Foreign Colonies Research Articles

Social Evils and Its Impacts on Class Conflicts in Mulk Raj Anand’s Major Novels: A Marxist Study

This paper focuses on the impacts of socio-political evils and class conflicts portrayed in the novels of Mulk Raj Anand. Three novels by Anand—Coolie, Untouchable, and Two Leaves and a Bud have been selected for this work which has a connection with the Marxist approaches. These novels highlight the dehumanizing contradictions within the colonized Indian society. Through his writings, Anand reveals capitalism in addition to foreign colonialism, where exist layers of colonialism and bourgeoisie within the Indian community. This system develops intra-communal clashes to enhance the gap between the haves and the haves-not. Similarly, the caste system and the previous economic system, i.e., feudalism combined with capitalism, create a harsh reality for the oppressed community. Thus, this paper considers capitalism, colonialism, imperialism, feudalism, and casteism as socio-political evils that legitimize a process to dominate the society. It creates a contradictory social relation which is blissful for the colonizers but a curse to the working class. The consequences of these appliances bring class conflict, exploitation, poverty, hunger, cruelty, and many others into practice. Anand sets his protagonists—Munoo, Bakha, and Gangu – in front of the demeaning, hostile world which depends mainly on the bounty of the moneyed class. This paper makes a critical study to unveil the consequences of exploiting the evils and class struggle through the lens of Marxist criticism. On the other hand, it can be said that the paper emphasizes Anand’s attention in portraying intra-social clashes in colonial India based on economic exploitation and its consequences.

The War of Diponegoro: Causes, Strategies, and Impact on Indonesian Politics, Socio-Culture, and Economy

The Diponegoro War is one of the most important events in Indonesian history as it marked the beginning of the increasingly strong Dutch colonization of Indonesia. Various general and specific factors between Prince Diponegoro and the Dutch triggered this conflict. Although this war lasted a very short period of 5 years (1825-1830), it caused enormous losses, namely around 200,000 Javanese people lost their lives, almost a quarter of the island of Java was badly damaged, 8,000 European troops were killed, 7,000 Indonesian troops were killed and the costs of the war incurred by the Dutch reached around 20 million guilders. In Addition, the impact of the Diponegoro War was very significant for the people of Central Java, especially in social, economic, and political terms. This research aims to dig deeper into the history of The Diponegoro War and review various aspects related to this war, including the background, tactics, and strategies of the war, as well as the impact of the war on politics, social and economy on the people of Jawa and Indonesian. This research uses a historical approach that focuses on past events. Although the Dutch won the Diponegoro War, it marked the beginning of Indonesia's independence struggle against Dutch colonialism. It showed that the Indonesian people had the spirit and determination to gain independence from foreign colonialism

Dialectics of impairment: historical anxieties in late-colonial Bengali fictional narratives on disability

ABSTRACT This article examines a body of early twentieth-century Bengali fiction foregrounding persons marked as disabled (including people experiencing physical disability, learning disability and chronic illness). A number of Bengali short stories and novels offer embodied narratives, which consider the human body as a productive site of contest between the colonial social order, the attempt to impose Western modernity and indigenous consciousness. An emergent sense of cultural agency can be found to be claimed by people, whose physical and mental states deviate from codes of ‘normalcy’. These works unearth social discrimination based on the binary of ‘fit’ and ‘unfit’ under the converging rules of native feudalism and foreign colonialism. The treatment of corporeality in Bengali texts of the period from the 1930s to the 1950s cannot be fully grasped by applying the disability theories of the Global North. Rather these texts conflate multiple forms of marginalization of subject bodies to explore several socio-historical cross-sections and address the question of identity formation. This article rereads selected fiction on disability by Manik Bandyopadhyay (1908–1956) and Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay (1898–1971).

