Foreign Codes Research Articles

내부구속에 의한 수화열 균열의 개선된 평가 방법

Control of the temperature difference across a section is an effective strategy to minimize the hydration-heat-induced cracks for the structures where internal restraint is dominant. The domestic code, however, overestimates probability of the crack occurrence judging from the foreign codes and construction experiences of real structures. Therefore, the background of the equation presented in the domestic code was investigated step by step to examine validity of the equation, and, as a result, it was found that the equation is established on a basis of simple elastic model where the change of elastic modulus in an early age is not considered. An advanced assessment strategy was proposed taking into account the hypoelastic model which corresponds to an incremental constitutive equation. The presented procedure resulted in an increased crack index, i.e. decreased crack risk, the value of which depends on various conditions of the mix and structures. Also, a prediction equation of the temperature difference was proposed which can readily consider the effect of the curing condition and ambient temperature in a hand calculation. For further study, the assessment equation may be more classified to strictly consider the characteristics of the mix and structures if the analytical and experimental data are accumulated.

Creation and Development of Computational Methods for Estimating the Strength of Equipment and Pipes Used in Radiochemical Production Processes at the Industrial Association Mayak

The Industrial Association Mayak chose for computations to substantiate the safety of equipment used in radiochemical production processes domestic computer codes, which are as good as the foreign codes but also have an important advantage over the latter – they are tied to the Russian standards. Some of the most typical types of radiochemical industrial equipment in whose design strength calculations were performed using the universal CAN system and the TsIKL code, developed at the ITsP of the Ministry of Atomic Energy, are presented. The computational examples show that the programs indicated make it possible to perform a standardized estimate of the strength of equipment and pipes with any degree of complexity which are used in radiochemical production processes at the Industrial Association Mayak.

Teaching verbal interaction and culture in the language classroom

This paper explores a model for teaching communicative performance which integrates the teaching of norms of interaction in French with the teaching of kinesics, prosodies and the grammar of spoken French. Students’ own perceptions of stereotypes were used as an entry point into the discourse practices of the target culture. Students were filmed while they perform role plays in which they try to reproduce the rules of French conversation. The group viewed the filmed performances and feed back was given to students who are encouraged to discuss their response to learning foreign codes of cultural behaviour. The paper looks into the complexities of teaching culture and language as an integrated process.

Nonlinear Temperature Distributions in Bridges at Different Locations in the United States

A ti in the case of earthquake loadings or wind loadings which vary significantly throughout the continental United States, a large variation in thermal loadings can be expected. Structures in some parts of the country are more likely to experience large thermal loadings due to specific meteorological conditions. It is not necessary to take the severe conditions experienced in one part of the country into consideration in bridge design for another part of the country where totally different environmental conditions may exist. The current AASHTO Code' deals only marginally with temperature effects in bridge design. The onl y factors addressed are overall expansion and contraction and no adjustments are made for variations in weather conditions through the country other than a distinction between rnoderate'* and cold climates, The two foreign codes that deal extensively with temperature distributions through bridge superstructures are the British BS 5400' and New Zealand Ministry of Works Specifications.' No variation of design conditions with location are suggested by these two codes, since they are intended as specific design guidelines for the British Isles and New Zealand, respectively. The research on which these

The San Salvador Earthquake of October 10, 1986—History of Construction Practices in San Salvador

Construction practice in San Salvador, as in the rest of El Salvador, had remained practically unchanged since the time of Spanish colonization up to around 1942. From then on, building practices from many other countries have been introduced, and they have exerted a major influence. The last four decades can be divided into five stages or periods induced by events such as earthquakes in El Salvador and neighboring countries, as well as the incorporation of foreign codes in lieu of a local one and the introduction of new techniques, such as soil mechanics and microseismic investigation. The incorporation of practices based on foreign codes contributed significantly to the improvement of construction practice but occasionally led to misinterpretations, e.g. in the evaluation of seismic actions. At present, a number of studies and records are available that can be used as a basis for the elaboration of an earthquake resistant design code.

