Foreign Aid Research Articles

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE'S BUILDING INDUSTRY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS CAUSED BY THE FULL-SCALE AGGRESSION OF THE RUSSIA, FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF ECONOMIC CYCLICITY

The article is dedicated to examining the specific manifestations of economic cyclicality in Ukraine's building materials industry under martial law conditions. The analysis reveals that the full-scale war has led to the destruction of approximately 20% of enterprises, while others have experienced significant declines in production volumes, market access, raw material sources, and human resources. The features of war-induced economic crises are compared with cyclical overproduction crises, showing that military actions immediately push the economy into a recession phase. However, recovery may commence even before the end of hostilities due to the economy reaching the trough of the economic cycle.The article explores various approaches to defining and understanding the concept of "economic crisis," highlighting the importance of identifying its causes and characteristics. Key factors influencing the transition between different phases of economic cycles—recession, depression, recovery, and expansion—are identified. It is noted that the moments of phase transition are critical to economic development, as they represent the shift from quantitative changes in one phase to qualitative changes in the next.The dynamics of real estate prices are analyzed as one of the key indicators signaling the onset of the recovery phase. Additionally, the article formulates the components of a development strategy for Ukraine’s construction sector during the recovery period, taking into account the consequences of the war. These components include the localization of building materials production, improving housing comfort, ensuring the environmental sustainability of building materials, conserving resources in their production (particularly energy), involving foreign aid in the reconstruction process, and recycling demolition waste into building materials. It is determined that the future development of the construction industry must also address the issue of effectively insulating protective structures and bomb shelters with eco-friendly materials, necessitating further development of domestic building materials that meet the urgent demands of wartime. The article concludes with the prospect of utilizing hemp-lime building materials in the reconstruction process, as they fully align with the proposed development strategy

Localization and developmentality: Policy pragmatism in pandemic times

AbstractMotivationLocalization is increasingly invoked in debates about how to reform international aid: to improve aid effectiveness and address ethical concerns by turning hierarchical aid relations on their head. This has proved to be easier said than done. The COVID‐19 pandemic produced logistical impediments to aid practitioners, which translated into a renewed, if temporary, interest in localization.PurposeThe initial scope of the research engaged with the notion of partnership during COVID‐19, but almost all informants drew attention to the concept of localization. The article maps and analyses the challenges and advantages of localization, as seen from the practitioners' perspective.Approach and methodsThe article draws on 24 interviews conducted in Oslo with representatives of various Norwegian development and humanitarian non‐governmental organizations and government agencies, in addition to policy and grey literature review.FindingsThe article shows that the re‐emergence of the localization debate during COVID‐19 occurred not because of any ambition to reform aid, but as a pragmatic and temporary response to the logistical impediments caused by the pandemic. Reflections from the interviewees on the pros and cons offer more substantial insights into why localization fails to change practice, while at the same time localization enables a form of indirect governance related to accountability regimes. This is analysed as developmentality, reflecting the logic that localization takes place when recipients do as donors want, but they do so voluntarily, which suggests that localization counterintuitively may reinforce existing power structures.Policy implicationsLocalization is poorly conceptualized. While a definition could be helpful in practice, one that is too rigid could undermine the diversity of actors and knowledge that localization aims to advance. At the operational level, localization requires greater flexibility and slack throughout the aid chain, especially in the audit and accountability regimes of donor and funding authorities, which permeate and uphold lopsided aid relations.

Can we define global collective action problems away?

AbstractThe adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals has rejuvenated an old debate: Can foreign aid be used to finance global public goods (GPGs)? There are those who see aid exclusively as a source of development funding for poor countries. And there are others who are open to answering the question in the affirmative. I put forward five arguments why the latter position is reasonable. Firstly, the formal definition of official development assistance (ODA) cannot be said to exclude its use in financing GPGs as these goods by definition benefit developing countries. Secondly, the amount of ODA provided has never been the gold standard of rich country effort envisaged by some. In particular, the level is boosted by the self‐interests of donors. Thirdly, there is ample precedent for following the benefit principle when it comes to multilateral organisations, which are often seen as GPGs. Fourthly, distinguishing between national public goods and GPGs is not always straightforward as the former are in many cases inputs into the production of the latter, and in such cases, the dividing line between ‘traditional aid’ and ‘funding for GPGs’ is blurred. Finally, it is not obvious in practice that aid as country finance always generates greater welfare gains for developing countries than the provision of GPGs. In sum, being overly normative with respect to what ODA is distracts us from the real problem, namely, that collective action problems result in too little spending on all international public goods, including poverty alleviation in poor countries.

