries' development level, the higher the positive impact of multilateral trade liberalization on FDI outflows. Likewise, the lower the countries’ development level, the greater the negative effect of EVI on outward FDI. Second, the positive effect of multilateral trade policy liberalization on FDI outflows could be undermined by the rise in structural economic vulnerability. From a policy perspective, these findings suggest that reviving multilateral talks in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and reaching concrete outcomes that could be benefit all WTO Members, and promote FDI outflows, particularly for developing countries. Moreover, the support of the international community to governments in developing countries (in particular poorest ones) is critical to mitigate structural economic vulnerability faced by these countries and helps these countries take advantage of the multilateral trade policy liberalization, notably in terms here of FDI outflows.

Economic Cooperation Between The European Union And Japan

The aim of the paper is to show the history of economic relations between the European Union and Japan. This economy is very important to the EU and the countries of the EU are interested in further deepening areas of cooperation. Therefore it seems important to indicate the political will to continue mutual economic relations through the signing of contracts and bilateral agreements, as well as meetings at various levels, including SPA and EPA negotiations and summits. The course of the current economic cooperation will be shown through trade volume and foreign direct investment outflows from the European Union to Japan.

The Relevance of Political Stability on FDI: A VAR Analysis and ARDL Models for Selected Small, Developed, and Instability Threatened Economies

This paper studies the relevance of political stability on foreign direct investment (FDI) and the relevance of FDI on economic growth, in three panels. The first panel contains 11 very small economies; the second contains five well-developed and politically stable economies with highly positive FDI net inflows, while the third is a panel with economies that are prone to political violence or targeted by the terrorist attacks. We employ a Granger causality test and implement a vector autoregressive (VAR) framework within the panel setting. In order to test the sensitivity of the results and avoid robust errors, we employ an ARDL model for each of the countries within every panel. Based upon our results, we conclude that there is a long-term relationship between political stability and FDI for the panel of small economies, while we find no empiric evidence of such a relationship for both panels of larger and more developed economies. Similarly to the original hypothesis of Lucas (1990), we find that FDI outflows tend to go towards politically less stable countries. On the other hand, the empiric methodology employed did not find such conclusive evidence in the panels of politically more developed countries or in the small economies that this paper observes.

The Effects of Inward and Outward Foreign Direct Investments on Economic Growth: Evidence from the G-7 and Selected Emerging Market Economies (1994-2015)

In this study, the long termed effects of foreign direct (capital) investments inflows and outflows on the economic growth of the economies of developed G-7 countries where the capital mobility is intense and selected emerging market economies (Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa and Turkey (EME-7)) are empirically analyzed for the period of 1994-2015 within the scope of the new generation panel data methodology. From this aspect, it is also aimed to economically analyze whether the foreign direct investments inflows and outflows in countries of G-7 and EME-7 have an effect on the economic growth as is seen in the theoretical framework by being considered the capital exporter/importer positions of these countries. Determined in consequence of the study that foreign direct investments inflows/outflows in the countries of G-7 have a positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth in the long term. Also determined that the foreign direct investments inflows have a positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth in countries of EME-7; while the foreign direct investments outflows have not the same effect on the economic growth. These results which are consonant with the theoretical and empirical literature show that just both foreign direct investments inflows and outflows have a significant role in economic growth on G-7 countries; just foreign direct investments inflows have an important role in economic growth on EME-7 countries at the same time.

Are Capital Flows Fickle? Increasingly? And Does the Answer Still Depend on Type?

According to conventional wisdom, capital flows are fickle. Focusing on emerging markets, we ask whether this conventional wisdom still holds in our contemporary world. Our results show that, despite recent structural and regulatory changes, much of it survives. Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows are more stable than non-FDI inflows. Within non-FDI inflows, portfolio debt and bank-intermediated flows remain the most volatile. Whereas FDI inflows are driven mainly by pull factors, portfolio debt and equity are driven mainly by push factors; bank-intermediated flows are driven a combination of push and pull factors. Capital outflows from emerging markets behave differently, however. FDI outflows from emerging markets have grown and become significantly more volatile. There is similarly an increase in the volatility of bank-intermediated capital outflows from emerging markets. Our findings underscore that outflows from emerging markets, both FDI and bank-related flows, have come to play a growing role and warrant greater attention from analysts and policymakers.