Spatiotemporal variations of sand hydraulic conductivity by microbial application methods

The spatiotemporal distributions of microbes in soil by different methods could affect the efficacy of the microbes to reduce the soil hydraulic conductivity. In this study, the specimens of bio-mediated sands were prepared using three different methods, i.e. injecting, mixing, and pouring a given microbial solution onto compacted sand specimens. The hydraulic conductivity was measured by constant-head tests, while any soil microstructural changes due to addition of the microbes were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests. The amount of dextran concentration produced by microbes in each type of specimen was quantified by a refractometer. Results show that dextran production increased exponentially after 5–7 d of microbial settling with the supply of culture medium. The injection and mixing methods resulted in a similar amount and uniform distribution of dextran in the specimens. The pouring method, however, produced a nonuniform distribution, with a higher concentration near the specimen surface. As the supply of culture medium discontinued, the dextran content near the surface produced by the pouring method decreased dramatically due to high competition for nutrients with foreign colonies. Average dextran concentration was negatively and correlated with hydraulic conductivity of bio-mediated soils exponentially, due to the clogging of large soil pores by dextran. The hydraulic conductivity of the injection and mixing cases did not change significantly when the supply of culture medium was absent.

Henry Dundas and Abolition of the British Slave Trade: Further Evidence

This article examines newly unearthed archival evidence that challenges the notion from activists, pressure groups, and some academics that Henry Dundas, Scotland’s most powerful politician in the late eighteenth century, is to blame for Britain’s failure to achieve abolition of the slave trade sooner than 1807. This evidence supports the argument that Dundas was genuinely attempting to chart a path by which Britain could abolish the slave trade, albeit gradually, starting with an immediate end to slave trading with foreign colonies. The pathway of gradual abolition therefore meant antislavery was ultimately an anti-slavery strategy. In addition, these recent debates surrounding Henry Dundas and abolition of Britain’s slave trade highlight a further point. There is a pressing need for public bodies to exercise caution and corroborate ideas raised in social media campaigns before making rash and ill-considered decisions to permanently change built heritage, preferably with the assistance of impartial and experienced historians who can be trusted to avoid selectively using evidence to manipulate or distort the past. The potential for generating unending controversy and dissatisfaction over government bodies declaring judgment against the past is concerning, and poses risks of increased community division.

Swiss Colony Shabo (Shabag): The Way to Economic Success

The author explores the history, formation and successful development of the only French-speaking foreign colony on the territory of the Russian Empire in the first half of the nineteenth century, established by the Swiss from the canton of Vaud near Ackerman and Odessa. While there is considerable historiography on the history of the Shabo (Shabagh) colony, this study, based on documents from the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA) that are being introduced into the academic circuit for the first time, demonstrates concrete examples of interaction between the Russian authorities and the colonists. Founded in 1822, the Swiss colony had managed to establish effective self-government and become a successful wine-making enterprise in the south of the Russian Empire by the mid-nineteenth century. It was made possible by the support given to the colonists by Russian authorities at all levels. Louis-Vencent Tardent's project is an excellent example of such support, as it received approval despite the fact that it was submitted after the introduction of a new ban on the resettlement of foreign colonists. The authorities made an exception due to the intervention of influential Swiss, namely Louis de Saloz, a physician, and Frédéric-César de La Harpe, Alexander I's tutor. The author shows convincingly that during the reign of Nicholas I, as in the preceding period, the Russian government cooperated with the colonists, helping them to solve everyday problems while taking into account the interests of the local population. These favourable conditions contributed to the progressive economic growth of Shabo, which by the mid-nineteenth century had become a thriving community.