Urbanization and growth nexus: do international financial flows matter?

PurposeThis study examines the impact of urbanization on growth and the role of international financial flows in the urbanization-growth nexus.Design/methodology/approachThe study applies the panel least square estimation to examine the impact of urbanization on growth using panel data from 50 developing countries from 1980 to 2016. Further, addressing the endogeneity issues in panel estimations, the study applies the dynamic System-GMM approach to investigate the role of financial flows in urbanization and their impact on economic growth in developing countries.FindingsContrary to the conventional literature, we found a non-linear (U-shaped) relationship between urbanization and growth. Our findings demonstrate that growth is reduced at a lower level of urbanization due to less availability, concentration, and synchronization of production factors. The concentration of physical and human capital and technological advancement in urban areas help developing countries achieve economic growth at a higher level of urbanization. Robust estimations divulged that foreign aid spent on infrastructure development and expanding urban regions helps promote economic growth. Nevertheless, as a resilient factor, remittances buffer the rapid pace of urbanization and reduce growth by resisting the migration of labor and capital from rural to urban areas.Practical implicationsThe paper's findings suggest policymakers promote urban infrastructure and development using local and international funds since its increased level spurs economic growth. Further, the results advise policymakers to reduce aid dependency, attract FDI, and facilitate the easy and low-cost transfer of money to promote remittance inflows since both FDI and remittances positively contribute to economic growth.Originality/valueThe paper contributes significantly to the literature by determining the U-shaped relationship between urbanization and growth and highlighting the role of international flows in the urbanization-growth nexus.

The city the earthquake built: internal displacement, international aid and state–society relations in the “fragile city” of Canaan

This paper revisits the case of Canaan – a massive informal settlement that emerged in the wake of the devastating 2010 earthquake in Haiti – in order to examine the often-forgotten aftermath of international aid programming in an urban, fragile-state context. Originally categorized as an (informal) internal displacement site, Canaan continued to expand in the years following the quake, reaching an estimated population of 300,000 by 2016. Using a qualitative case study of Canaan conducted nearly 15 years after its creation, the paper makes two interrelated arguments: first, that the ways in which the United Nations’ “durable solutions” framework is frequently understood and applied may be unrealistic and even deleterious for state–society relations in some fragile urban contexts. Second, even calls to shift (urban) internal displacement programming to a more development footing is far from a panacea if these interventions are not designed to be more politically nuanced, context-sensitive and modest about what can be achieved in such complex environments.

Guiding Principles for Department of Defense Global Health Engagements.

Within the past decade, the U.S. DoD has increased spending on global health engagements (GHEs). Not only do these increased efforts strengthen national security but they also fortify the United States' diplomatic relations with foreign governments through medical stability operations and health diplomacy. Maximizing health care-related programs will bolster a partner government's ability to maintain secure borders and prevent conflict while depriving extremists of safe havens. Looking beyond the short-term benefits, the long-term effects of GHEs are not limited to a nation's borders; aid permeates into a society providing social and economic opportunities otherwise unobtainable to the community and effectively winning the hearts and minds of the population. Although the DoD does list policies and procedures in which to conduct GHEs, the proposed set of principles can further prevent conflicts, deliver better foreign humanitarian assistance, and develop a better health care partnership centered around the host nation.

Sociopolitical, clinical, and ethical challenges of sustainable fracture care in Haiti.

In low- and middle-income countries such as Haiti, musculoskeletal injuries are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Untreated injuries can contribute to decreased mobility, leading to disability and reduced productivity for individuals. The accessibility of timely fracture care poses a substantial challenge in Haiti, where socioeconomic instability and recent surges in gang violence exacerbate an already strained healthcare infrastructure. This manuscript delves into the intricate barriers to sustainable fracture care in Haiti, shedding light on the sociopolitical landscape and clinical challenges that influence the delivery of orthopedic services. The ethical considerations in providing fracture care in Haiti are multifaceted, including classic medical principles, self-preservation in the face of violence, issues of justice in resource and service allocation, and concerns of nonmaleficence in the context of international volunteers. These ethical dilemmas arise from the complex interplay of limited resources, the dangers posed by the current sociopolitical climate, and the involvement of international aid in a vulnerable healthcare system. To address the clinical and ethical conflicts of providing fracture care in Haiti, solutions include education and training of Haitian orthopedic surgeons, capacity building of healthcare facilities, and establishing ethical standards for international volunteers. This comprehensive approach is vital for advancing sustainable fracture care in Haiti and other resource-limited settings.

