Foreign Citizenship Research Articles

Co-location analysis of pedestrian accident attributes for Ankara

Even though accidents with pedestrians are more likely to have a severe or fatal outcome, most research concentrates on the vehicle part of the accidents. To make better policies and infrastructure decisions it is crucial to understand how and why such accidents happen. In this article, 2.588 pedestrian accidents from the year 2018 that resulted in injury or death in the city of Ankara, Türkiye are considered, and different attributes are analyzed co-location-wise. Three types of analysis will be undertaken for these accidents: temporal, natural environment, and pedestrian characteristics. The season of the year, weekend-weekday, and time of day will be explored for the temporal analysis. Visibility (daylight, twilight, and darkness) and rain are the natural surroundings of interest. The analyzed pedestrian characteristics are age group, gender, clothing colour, and nationality. Generally, the accident properties are evenly distributed and mostly the higher co-locations occur with themselves. Three important results stand out in this study. Firstly, the type of precaution appropriate to different time periods of the day should be applied, taking into account the locations that have the strongest co-location with themselves. Secondly, a seasonal approach should be adopted in determining places where pedestrian safety needs to be increased in the city. Lastly, pedestrian safety measures targeting especially both ‘0–14 and 65 + age groups’ and ‘foreign citizenship’ should be prioritized in the identified locations. The results show that the co-location methodology is a good fit for analyzing pedestrian accidents and a wider use of this methodology for other accident types and in general might be beneficial.

The role of citizenship in the acceptance and completion of COVID-19 vaccine cycle in the resident population with foreign citizenship registered with the Umbrian Health Care System - An analysis of regional data.

Non-italian citizens experienced less access to anti-COVID-19 vaccination, compared to the native population. Literature has found differences in adherence to anti-COVID-19 vaccination among these groups; however, there are apparently no studies that investigated the role of citizenship. Our objective was to investigate the role of citizenship in vaccine hesitancy toward anti-COVID-19 vaccination and the completion of vaccine cycle, in the non-Italian citizens resident in the Umbria Region. This is a population study, performed on resident population in Umbria. Population data were obtained thanks to a record linkage between the Regional Health Information System and the regional DBCOVID Umbria database. On this dataset, a descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed. The 19.2% of non-Italian citizens did not take even one dose, 2.1% did not complete it and 40.6% did not take the additional dose. The range of values of which these results are an average, however, is very wide, suggesting important differences in COVID-19 vaccine up taking, among different citizenships. The logistic regression shows that citizenships with the highest probability of non-adherence to vaccination, compared to Philippine, was Romanian (OR=7.8), followed by Macedonian (OR=7.3) and Polish (OR=5.9). The study provides evidence of differences among citizenships that pinpoint the importance of understanding the reasons behind these behaviours, to support decisions around health policies tailored to each citizenship.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GRANTING OF LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS BY THE STATE FOR FOREIGN CITIZENS UNDER ARTICLE 21 PARAGRAPH 3 OF THE BASIC AGRARIAN LAW

Land or land rights can be obtained by someone as an heir, either a biological child or a living spouse, either individually or jointly between the biological child and the living spouse. The acquisition of property rights over land occurs through inheritance, which is the transfer of land rights due to the death of a person or heir who holds land rights. The objective of this research is to identify and analyze the regulation of land ownership rights for foreign nationals according to Article 21 Paragraph 3 of the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) and to identify and comprehend the implementation of land ownership rights by the State for foreign nationals at the Badung Regency Land Office. This research applies empirical legal research method with statutory approach, legal concept analysis and factual approach. The results of this research indicate that the regulation of the acquisition of property rights to land for foreign nationals according to Article 21 Paragraph 3 of the Basic Agrarian Law is that heirs with foreign citizenship are obliged to relinquish the right within a period of 1 year since the loss of Indonesian citizenship. The implementation of the granting of land ownership rights by the State for foreign nationals in the Badung Regency Land Office is that a foreign national may receive inheritance of land and/or buildings with property rights status (such as a house). However, within one year, the foreign national must transfer his/her rights to the land and/or building to another person.