The Ant Genus Cardiocondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): The Species Groups with Oriental and Australasian Origin

The world-wide fauna of the genus Cardiocondyla is assessed to have 79 currently recognized species and is subdivided into 14 informal species groups plus three monotypical clades. It is argued that the phylogenetic placement of Cardiocondyla next to the genus Ocymyrmex Emery, 1886 as proposed by Blaimer et al. (2018) is doubtful. The main body of the paper is a species-level taxonomic revision of those six species groups and the one monotypical clade which have their centers of origin in the Oriental and Australasian regions. The fauna of this area comprises 26 species eleven of which are described as new: Cardiocondyla schulzi n.sp., C. argentea n.sp., C. semiargentea n.sp., C. argyrotricha n.sp., C. latifrons n.sp., C. micropila n.sp., C. allonivalis n.sp., C. excavata n.sp., C. goroka n.sp., C. subspina n.sp. and C. sulcata n.sp. Recognized as junior synonyms were: Cardiocondyla tsukuyomi Terayama, 1999 and C. breviscapus Seifert, 2003 of C. minutior Forel, 1899 and C. brevispinosa (Donisthorpe, 1948) of C. paradoxa Emery, 1897. Each confirmed species is characterized by verbal descriptions, 18 numerically recorded phenotypic characters, z-stack images in three viewing positions, the key, a differential diagnosis and, if available, a brief life history. Exploratory and hypothesis-driven data analyses of phenotypic characters support the separation of the cryptic species Cardiocondyla minutior Forel, 1899, C. goa Seifert, 2003 and C. tjibodana Karavajev, 1935, two of which have dispersed as tramp species to the New World. Missing development of postzygotic isolation due to very strong prezygotic barriers is indicated in the closely related species Cardiocondyla latifrons n.sp. and C. micropila n.sp. which produce fertile hybrids in laboratory rearings but apparently do not hybridize in a natural context even if nesting in close neighborhood. The strong prezygotic isolation is supposed to be generated by the prevalence of intranidal mating and the difficulty for a mated heterospecific gyne to become accepted in a foreign colony.

Legal status of national minorities on the Ukrainian territory in the 19th century

The peculiarities of the formation and development of legal status of national minorities, who were on Ukrainian territory during the studied period and were engaged in various types of economic activity, as well as the influence of the general imperial and local legislation on certain aspects of the life of national minorities, have been investigated.
 The regulatory and legislative acts that determined the legal status of various national communities have been analyzed. The conditions and circumstances under which the process of forming the legal status of national minorities on the territory of Ukraine took place during the 19th century have been shown in general terms. Changes in imperial legislation have been demonstrated depending on the attitude of the current government to certain events in the empire, which ranged from providing comprehensive assistance and support to a restrained attitude, and sometimes to open persecution, introduction of economic restrictions, confiscation of granted lands, etc. This was the case with representatives of the Jewish, German and Polish national minorities.
 Particular attention has been paid to such legislative documents of various levels as the Regulations on the settlement of Jews, the Regulations on Jews, the Instruction of the Office of Guardianship of Novorossiysk foreign settlers, the Statute on foreign colonies in the empire, the Laws “On the lease of landed property to foreigners for up to 36 years”, “On restricting the right of Catholic peasants to acquire land property in nine Western provinces”, “On the analysis of the gentry in the Western provinces and on the arrangement of this kind of people”, Regulations on the Main Department of Colonists of the Southern Territory, etc. It has been shown that the imperial power fully supported the actions aimed at the gradual assimilation and Russification of national communities, increased social tension, thereby weakening the tendency of the formation of national political forces.

Patriotic trends in the poems of Mahmoud Sami Al-Baroudi: A Descriptive and Analytical Study