When in Debt, Appoint Women? A Re-Examination of Aid, Debt, and the Inclusion of Women in African Cabinets

Abstract Are more aid-dependent and indebted countries more likely to include women in their cabinets? Several studies have suggested that such countries seek to please donors and lenders. Focusing on Africa, we test whether leaders respond to international incentives and, specifically, signal donors and lenders that they value gender equality in political decision-making. Although leaders have more direct control over the gender composition of the cabinet than the legislature, our analyses do not show that aid dependence and indebtedness result in more women in either the cabinet or the legislature. We operationalize aid dependence and indebtedness as a proportion of recipient gross national income, which we argue better reflects the aid and loan recipients’ vulnerability to external pressure. Using regression analysis techniques and multiple robustness checks to evaluate our panel data, our findings remain consistent with arguments that African states have stronger bargaining positions than the foreign aid literature has acknowledged.

THE UN ACTIVITIES ON FACILITATING THE APPLICATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE PURPOSES OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1990S

In the early 3rd decade in the 21st century, the information and communications technology (hereinafter referred to as ICT) is regarded as an inalienable factor of the international development. This article presents the analysis of the events related to the outset of the UN involvement in this factor promotion at the turn of the 1980s and further until the late 90s. It marks out the most important measures initiated at the UN main and subsidiary bodies aiming at the ICT study as a development factor and the international community’s political will mobilisation on the ICT’s broadest possible adoption and application. Within the period under consideration, three stages marking the expansion of the UN involvement in the ICT issues, from attracting general attention to their importance in the development towards the drafting of recommendations for the international community on bridging the digital divide, are proposed by us. The article finds out that these recommendations just as other UN activities in the development field worked in favour of the globalisation and evidently reflected the neoliberal paradigm. However, in the meantime they counterbalanced market fundamentalists and provided the grounds for the need of planning the international aid for developing nations and guaranteeing social focus in the national ICT policies.

Rethinking food aid for immigrants and refugees: Insights from Syracuse

AbstractMotivationFood security is a multidimensional issue, crucially underpinned by cultural acceptability, which significantly affects emotional well‐being and social integration. This study was motivated by the persistent challenge faced by refugee and immigrant communities in accessing culturally appropriate food, a critical aspect often overlooked by food assistance programmes. This gap both hinders nutritional intake and impedes the emotional and social well‐being of these vulnerable populations.PurposeThis study aimed to explore the alignment between the cultural dietary preferences of refugee and immigrant communities in Syracuse, New York, and the offerings of local food aid programmes, specifically focusing on culturally appropriate fresh produce. It sought to understand the extent to which food assistance meets the cultural needs of these communities, thereby informing potential improvements in food security practices and policy.Approach and MethodsUsing a mixed‐methods approach, the study collected quantitative and qualitative data. Surveys were conducted with 35 refugee and immigrant women to quantitatively assess the availability and suitability of culturally specific food items within local food bank programmes. In addition, qualitative insights were derived through focus group discussions with eight of these participants. This dual‐method approach allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of both perceived and actual gaps in service provision.FindingsThe findings highlighted a significant gap between the fresh produce provided by the food assistance programmes and the cultural dietary needs of the participants. Although these programmes provide essential nutrition, they often neglect to accommodate the cultural preferences of diverse communities. This emphasizes the urgent need for food aid initiatives to integrate cultural preferences, enhancing the acceptability of food aid and supporting the psychological adjustment of refugees and immigrants to new environments.Policy ImplicationsThis study underscored the need for policy‐makers and food assistance programmes to prioritize cultural appropriateness alongside nutritional adequacy. It recommended the adoption of more inclusive food distribution practices that recognize and respect the cultural diversity of beneficiaries. Such practices are crucial, not only for improving the nutritional and psychological outcomes of refugees and immigrants but also for fostering their integration and participation in the community. Establishing policies that encourage the inclusion of culturally diverse food options can significantly enhance the effectiveness of food security efforts.