Juridical Study of Inheritance Rights for Children of Foreign Citizens who Become Heirs of the Inheritance of Indonesian Citizenship Heirs in the Form of Land Rights

The issue of citizenship is an important issue, especially when it relates to the inheritance rights of people who have changed citizenship to become foreigners. This research aims to examine the legal rules for inheritance rights for children with foreign citizenship who become heirs to the inheritance of Indonesian citizen heirs in the form of land rights, as well as the legal implications of inheritance rights for heirs with foreign citizenship. The legal research method uses doctrinal research methods with statutory regulations and legal writings as legal material. Data analysis uses qualitative. The results of this research are: first, inheritance law in Indonesia in principle regulates that all heirs are entitled to an equal share of inheritance, without distinguishing between the gender or nationality of the heirs, but rather based on blood and marriage relations. So even though the heir is a foreign citizen (WNA), the heir still has the right to receive an inheritance from an heir who is an Indonesian citizen (WNI). However, if the heir's inheritance is in the form of land rights with ownership rights linked to the principle of nationality, then based on Article 21 paragraph (3) UUPA, foreigners who obtain rights to land with ownership rights due to inheritance are required to release these rights to other parties in a period of 1 (one) year, otherwise the right to the land will be forfeited and transferred to the State. Second, the legal implications for inheritance rights for heirs who are foreign citizens if the heir's inheritance is in the form of land rights, that is, if the land rights have the status of Ownership Rights, then the heirs are still entitled to their inheritance rights, but because foreigners cannot have rights property, heirs who are foreign citizens must reduce their rights to land certificates in accordance with the UUPA, namely to use rights, or sell the land so that they get cash from the sale in order to continue receiving their rights as heirs.

Analysis of predictive factors for non-adherence to organized screening for colorectal and breast cancers in the pre-pandemic period (2018-2019) in Lombardy Region (Northern Italy)

according to the International Agency for Cancer Research on Cancer, in 2022, breast cancer is the most common cancer in the Italian population, followed by colorectal cancer. Oncological screenings represent an effective secondary prevention strategy to counteract colorectal and breast cancers, significantly reducing mortality. In Lombardy Region (Northern Italy), screening programmes have been active since 2007, but adherence, especially in specific population subgroups, remains lower than expected. to analyse potential predictors of non-adherence to colorectal and breast cancer screening in the Lombardy Region during the pre-pandemic period of 2018-2019. a retrospective cohort study aimed at investigating the role of sociodemographic variables, health status, and access to the healthcare system on non-adherence to colorectal and breast cancer screening. Statistical analyses were conducted separately by each Agency for Health Protection (ATS). The results of the models were synthesized across the Lombardy region through random-effects meta-analysis. residents within the territory of each ATS in Lombardy as of 01.01.2018 and aged between 49 and 69 years at the beginning of the follow-up. adherence to colorectal and breast cancer screenings. during the study period, across the Lombardy Region, 2,820,138 individuals were eligible to participate in colorectal cancer screening, and 1,357,344 women were eligible to participate in breast cancer screening, with an invitation coverage of 87% and 86%, respectively.For breast cancer screening, older age, cardiopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), autoimmune diseases, and presence of a rare disease are associated with a reduced risk of non-adherence. Conversely, foreign citizenship, oncological diagnosis, transplant, chronic kidney disease/dialysis, diabetes, heart failure, arterial or cerebral vasculopathy, and presence of a neurological diagnosis are associated with significant excess risks of non-participation. For colorectal cancer screening, factors favouring adherence include female gender, older age, cardiopathy, COPD, autoimmune diseases, and having access/utilization of primary care. Non-adherence is associated with foreign citizenship, transplant, chronic kidney disease/dialysis, diabetes, heart failure, arterial or cerebral vasculopathy, IBD, neurological diseases, residence in assisted living facilities, use of integrated home care, and presence of disability. this is the first study conducted in the Lombardy Region which explores the theme of equity of access to organized screenings. This analysis highlights how sociodemographic determinants, chronic conditions, and access to the healthcare and social healthcare system constitute significant risk factors for non-adherence to screening programmes. Based on the results of this analysis, communication and/or organizational change interventions will be developed to counteract inequalities in access to effective prevention procedures.