: The poet Mahmoud Sami Al-Baroudi is considered a pioneer of the modern literary renaissance; where he renewed the style of poetry, relying on the molds of the ancients in style and formulation, pouring meanings from his personal experiences and the issues occurred on his time. Among the manifestations of renewal in his poetic productions are the patriotic poems he composed through which he was able to highlight his Egyptian patriotic sentiment . Since some critics directed the poet into questioning his Egyptian patriotism, and that he did not record in his poetic traces of the issues and topics of his time, this study came with the aim of shedding light on his national trends and the factors affecting his Egyptian patriotism, and the main themes in which he dealt with the issues of his time revealing his patriotism sincere. This study is important because it focuses on patriotic poems that clearly effect on the feelings; Considering that national literature has a significant impact on the formation of a good citizen, The study concluded that the patriotic trend changed in al-Baroudi’s poems according to the different stages he went through in his life, and several factors combined to refine his national personality, which led to the expansion of the circle of patriotic poetry as he invested his poetic output in resisting political corruption, urging Egyptians to renaissance education, establishing the constitution and parliament, praising Egyptian heroes, and fighting against the foreign colonialism, as well as providing guidance to Egypt’s rulers.

“[S]old to Any One Who Would Buy Them”

Abstract The British Parliament passed the Slave Trade Abolition Act in 1807, making the transatlantic trade in human beings illegal. Intended to eliminate Atlantic high-sea slave trading, the 1807 Act placed limitations on how the merchant and planter class could move their human property between British holdings while also forbidding intercolonial slave trading. Included was an imperial-sanctioned exception to the rule—the “convict slave” clause—that allowed authorities in the British Caribbean to sell enslaved people to foreign colonies under transportation sentences allocated by colonial courts. This article pays particular attention to criminal transportation and its use to punish the enslaved. Execution of such sentences occurred at a time when Britain began its maritime abolition campaign and Spanish participation in the transatlantic slave trade simultaneously intensified. It provides evidence of operations of a local market in convicted enslaved people in Jamaica that was only possible because of the island’s intra-American slave trading connections with the Spanish Americas, and in particular, the commercial connections it held with the nearby-island of Cuba.

Ovary activation correlates with the reproductive potential of honeybee (Apis mellifera) workers if they are in a foreign colony

In eusocial Hymenoptera, the laying of male-determined eggs by workers in an unrelated colony can be a powerful strategy for increasing direct fitness benefits. A recent study showed that honeybee rebels, which are workers that develop under queenless conditions and have high reproductive potential, drift to foreign colonies, with a preference for hopelessly queenless colonies, and act as reproductive parasites. In our experiment, by introducing 5-day-old rebels and normal workers into foreign queenright colonies, we discovered that only rebels developed a reproductive phenotype by activating their ovaries. In a similar experiment with 1-day-old workers, neither rebels nor normal workers displayed such a tendency. We suggest that workers’ reproductive potential could thus be a key parameter activating the ovaries in not only drifting workers but also workers acting as reproductive parasites. Our results also support the hypothesis that the colony recognition cue probably has an environmental, rather than a genetic, origin.

Not a Happy History — Italy & Libya

Italy “ruled” Libya for 32 years (1911–43), and both still largely resent the experience. Italy, “the least of the Great Powers”, lacked the necessary capacity and experience to conquer and rule foreign colonies, particularly one as poor and unpromising as Turkish North Africa — the “Crate of Sand”. And Libyans, far from welcoming Italians as “liberators from Turkish oppression” defended their own for years of violent “anti-colonial struggle”, and particularly against Italian fascist ideology. Episodes and personalities from that conflict have since been appropriated by successive Libyan regimes to enhance their own historical legitimacy and contemporary credibility, while some modern Italian historians have also manipulated Italo-Libyan historical memories. Italy’s passive acceptance of the resultant historical “guilt” seems partly intended to ensure continuing access to Libyan resources, as well as better management of the flow of African migrants across the central Mediterranean.