A Thorough Analysis of the Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on the Financial Account of the Iraqi Balance of Payments for the Period (2003-2015)

In order to analyze the direct and indirect effects of the foreign direct investment on the Iraqis balance of payments and financial account for the period (2003-2015), the study population and sample selected was the Balance of Payments Division at the Central Bank of Iraq through the follow-up of the entry of the data incoming from the relevant parties like banks and Iraq Stock Exchange in order to calculate the foreign direct investment through sorting and isolating the transactions that are classified under this part of the balance of payments and then registering the value of the transaction in the balance of payments as credit or debit transaction. The research methodology used a sample represented by the Balance of Payments Compilation Guide issued by the International Monetary Fund. A study was conducted to compare the fifth edition of the guide that was issued in 1993 and the sixth edition that was released in 2009. The study concluded that the outflows of foreign direct investment from Iraq were relatively weak as they did not exceed USD1,562.4, representing only 7.4% of total capital inflows to Iraq, which is also small relatively and its share of total foreign direct investment inflows to Arab countries ranged from 1.2% in 2007 to 10.7% in 2014. Hence, the effect of the flows of foreign direct investment both inside and outside Iraq on the financial account in particular and the balance of payment in general was weak. Even though the primary effect of the inflows might be positive, the effect was negative on all items of the financial account and balance of payment in general during the whole period. In other words, the obligations resulting from the inflows are bigger than their counterpart from the outflows. The study recommended adopting and setting some certain mechanisms to ensure the transmission of the effects of the international economy through the foreign direct investment into the domestic economy and the real sectors. Consequently, the financial account of the balance of payments is initially affected. In turn indirect impacts take place on the current account and service account through affecting the macro variables like the gross fixed capital formation that is considered a productive capacity that could be utilized to increase production and attain positive growth.

The Relationship between FDI outflows, Exports and GDP in India: An Application of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model

This study examines the long-run relationship between foreign direct investment outflows, exports and aggregate measure of GDP in India for the time period 1980 to 2014. In order to assess the long-run relationship, ARDL/Bounds testing approach to cointegration has been applied. At the end of the analysis, VAR Granger causality/Block exogeneity Wald test has also been applied to test for the causal relationship between the variables of interest. The results indicate that all the variables are cointegrated when FDI outflows have been taken as a dependent variable. The positive and statistically significant coefficient of export suggests that FDI outflows and export complement each other, both in the long and short-run. GDP is found to have a negative but statistically insignificant impact on FDI outflows. The dummy that is used to incorporate the shift in policy after the economic reforms of 1991 is found to have a positive but insignificant impact on FDI outflows. The results of the Granger causality test indicate a unidirectional causality running from exports to FDI outflows. A similar type of causality is found between exports and GDP running from GDP to exports. The results of the Granger causality test also suggest that there exists chain relationship among the variables i.e., GDP causes exports and exports, in turn,causes FDI outflows. It can be also inferred that export is a precondition for Indian firms to conduct overseas FDI operations.

Rights, governance, and foreign direct investment: an industry-level assessment

Theories of multinational enterprises emphasize that foreign direct investment (FDI) is undertaken in different industries for different reasons, yet studies of the effects of rights and governance on FDI generally rely on aggregate-level FDI data. This paper evaluates US FDI outflows to 15 industries (eight manufacturing, seven non-manufacturing) in 54 countries in a linear dynamic panel data gravity FDI model using a ‘system’ generalized method of moments estimator and several widely used rights and governance indexes. At the aggregate level, we estimate that stronger rights and governance have a positive effect on FDI, consistent with most prior studies. At the industry level, we estimate larger positive effects of rights and governance on FDI for service than manufacturing industries, particularly for the information and the finance and insurance industries.