Stillbirths: results of a pilot population-based surveillance system in Italy (SPItOSS)

to describe the results of a pilot population-based perinatal mortality surveillance system, with regards to stillbirths; to study maternal, obstetric, and foetal characteristics, evaluating risk factors and understanding causes. a cross-sectional study was conducted on incident cases of stillbirths collected by the surveillance system from July 2017 to June 2019 in three Italian Regions (Lombardy, Tuscany, and Sicily). data on stillbirths, resulting from the in-hospital multidisciplinary audits, organised using the Significant Event Audit methodology, were analysed. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) definitions, the project identified stillbirths as foetuses born dead >=28 weeks of gestation. The WHO International Classification of Diseases-Perinatal Mortality was used to categorise the causes of foetal death. maternal characteristics, obstetric and foetal findings were investigated. Unadjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were computed with respect to the background population. Finally, causes of death and contributing maternal conditions have been considered. the maternity and neonatal units of the three participating Regions notified 520 stillbirths, of which 435 cases underwent to the multidisciplinary audit (83.7%); 40.0% of cases occurred in the gestational age range between 36 and 39 weeks. The risk of stillbirth was significantly increased in mothers with foreign citizenship (RR: 1.39; 95%CI: 1.13-1.71), multiple pregnancies (RR: 1.59; 95%CI 1.05-2.42), and pregnancies conceived with assisted reproductive technologies (RR: 2.15; 95%CI 1.45-3.19). The rate of congenital malformations was 6.0%. A diagnosis of foetal growth restriction was reported in 10.3% of cases, although the percentage of dead foetuses weighting <10° centile was at least twice in almost all gestational age periods. Post-mortem and placental histological examinations were carried out in more than 70% and more than 90% of cases, respectively. the implementation of a population-based surveillance system with high participation rate of maternity units and the use of universally accepted definitions could improve the identification of stillbirth avoidable risk factors and potentially modifiable predisposing maternal conditions, highlighting issues of perinatal assistance in need of improvement.

Legal analysis of the distribution of inheritance in the form of land rights to foreign national heirs

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of the distribution of inheritance in the form of land rights to heirs with foreign citizenship and to find out the factors that become obstacles / constraints and solutions in the distribution of inheritance in the form of land rights to heirs with foreign citizenship.&#x0D; Research methodology: The research method used in this research is sociological or empirical legal research which mainly examines primary data such as materials that bind legislation.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that the distribution of inheritance in the form of land rights to heirs with foreign citizenship, then foreign nationals can still receive inheritance from foreign national heirs but within one year the heirs must release / transfer to Indonesian citizens or by changing their rights to use rights.&#x0D; Contribution: This research provides a comprehensive overview of the legal framework governing the inheritance of land rights by foreign nationals in Indonesia. It also identifies and discusses the key challenges faced by foreign national heirs in the inheritance process.&#x0D; Implementation: The findings of this research can be used to inform policymakers, legal practitioners, and individuals involved in inheritance proceedings involving foreign national heirs. Additionally, the research can be used to develop strategies for improving the legal framework and process for inheritance of land rights by foreign nationals in Indonesia.

Exploring the Settlement Models of the Main Foreign Communities Residing in Italy (2003–2021)

In the last few decades, the foreign resident population in Italy has grown considerably, showing a tendency towards a stable settlement. The spatial distribution of this population is an important key to better understanding the integration process in the host society. This paper aims to explore the diachronic evolution of the settlement models of the foreign population and the main ethnic groups usually classified as residents in Italy in the period 2003–2021. Towards this aim, we computed statistical global indices referring to evenness, concentration, and clustering dimension of residential segregation and ad hoc indices that regard territorial dimensions. One of the major novelties of the contribution lies in the attempt to compute these indices not only in reference to the major population group—i.e., the Italians—but also between foreign communities and considering the gender structure. The indices are then synthesised by a multivariate analysis (principal component analysis and cluster analysis). The results of this study show that (a) higher differences in terms of settlement models are found by comparing different minority groups rather than by comparing minorities to Italians; (b) the settlement models of each foreign citizenship remain almost stable over time despite their growth in both absolute and relative terms.