COMPARATIVE LAW OF TORTS

Teachers of comparative law with a specific penchant for torts have at last been rewarded with a scholarly text and companion volume of statutory and case materials by the auspicious Oxbridge team of Lawson and Markesinis. While genealogically this work descends from the late Harry Lawson's Negligence in the Civil Law (1950), it is much more ambitious in coverage and depth. More than half of the original was devoted to Roman law, the remainder containing only a four-page 'Note on French Cases' amidst 'Extracts from Foreign Codes' and a number of French decisions. Volume I of the new work consists of five chapters of text, and Volume II contains a much more comprehensive collection of German as well as French cases (the former translated into English in the belief that English students can be expected to cope with French but not German in the original). Volume I starts with Professor Lawson's well-known chapter on the Lex Aquilia and its subsequent history. It was retained (though updated), we are told, because it provides an excellent introduction for common law students to the modem civil law, besides being worthy of academic attention for its own sake as an 'admirable creation of brilliant and systematic minds'. True it certainly is that many of the still recalcitrant problems were already identified by the Roman jurists (omissions, economic loss, etc.), but the modern law of torts in Europe bears few discernible traces of that heritage. (To the best of my knowledge, only at Stellenbosch in South Africa is the course on delict still anchored to the old texts, complemented no doubt by the pervasive and oracular Voet.) In deference to the lamentable decline of classical languages in post-war Britain, the text of Dig 9.2 now appears in translation, with the consolation that the 'more serious' student will have easy access to the original. In truth, the whole retention of this Roman law relic surely owes more to nostalgia than to functional justification. As any glimpse at the literature quickly reveals and our authors readily admit at the outset, the Lex Aquilia has had, and seemingly continues to have, a curious, almost neurotic, fascination for British scholars. In any event, the main emphasis of Lawson and Markesinis has shifted to modem civil law. Its core is the second chapter, 'Fixing the Boundaries of Tort Liability', which conveniently reproduces Markesinis's memorable paper in the Cambridge Lectures: Selected Papers of the Canadian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (1981). This chapter analyses a series of familiar 'policy factors'

Book Review: Foreign Codes: Law on Hospital Consent Forms

Book Review: Foreign Codes: Law on Hospital Consent Forms

Book Review: Foreign Codes: Brain Dysfunction in Aggressive Criminals

Book Review: Foreign Codes: Brain Dysfunction in Aggressive Criminals

Book Review: Foreign Codes: Epidemiology in Health Care Planning. A Guide to the Uses of a Scientific Method

Book Review: Foreign Codes: Epidemiology in Health Care Planning. A Guide to the Uses of a Scientific Method

Book Review: Foreign Codes: The General Civil Code of Austria

Book Review: Foreign Codes: The General Civil Code of Austria

Book Review: Foreign Codes: New Code of Civil Procedure in France, Book 1

Book Review: Foreign Codes: New Code of Civil Procedure in France, Book 1

Book Review: Foreign Codes: The Italian Civil Code

Book Review: Foreign Codes: The Italian Civil Code

Book Review: Foreign Codes: Parasuicide

Book Review: Foreign Codes: Parasuicide

On Teaching Chinese Law

It has been a traditional function of comparative legal education to prepare national elites to deal with counterparts abroad as well as to acquire perspective of their own governmental processes. This need to understand foreign law was acknowledged by one of China's most enlightened statesmen when, in 1864, he sought to persuade the imperial court to approve the translation into Chinese of a Western text on international law. Prince Kung, the chief of China's first modern foreign office, argued: The spoken and written language of China is earnestly studied by foreigners without exception, and the craftiest of them even immerse themselves wholeheartedly in exploring Chinese books. Very often they have argued with quotations from Chinese institutional and legal codes to embarrass us. When we want to defeat their statements with [citations of] their practices and precedents, we suffer from not knowing the foreign languages in which all foreign codes and regulations are written.'

Особливості кримінально-правової регламентації призначення покарання за незакінчений злочин за законодавством зарубіжних країн

У статті аналізуються особливості техніко-юридичного оформлення інституту незакінченого злочину в кримінальному праві деяких зарубіжних країн, розглядаються конструкції приготування і замаху, їх правовий зміст, тлумачення і кваліфікаційне значення.

Penstock Codes—U.S. and Foreign Practice

Penstock design and construction in the United States have been guided to a large extent by the ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels. At the same time, the penstock practice often deviates from the latter, particularly in the critical area of the allowable working stresses. As a result, safety standards in penstock design in the United States are far from being uniform. A study of three foreign penstock codes brings out certain advantages of separate design standards for this specialized field. It also suggests the use of higher allowable working stresses in penstocks than those permitted by the ASME Code. The contents of the foreign codes are listed and their more important aspects reviewed. Action by the ASCE toward creation of a uniform set of recommended rules for design and construction of penstocks in the United States is proposed.

Judicial Powers of Interpretation under Foreign Codes

Judicial Powers of Interpretation under Foreign Codes