Investigating the Foraging, Guarding and Drifting Behaviors of Commercial Bombus terrestris

Social insects have high levels of cooperation and division of labor. In bumble bees this is partly size-based, with larger bees performing tasks outside the nest and smaller bees remaining inside, although bumble bees still display considerable behavioral plasticity. The level of specialization in tasks outside the colony, including foraging, guarding and drifting (entering a foreign colony), is currently unknown for bumble bees. This study aimed to assess division of labor between outside tasks and the degree of specialization in foraging, guarding, and switching colonies in commercially reared bumble bees placed in the field. Nine factory-bought Bombus terrestris colonies were placed on three farms in Sussex, UK, between June and August 2015. Forty workers from each colony were radio-tagged and a reader on the colony entrance recorded the date, time and bee ID as they passed. The length and frequency of foraging trips and guarding behavior were calculated, and drifting recorded. The mean (±SD) length of foraging trips was 45 ± 36 min, and the mean number of foraging trips per day was 7.75 ± 7.71. Low levels of specialization in guarding or foraging behavior were found; however, some bees appeared to guard more frequently than others, and twenty bees were categorized as guards. Five bees appeared to exhibit repeated “stealing” behavior, which may have been a specialist task. The division of labor between tasks was not size-based. It is concluded that commercial bumble bees are flexible in performing outside nest tasks and may have diverse foraging strategies including intra-specific nest robbing.

Between Colonialism and Despotism

Abstract The Mengjiang 蒙疆 puppet regime was established in Inner Mongolia by Japanese colonizers, in collaboration with the Mongolian Prince Demchugdongrub, during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Mengjiang regime tried to revive Mongolian culture in the name of resisting Chinese despotism. However, the Japanese supported the Mongols' desire for “self-determination” merely to use it as a vehicle for their colonial designs. Through a close reading of several texts that appeared in Sinophone magazines published in Japanese-occupied Inner Mongolia during the war, this article explicates the distinctions between Han writers' and Mongol intellectuals' nationalist writings, in order to theorize the dual oppression of the Mongol minority culture under Japanese colonialism and Chinese despotism. Despite the mission of this so-called Mongolian nation-state to write in a Mongolian style, the Han writers in Mengjiang expressed their ethnic identity through Sinophone literature; at the same time, Sinicized Mongol intellectuals failed to revive Mongolian culture through the same vehicle. In the end, both the former Han despots and the new Japanese colonizers tried to instrumentalize Mongol minority culture to establish their own cultural hegemony. Under this dual oppression of foreign colonialism and native despotism, the Sinophone nationalist writings of the Han majority and the Mongol minority problematize any simple binarism of colonizer and colonized.

The State Administration of the German Colonies of the Russian Empire in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

German migration to the Russian state has a long history. Between the sixteenth and the mid-eighteenth centuries, prisoners of war captured during the Livonian War (1558–1583) and persons invited to Russia by the Muscovite grand princes and Russian tsars (Ivan III, Ivan IV, Peter I, etc.) settled in Russia. In the second half of the eighteenth century, the resettlement of Germans became part of the state’s migration policy, which determined the fate of one of the empire’s most numerous ethnic minorities for many decades. This article deals with changes to the administration of German rural settlements in the Russian Empire in the second half of the nineteenth century. This period was important for the legal status of foreign colonies due to the adoption of the Statute of Colonies of 1857, which provided detailed regulation of the rights and obligations of foreign colonists. One of the tasks of the political, economic, and social reforms of the 1860s–1870s was the unification of the rural population and the elimination of the social exclusivity of foreign colonists. A pragmatic approach regarding the use of colonists for the settlement and rational development of empty territories brought positive results for these regions. The analysis here makes it possible to consider the measures taken by the Russian authorities to streamline the legislation, norms, and rules for the economic, administrative, everyday, and spiritual life of German colonists. With the help of comparative analysis, the authors study changes in state policy towards foreign colonists and the abolition of privileges as a result of the adoption of the law “the supremely approved rules about the management of settler-owners (former colonists)” on 4 June 1871. The study makes it possible to assess the impact of large-scale administrative changes on various spheres of life and activities of the German colonists, a separate category of the Russian Empire’s population.

ПЕРЕСЕЛЕННЯ ТА ВЛАШТУВАННЯ БОЛГАР НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ БЕССАРАБІЇ У 30–50-х РР. ХІХ СТ.