Informal childcare arrangements: a comparison between Italians and migrants

As migrants settle in their destination country, for those who reunited the family or after childbirth childcare becomes a priority. Most studies on migrants’ childcare arrangements have focused on parental use of formal childcare rather than on different informal childcare solutions by analysing only families with preschool-age children. Italy poses an interesting case study because its welfare system is characterised by a familistic model of care, based on solidarity between generations. In familistic countries, migrants’ childcare solutions are more constrained. In this study, we analysed differences in informal childcare needs and arrangements for children younger than 14 between Italians and migrants from different countries of origin. We merged two surveys conducted by the Italian National Statistics Institute in 2011–2012: ‘Social Condition and Integration of Foreign Citizens’, a sample of households with at least one migrant with foreign citizenship, and ‘Multiscopo—Aspects of Daily Life’, a sample of households in Italy. We found that household composition and parents’ employment status play an important role in shaping informal childcare arrangements. Overall, migrants are less likely to use informal childcare, especially grandparents, than Italians but when they do, they rely more on other relatives and non-relatives than Italians. Moreover, differences emerge across migrant subgroups. This study is the first in Italy to contribute to an understanding of the role of migrant status in determining parents’ childcare arrangements for children up to 13 years.

STATUTORY ATTRIBUTES OF FEMALE DIRECTORS AND EARNINGS QUALITY IN INDONESIA

All parties with an interest in the company need quality earnings information for economic decision making. This creates a moral hazard on the part of management to use various means in order to provide good news for these parties. This study aims to examine the effect of various attributes required by law (namely business education background, proportion, years of service, and foreign citizenship) related to the presence of women in top management on the earnings quality of companies in Indonesia. With the sample criteria set, 467 observations were obtained for companies listed on the IDX in 2015 - 2018. The results obtained indicate that the business education background and foreign citizenship of female directors affect earnings quality. Meanwhile, the proportion and tenure of female directors have no effect on earnings quality.

Involuntary medication in psychiatric units at Landspitali University Hospital in the years 2014-2018

Coercion is considered controversial and is criticized around the world. Involuntary medication is one type of coercion, but the extent of its use in Iceland is not well known. The aim of this study is to shed light on the extent and time of involuntary medication in Landspitali University Hospital in Iceland, when it is most often used and whether there is a difference between patients who receive involuntary medication and those who do not receive such treatment. This study is a quantitative descriptive retrospective study using data obtained from medical records. The sample consisted of all patients admitted to the psychiatric inpatient wards at Landspitali University Hospital in Iceland in the years 2014-2018 (N=4053). The sample was divided into two groups, group 1 with patients who received involuntary medication n=400 (9.9%) and group 2 with patients who did not receive such treatment n=3653 (90.1%). The total number of involuntary medications was 2438 and about 1% of the total sample received about half of all involuntary medication. Involuntary medications were most frequent during the daytime during weekdays and late at night, but no notable difference was seen between months of the year. When comparing the groups, it appears that proportionally more men and patients with foreign citizenship are in group 1 than in group 2, but no notable difference is seen in age between groups. Patients in group 1 had more visits to the emergency services at Landspitali, more admissions, and patient days per patient at psychiatric wards in Landspitali than those in group 2. The most common medical diagnosis in group 1 were within the schizophrenia spectrum (F20-F29) and mood disorders (F30-39) but in group 2 the most common medical diagnosis were mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use (F10-19) and mood disorders (F30-F39). Findings indicate certain risk factors for involuntary medication regarding demographic, medical diagnosis, use of services as well as external factors such as timing of involuntary medication. A more detailed analysis could be used to reduce the use of coercive treatment. Further research is needed on the use of coercion in psychiatric wards in Iceland.

Spatial Distribution of COVID-19 Hospitalizations and Associated Risk Factors in Health Insurance Data Using Bayesian Spatial Modelling.

The onset of COVID-19 across the world has elevated interest in geographic information systems (GIS) for pandemic management. In Germany, however, most spatial analyses remain at the relatively coarse level of counties. In this study, we explored the spatial distribution of COVID-19 hospitalizations in health insurance data of the AOK Nordost health insurance. Additionally, we explored sociodemographic and pre-existing medical conditions associated with hospitalizations for COVID-19. Our results clearly show strong spatial dynamics of COVID-19 hospitalizations. The main risk factors for hospitalization were male sex, being unemployed, foreign citizenship, and living in a nursing home. The main pre-existing diseases associated with hospitalization were certain infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, diseases of the nervous system, diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of the genitourinary and symptoms, and signs and findings not classified elsewhere.