Demographic Consequences of Major Wars

This article investigates the demographic consequences of major wars and the determinants of post-war demographic recovery, analyzing severe conflicts from 1914 to 2010 in countries across various development levels and war types. Through an empirical evaluation of demographic recovery following major wars, this paper explores how several important factors, including political capacity, foreign aid, and human capital, influence recovery patterns in societies that have experienced these conflicts. The analysis suggests that populations tend to recover to pre-war levels within a generation, often exceeding them due to significant post-war baby booms. Political capacity appears to be associated with faster recovery, while the impact of foreign aid and human capital varies across different economic contexts. The research employs a large N time-series cross-section analysis, offering a comprehensive exploration of the dynamics involved in post-war demographic recovery. The results highlight the complex relationship between political, economic, and social factors, providing a valuable foundation for future research. By integrating insights from political demography, international relations, and population studies, these findings can guide the development of new theories and models to better understand the mechanisms of post-conflict recovery. Ultimately, this research aims to inform more effective strategies and policies for post-conflict reconstruction and development, promoting sustainable peace and stability in war-affected regions.

Does Foreign Aid Affect the Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries?

This study investigates the relationship between foreign aid and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa using a panel ARDL model. Data from 15 selected countries over 20 years (2002–2021) were analyzed. Findings show that institutional quality and unemployment rate are significant in the short-run (mean group (MG) estimation). In the long-run (dynamic fixed effects (DFE) model), variables such as trade openness, exchange rate, population growth, unemployment rate, institutional quality, consumption expenditure, official development assistance, and aid square significantly affect economic growth. Recommendations include strengthening institutions, promoting trade openness, addressing unemployment through skill development, maintaining price stability, and improving development assistance transparency.

Is in-kind kinder than cash? The impact of money vs. food aid on social emotions and aid take-up

Over the past decade, there has been a shift in the way charities deliver humanitarian aid. Historically, the most prevalent way to help the global poor was by providing in-kind asset transfers. Recently, alternatives to in-kind aid, such as cash aid, have been increasing in prevalence. Although there has been widespread endorsement from the academic community and the public on the popularizing model of giving cash aid, one perspective remains untouched: the recipient's perspective. Thus, the present research explores how food-insecure individuals feel when receiving money vs. in-kind food aid to help meet their hunger and nutrition needs. Specifically, we explore the degree of positive (e.g., feeling cared for) and negative (e.g., feeling ashamed) social emotions felt when receiving the aid opportunity and how willing recipients are to accept monetary (vs. food) aid. Results from five preregistered experiments (N = 3,110)-a field experiment in Kenya and four online experiments in the United States-find that monetary (vs. food) aid elicits comparatively more of a market-pricing relationship and less of a communal sharing relationship and, hence, makes people feel less positive and more negative social emotions when receiving the help. Subsequently, recipients are less likely to take up monetary (vs. food) aid from a charity. However, we find that this effect does not persist when receiving government aid: Recipients are similarly willing to accept money and in-kind food aid from the government. This research suggests that future scholarship ought to examine ways to improve psychological experiences when receiving money from charity.

Economic Growth through Rent Streams, Financial Development and Institutional Quality in Mena

This study examines the relationships between natural rent streams, financial development, institutional quality, and economic growth in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and is the development of fixed effects panel models during 1990–2020. The analysis of the MENA region sheds light on the complex, dynamic nature of the region’s economies and societies, as this region is an interesting case study where economic, political and cultural dynamics are diverse. The region faces economic diversification needs, conflicts, migration, and climate change, making this study timely and relevant. To this end, fixed effects regressions and scenario approaches were applied to the collected panel data. The findings reveal natural resource rents as the primary driver of economic growth, their effectiveness dependent on financial development and institutional quality levels. A well-developed financial sector facilitates efficient channeling of rents into productive investments, while strong institutions mitigate resource curse effects. In contrast, while remittances and foreign aid do not directly impact growth, their effectiveness is enhanced by financial development and institutional frameworks. The results highlight the critical roles of financial sector development, institutional quality, and robust governance in shaping the impacts of resource rents in this resource-rich region. The policy recommendations emphasize strategies for managing resource wealth, strengthening financial systems, promoting inclusion, improving institutions, and fostering an enabling environment for remittances and foreign aid to promote sustainable economic growth.