The article is devoted to the fact that the Russo - Turkish war of 1828–1829 led to the mass resettlement of Bulgarians in Bessarabia, which was part of the Russian Empire since 1812. Transdanubian settlers received 50 dess. of land per family. The Bulgarians became colonists. Their legal status was enshrined in the "Charter of Foreign Colonies in the Empire." They were subordinated to the Trusteeship Committee for Foreign Immigrants of the Southern Territory of Russia and the Office for Transdanubian Immigrants. They had the opportunity to buy land outside the colonies, to engage in handicrafts and trade. The Bulgarians were released from military service. At the same time, the tsarist government paid little attention to the education of Transdanubian settlers, without allocating funds from the state budget. The education of the children of the Bessarabian Bulgarians was entrusted directly to the colonial societies. The Crimean War of 1853–1856 changed the position of the Bulgarians. Many of them voluntarily joined the Russian army to fight against foreign invaders. The Bulgarians defended Sevastopol, took part in the siege of the Turkish fortress of Silistria, and carried out a border guard in the ranks of the Danube Cossack army. Transdanubian settlers donated food and raised money for military needs. Russia's defeat in the Crimean War had a negative effect on their future because according to Article XXI of the Paris Peace Treaty, the three southern counties of Bessarabia came under the jurisdiction of the Principality of Moldavia. Outside Russia, there were 40 colonies with a population of 22,365 people. Thanks to the efforts of the Russian authorities, from 1857 to 1860 only 500 families of Bulgarian colonists returned to the land of their second homeland. Transdanubian migrants who remained within Russia found themselves in a difficult economic situation due to the severance of economic ties associated with the new border division. In addition, they had to provide apartments to Cossack troops and border guards. Despite all the difficulties, the Bulgarians remained colonists. The Russian government retained this status, hoping to attract new Slavic settlers from the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire.

TO THE QUESTION ON PAGO-HISTORIOGRAPHY AS A BRANCH OF REGIONAL-HISTORICAL RESEARCH IN THE XIX CENTURY

At the present stage of development of historical science and historical local studies in Ukraine there is a tendency to forming a separate direction of research, connected with studying the history of villages. In such circumstances, it is advisable to refer to the origins of this direction in the XIX century. The main idea of the article is that the study of the history of villages, which were carried out in different regions of Ukraine in the XIX century, can be combined into one historiographical direction under the title suggested in the article – “pago-historiography”, which, in turn, has a complex subject structure. The purpose of this article is to substantiate the need to establish pago-historiography as a separate historiographical direction of regional historical research in the ХІХ century. The article examined the impact of certain general concepts of historical research on the development of pagohistoriography, in particular, the consideration of the history of regions in terms of the history of their settlement. Coverage of the history of settlement of a particular region could use a general territorial approach, reflecting the history of all rural settlements that existed in a particular region. At the same time, the widespread practice was the image of the settlement process through coverage of the history of certain groups of settlements: Orthodox, Cossack, all colonies, foreign colonies. 186 The article also reveals the peculiarities of highlighting the history of villages in different regions. The specifics of the content of the research depended on the specific historical experience of a particular regional society. Accordingly, there was a significant difference in the coverage of the history of villages in the former Hetmanate and Eastern Galicia. Thus, the study of researches and works on the history of villages, which were carried out in different regions of Ukraine in the XIX century, proves that they can be combined into one historiographical direction under the proposed name in the article – pago-historiography. At the same time, several internal directions can be identified: research of the history of villages in the context of studying the history of settlement of regions, which, in turn, can be divided into separate types, depending on the subject of research and author's task; research of the history of villages in the context of the history of cities; research of the history of villages at the background of the history of the territory on which they are located, with a significant diachronic recess, as far as the historical tradition allows; research of the social history of villages of different regions, reflected in the specifics of the historical narrative; special studies of the history of individual villages; general studies of the history of settlements of a particular region. Along with the gained issues, it should be noted that the proposed internal structure of pago-historiography requires additional development.