Preterm birth among Icelandic and migrant women in Iceland during 1997-2018 and main contributing factors

Migrant women often experience worse perinatal outcomes during pregnancy, birth, and puerperium than native women, but results regarding preterm birth vary. The objective of this study was to detect the prevalence and risk factors of preterm birth among Icelandic and migrant women in Iceland. The study was a population-based cohort study with data from the Icelandic Medical Birth Register. The cohort included all women who had a singleton birth from 22w0d to 36w6d of pregnancy in the years 1997-2018, a total of 89 170 women. The group was divided in two; women with an Icelandic citizenship and women with foreign citizenship, that were further divided according to the Human Development Index (HDI) of their country of citizenship. Preterm birth rate and risk factor prevalence was analysed according to this classification and significance in differences measured with a chi-square test. Significance in differences of preterm birth was found between Icelandic (4.4%) and migrant women (5.6%) (p<0.001). Migrant women from middle-HDI countries gave birth preterm in 5.5% of cases (p<0.01) and women from low-HDI countries in 6.4% of cases (p<0.001). Migrant women were more often diagnosed with urinary tract infections, diabetes, intrauterine growth restriction and premature rupture of membranes, but less often with pre-eclampsia, obesity, placental defect, mental health issues and age p<18 years (p<0.05). Migrant women in Iceland from middle-HDI and low-HDI countries give birth preterm more often than Icelandic women. A difference in risk factors is also present and needs further research. The findings can be used in continuing development of prenatal care for migrant women in Iceland.

Writing Chinese Nationals into the History of Nazi Germany

Writing Chinese Nationals into the History of Nazi Germany Kimberly Cheng (bio) In 1944, thirty-eight-year-old Cheng Shu Chi (鄭紹箕) arrived in Germany as a forced laborer from Poland.1 Cheng first left Zhejiang province for Lodz in 1935 to assume a position in his cousin's silk factory. In 1939, he moved to Warsaw, where he earned money as a transportation worker. There, he married Maria Ugorowska in April 1941, converting to Catholicism and adopting the name Stanislaw. Later that same year, Nazi officials deported Cheng and his wife to Saalfeld, Thuringia, to undertake forced labor for the German war effort. Cheng worked as a sawmill worker until the war's end.2 A part of the 1.7 million Polish laborers whom the Nazis forcibly relocated to Germany, Cheng's story raises many questions.3 Did the Nazis categorize Cheng as a forced laborer from Eastern Europe or as Chinese? How did Cheng live day-to-day in Germany? What happened to Cheng's wife, and how did the Nazis regard the married couple? While the historical record does not reveal much else, Cheng's story complicates our notions of who constituted a Polish forced laborer in Germany and prompts us to question whether the Nazis adjusted their racial categories for someone like Cheng. From the 1820s onwards, Chinese nationals consistently journeyed to Germany.4 When Hitler came to power, the June 1933 census counted 827 Chinese within Germany's borders.5 At its height, the Chinese population of the Third Reich reached approximately 1,600 people, made up predominantly of men. Most were diplomats, merchants, ship-hands, traveling circus artists, and study-abroad students, who resided in cities including Berlin, Hamburg, Bremen, and Munich.6 The stories of Chinese people in the Third Reich demonstrate the myriad ways that Nazi authorities treated Chinese nationals, exposing the contradictions between Nazi racial imaginings and the actual implementation of racial policy. In the Third Reich, some Chinese did end up in concentration camps. For example, in 1944, the Hamburg Gestapo rounded up 130 Chinese, sending them primarily to Fuhlsbüttel.7 Others, however, survived relatively unscathed. In fact, when a Chinese military mission arrived in Germany in 1946 to evaluate the wartime damages incurred by its nationals, the mission found that some commended how well Germans had treated them.8 Moreover, during the Nazi period, especially before 1938, some Chinese were even able to help those more vulnerable to racial persecution. Chinese [End Page 130] restaurateurs in Berlin served German Jews who were unwelcome in German-run restaurants, and some Chinese men saved German Jewish women from deportation through marriage.9 What accounts for this spectrum of Chinese experiences in Nazi Germany? Although Hitler deemed the Chinese racially unfit, Chinese nationals' foreign citizenship, socio-economic standing, and small numbers led Nazi officials to treat its Chinese population in a varied manner. Before Germany broke relations with China for Japan in 1938, the importance of Germany's China trade sometimes swayed Nazi authorities to override their own racial policies.10 Moreover, the upper-class status and societal connections of some Chinese shielded them from persecution. Lower-class and politically active leftist Chinese bore the brunt of Nazi maltreatment.11 Last, the Chinese population was so small that many Chinese simply slipped through the cracks. Regarding Germany's Chinese population, Nazi authorities at times subordinated their own racial ideology for the sake of foreign relations, the consolidation of power, and the pursuit of more salient threats. The history of Chinese nationals in the Third Reich exposes the chasm that existed between Nazi racial thinking and how Nazi authorities erected their racial state. The curious status of Chinese people reveals the tensions that lay between Nazi racial ideology, racial policy, and the application of law. Furthermore, focusing on Chinese nationals complements existing scholarship on smaller communities of racial minorities in Nazi Germany, such as the Afro-German, Korean, and Arab populations. Although demographically insignificant, the Chinese community of the Third Reich, sheds significant light on the making of race and status in the Nazi Germany. Kimberly Cheng kimberly cheng (kac780@nyu.edu) is a visiting postdoctoral fellow at the German Historical Institute...