JAPAN IN INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MOVEMENT

Japan, the largest net exporter of investment plays one of key roles in the in-ternational capital flows and has a serious impact on the global trends in this important dimension of international economic relations. Vast amounts of for-eign direct investment (FDI) outflow are important for the Japanese national economy as well, since Japanese overseas production in some areas reaches 40% and is an important part of its industrial potential. However, FDI inflow remains low, indicating an unbalanced participation of Japan in the international capital flows. Japan in international capital flows presents a field for complex numerous research. This article concentrates on analysis of dynamics and geographical structure of capital flows, reveal the trends, and estimate the effect of Abenomics.

The Impact of Investment Treaties and ISDS Provisions on Foreign Direct Investment: A Baseline Econometric Analysis

Based on an interdisciplinary and cross-institutional research project (2014-7) assessing international investment treaty dispute management more broadly, this paper (abridged from a related project) introduces part of our joint project examining key questions around the effect of investment treaties and some of their provisions on direct investment flows. It focuses on the vexed question of whether offering treaty-based Investor-State Dispute Settlement (‘ISDS’) leads to significant increases in inbound foreign direct investment (FDI), in light of the persistent public debate about the merits of this procedural option for enforcing substantive commitments made by host states. Overall, our econometric analysis generates complex implications for policy-makers reassessing the historical impact of ISDS in order to decide whether and how to include different forms of such procedural provisions in future investment treaties. Skeptics can point to counter-intuitive results indicating that weaker-form ISDS and/or substantive provisions seem to have stronger and more robust impact, especially since the turn of this century. Proponents can point to results indicating that there has still been a positive and significant impact from stronger provisions, including from full-scale ISDS provisions in promptly ratified treaties concluded between OECD and non-OECD countries. Although our baseline model specification has generally dealt effectively with the endogeneity problem characteristic of this field, further variables impacting on FDI may be investigated (notably, double tax treaties) and data limitations remain (notably, FDI outflows from non-OECD countries and sectoral-level data). This econometric analysis can therefore be usefully complemented by the qualitative research component of our ongoing project.

Direct foreign investments in food industry and their conditions

The article presents the formation of foreign direct investment in Poland and in the world. Based on a query of literature it has been built empirical part, through which can be made the diagnosis of inflows and outflows of foreign direct investment in Poland and foreign direct investment in the form of a greenfield in the world. With the included data on foreign greenfield investment is clearly visible the dominant position of East and South - East Asia. In the study was also presented the cumulative level of investment in Poland and Polish investment abroad through which can be seen, that Poland is country which adopts much more foreign capital, than investing abroad itself. Research has shown that the main regions attractive for foreign investors in the food industry are voivodeships: Wielkopolskie, Mazowieckie, Dolnośląskie, Łodzkie i Opolskie. In their area located manufacturing plants over 30 leading international food manufacturers.

The Moderating Effect of Home Country Corruption on the Host Country’s Ability to Attract FDI

Prior research has identified a negative impact of corruption on countries’ ability to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) but has been scant in assessing the investors’ home country effects. We extend prior research by distinguishing the pervasiveness and arbitrariness of host country corruption and their effects on FDI inflows. We also test whether the investors’ home country corruption affects FDI decisions. Results show that host country pervasive corruption negatively drives FDI inflows but not the arbitrariness component. While the investors’ home country corruption negatively impacts the overall FDI outflows, investors from countries with high levels of corruption do not seem to be deterred by a high level of pervasive corruption in the host country. These results suggest that there may exist some form of corruption-dealing capability whereby firms from countries with high corruption are less sensitive to host country corruption and in fact they are able to leverage their capability and invest more in corrupt hosts.