Geographical variation of social calls and vocal discrimination in male Himalayan leaf-nosed bats

Like birds and many other animals, bats produce diverse acoustic calls for social communication. Geographical variation in social acoustic signals and perceptual discrimination abilities are well studied in birds but largely unexplored in bats. In this study, we recorded male territorial calls of the great Himalayan leaf-nosed bat, Hipposideros armiger, from nine colonies at a large geographical scale and investigated the patterns and causes of geographical variation in acoustic signals. We also performed habituation−dishabituation playbacks to investigate whether males could discriminate between territorial calls of their own versus a foreign colony. Overall, our results showed significant geographical variation in calls across colonies. Neither climatic differences, morphological differences, geographical distances nor genetic distances between colonies explained the observed acoustic variation between colonies. A playback experiment indicated that males from eastern China were able to discriminate between calls of males from their own colony and those of males from a colony in southwestern China. This study provides the first experimental evidence that bats can discriminate geographical variation in social calls.

Effect of the own vs. foreign colony odor on daily shifts in olfactory and thermal preference and metabolic rate of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) workers

A cohort of 183 worker honey bees was used to estimate the effect of the own vs. a foreign colony odor on their olfactory and thermal preferences and metabolic rate. Bees showed a marked preference toward their colony odor and a distinct aversion to the foreign colony odor. Both the preference and aversion were limited to night hours. In contrast, the metabolic rate of bees was affected by the odors during the day only, and then the own colony odor reduced the rate and the foreign colony odor raised it. The changes were accompanied by a decrease and an increase of selected ambient temperature, respectively. Altogether, the foreign colony odor promotes aggressive behavior, which is associated with a huge increase in body temperature, while the own colony odor exerts the opposite, calming effect.

PENGARUH ELIT POLITIK INDONESIA DALAM KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI INDONESIA

Kelompok kepentingan menjadi saluran bagi masyarakat dalam mengekspresikan opini atau pandangannya kepada pemerintah yang dimana partisipasi masyarakat dalam pembuatan kebijakan bisa juga menjadi tekanan dan menimbulkan masalah baru untuk para pembuat kebijakan dalam mengimplementasikan kebijakan yang diputuskan. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, tulisan ini membahas bagaimana kelompok Islam Radikal berusaha mempengaruhi kebijakan luar negeri Indonesia melalui isu Palestina. Selanjutnya akan dibahas menggunakan teori kepemimpinan yang dikemukakan Margareth yang menyatakan bahwa pemimpin menjadi aktor penting dalam pembuatan kebijakan luar negeri dalam interpretasinya yang juga dipengaruhi politik domestik. Teori persuasi elit politik yang dikemukakan Snyder yang menyatakan elit politik menggunakan isu etnis dalam mencapai tujuan politiknya. sebagai kelompok penekan yang digunakan dan saling mendukung dengan partai oposisi pemerintahan Jokowi yakni Gerindra dan PKS yang memiliki kesamaan ide mengenai anti imperialisme dan penjajahan asing berupaya memperbesar pengaruh dengan melakukan mobilisasi massa dalam tujuannya mencapai kursi di pemerintahan dan mempertahakan posisinya dalam masyarakat dengan penyebaran ide dan pemahaman terkait isu Islam. Oleh karena itu, upaya meredam gejolak politik dalam negeri dan mempertahankan kepemimpinan serta kredibilitasnya serta untuk semakin aktif dalam perpolitikan luar negerinya, Jokowi berusaha memberikan apa yang diinginkan oleh masyarakat yang memperjuangkan ide-ide tersebut dengan ikut fokus dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan Palestina dan menekan kelompok oposisi yang berusaha menurunkan kepemimpinan dalam pemerintahannya bahwa pihak yang memiliki kedudukan dan pengakuan dalam pemerintahan.