The boundary setting of Chinese netizens’ citizenship identity: social media responses to the Regulations of the PRC on the Administration of Permanent Residence of Foreigners

Since Reform and Opening Up, the Chinese government has been under pressure regarding policy on the residence of foreign migrants to the country. In response, the Chinese government released a document entitled the Regulations of the PRC on the Administration of Permanent Residence of Foreigners in February 2020, which has roused fierce social opposition, as reflected in Chinese netizens’ attitudes towards foreign immigrants and citizenship identity. Based on online discussions in the Zhihu community, in this paper, we investigated the exclusive and inclusive boundaries of Chinese netizens’ citizenship identity through quantitative and thematic textual analyses. The exclusive boundary includes racial and historical discourses that raise insurmountable walls between Chinese people and foreign immigrants, while the inclusive boundary is reflected in citizenship rights and access criteria. The issues of ‘super-national treatment’ (privileges enjoyed by foreign nationals with permanent Chinese residency) and ‘low access criteria’ (the relative ease with which foreign immigrants can obtain permanent residence in China) for foreign immigrants have weakened the openness of the inclusive boundary, causing netizens who were once willing to accept foreign immigrants to oppose the presence of non-native groups in the country. This study deepens our understanding of Chinese netizens’ citizenship identity and contributes to citizenship identity theory.

On the Question of the Size and Location of the Chinese Diaspora in the World (1949 — present)

The article is devoted to the issues of the size of the Chinese diaspora (overseas Chinese or huaqiao-huaren — Chinese emigrants with PRC citizenship and ethnic Chinese with foreign citizenship), its location in the world and the degree of its self-organization. These issues are quite complex. There is still no generally accepted methodology for studying them. Changes in the size and geographical location of the Chinese diaspora are shown in a historical perspective, with an emphasis on 1949 (the creation of the PRC), 1978 (the beginning of the policy of reform and opening-up in the PRC) and 2000-2021 (suppositive present stage). The author analyzes international, Chinese (PRC and Taiwan), American and Russian estimates of the size of the Chinese diaspora and determines the range of the number of huaqiao-huaren at the present stage at 50-80 million people. She identifies 189 countries and regions of residence of overseas Chinese (earlier, a figure of 150-160 countries and regions appeared in national and foreign literature), and creates two maps of the geographical location of the Chinese diaspora by countries and regions of the world. One of them shows the actual number of overseas Chinese, the other shows the share of huaqiao-huaren in the population of countries and regions of the world. The paper also touches upon the topic of overseas Chinese communities. It studies the statistical data of the PRC and Taiwan regarding the size and types of activities of these communities. It also gives a brief overview of the economic situation of the Chinese diaspora in host countries. The author concludes that the Chinese diaspora has a high degree of self-organization and developed economic ties with China.

The Mobility of Builders in Medieval Port Cities. The Foreign Masters of Dubrovnik Cathedral

Study of the foreign magistri and protomagistri of the medieval cathedral of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) (ca 1130-1350, rebuilt after 1693) reveals the social dynamics of artists’ travel in Mediterranean ports. Building on previous research of the builders’ artistic contexts and references, this analysis combines close reading and comparison of contract documents, discussion of Ragusa’s foreign citizenship law, and questions informed by the sociology of mobility. The study concludes that the governor patrons of Ragusa Cathedral exploited the increased physical and occupational mobility of Adriatic builders, then arrested that mobility by offering the builders social advantages in the form of professional security and a path to citizenship. This balance of mobility at multiple levels manifested in the cathedral’s cosmopolitan and open-ended design.

Healthcare Services for Undocumented Migrants: Organisation and Costs from the Italian NHS Perspective.

Based on the principle of health equity, the Italian National Health Service is known worldwide for being a universalistic system that guarantees healthcare services for all its population, among which there are undocumented migrants. A commitment for their health needs is further motivated by their lower utilisation rates of healthcare services, which becomes even more crucial when considering chronic conditions such as diabetes that require adherence and continuity of care. However, the need for more official data has resulted in little research documenting these healthcare usage patterns. For this reason, our objective has been to deepen, from the Italian NHS perspective, the quantity, costs, type, preventability and organisation of healthcare services directed to undocumented migrants. We used official healthcare data from the Lombardy Region, which enable the identification of people receiving the STP code (undocumented migrants) and of people with foreign citizenship (documented migrants). After quantifying the average annual amount and expenditure for healthcare services grouped by Italian citizens, documented migrants and undocumented migrants for all clinical conditions (quantity and costs), we performed three primary investigations where we enlightened differences between the three mentioned groups focusing on the diagnosis of diabetes: (i) mapping the types of healthcare services used and their characteristics (type); (ii) quantifying the impact of preventable hospital admissions (preventability); (iii) examining the healthcare patterns linking pharmaceutical prescriptions with hospital accesses (organisation). Our results reveal significant differences among the three groups, such as more urgent hospital admissions, more preventable complications, and a higher recurrence in terms of access and costs to hospital services rather than pharmaceutical prescriptions for undocumented migrants. These findings can represent the leverage to raise awareness toward the emerging challenges of the migrant health burden.

Review: Maadi: The Making and Unmaking of a Cairo Suburb 1878–1962

Review: <i>Maadi: The Making and Unmaking of a Cairo Suburb 1878–1962</i>

Social determinants of mental health in Italy: the role of education in the comparison of migrant and Italian residents

Mental health is impacted by social, economic, and environmental factors, the Social Determinants of Health (SDH). Migrants experiencing precarious living and working conditions may be more at risk of poor mental health than the majority population.This paper aims to evaluate the relationship of educational attainment and other SDH with depressive symptoms among the resident population, including Italians and migrants.This study examined the respondents to the Italian “Progressi delle Aziende Sanitarie per la Salute in Italia” (PASSI) surveillance system, 2014–18. The sample of 144.055 respondents is composed of the resident working adults aged 25–69 with Italian citizenship (n = 136.514) and foreign citizenship (n = 7.491).Findings show that among Italians high level of education appears to be a protective factor for mental health, in accordance with the international evidence (adjPR: tertiary education 0,74 p-value = 0.000). However, among immigrants high level of education is associated with the presence of depressive symptoms (adjPR: tertiary education: 1.61 p-value = 0.006), particularly for men (adjPR: tertiary education: 2.40 p-value = 0.006). The longer the length of stay in Italy for immigrants the higher the risk of depressive symptoms: adjPR for 10+ years: 2.23 p-value = 0.005.The data show that high education could represent a risk factor for mental health of immigrants. Moreover, among migrants there are some significant mental health inequities between male and female related to the duration of stay in Italy, economic activity and educational level.Considering that health is related to the nature of society as well as to access to technical solutions, multicultural societies require culturally oriented interventions for tackling health inequities. This means developing evidence-based policies in order to tackle health inequalities in the population as a whole, including culturally oriented measures in the larger framework of developing diversity sensitive services.