Uncovering the chain of corruption: A Case Study in Bangladesh

Government officials are responsible to the people because they are paid for their services by the fund of the country which is collected from people. They got extra facilities as the government officials but people see them as the oppressors while taking public services. Their offensive behavior hurts the common people who do not have extra money paid for services. This study attempts to make the people aware, conscious, responsible, accountable, and transparent to government officials. The study titled "Uncovering the Chain of Corruption: A Case Study in Bangladesh" delves into the intricate web of corruption within Bangladesh, highlighting systemic issues and identifying key actors involved. This research adopts a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both qualitative interviews and quantitative data analysis, to provide a comprehensive examination of corruption at various levels of governance and society. Findings reveal that corruption in Bangladesh is deeply entrenched, facilitated by a nexus of political patronage, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and socio-economic disparities. The case study uncovers how corruption manifests in public procurement, law enforcement, and the judiciary, perpetuating a cycle of impunity and public mistrust which is conducted at Bangladesh Road Transport Authority in Rajshahi Zone. Furthermore, the study explores the socio-cultural dimensions that normalize corrupt practices and examines the role of international aid and non-governmental organizations in both exacerbating and combating corruption. Recommendations emphasize the need for robust legal frameworks, greater transparency, and public accountability mechanisms, alongside fostering a culture of integrity and ethical governance. This study contributes to the broader discourse on anti-corruption strategies, offering insights that are crucial for policymakers, stakeholders, and scholars aiming to address corruption in developing countries.

Impulse Response of External Debt Stock and Gross Capital Formation on Economic Growth in Bangladesh: Var Model, Granger Causality and Variance Decomposition Analysis

Purpose: This study employs an annual time series data set from 1987 to 2018 gathered from the World Development Indicators (WDI), 2021 to analyze the properties of external debt stock on financial progress(proxied by economic growth) in Bangladesh. Methodology: The objectives are determined using a variety of econometric techniques, including the Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root test, Var model, Johansen co integration test, Impulse Response Function (IRF), Variance decomposition function, and Granger causality test. The get the result of the Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root test which indicates the stationarity of all the variables at the initial difference. Findings: There is an expectant impact on financial progress (proxied by Gross Domestic Product Per capita) in Bangladesh, according to the short run Var model with the two independent variables External Debt Stock (proxied by public debt) and second lag of Gross Fixed Capital. Block Exogeneity/ Wald Tests and Johansen Co-integration test show that both lnEDS and lnGCF have a strong constructive impact on Bangladesh's financial progress in the short as well as long run. Pairwise, Granger Causality also indulgence the Bi-directional causality between lnGDPPC and lnEDS and Uni-directional causality from lnGCF to lnGDPPC. The influences of lnEDS and lnGCF on lnGDPPC are rising in the long term, showing that both variables are significantly exogenous on the dependent variable. Practical Implication: Bangladesh is now a fast-growing economy with several mega projects for infrastructural, human, and technological advancements such as roads, train, power, education, health, information technology, gas, and energy. External debt service and gross capital formation are crucial for Bangladeshi economic growth. The government should establish a priority aim for long-term economic growth by implementing suitable measures to control, maintain, regulate, and stabilize inflation at a reasonable level. Originality/Value: In a developing country, Savings within the country are insufficient to support investment for financial progress, according to the dual-gap theory and the Keynesian theory of public debt. As a result, bridging this gap for the required level of investment and achieving targeted economic growth will necessitate a bigger inflow of foreign aid or external borrowings. That’s why this study is very important. Limitations: Some limitations of this study include the absence of recent data with the factors. Also numerous factors can influence Bangladesh economic growth for instances, remittances, exchange rates and foreign direct investment all have a crucial impact on GDP growth.

The spatial impact of international reconstruction aid in the aftermath of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake

The 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal caused significant property and life loss, triggering a large influx of international reconstruction aid. This paper investigates the spatial implications of this international aid, particularly in Lalitpur. It examines how aid from NGOs and bilateral and multilateral agencies affects urban spaces, including rent, land values, and infrastructure distribution. The study focuses on Wards hosting aid projects and personnel and compares these to earthquake-affected Wards without aid presence as a counterfactual.Two key points emerge: 1) The clustering of aid organization headquarters (operational presence) creates negative externalities, favoring a rentier class over equitable distribution of housing and infrastructure. 2) Aid-funded reconstruction projects (project presence) shift amenities and businesses, accelerating inequity in ways distinct from operational presence. Two Wards in Lalitpur show notable negative impacts, including rising rents, changes in small businesses, and a shift towards catering to the rentier class due to the effects of aid.The research provides policy recommendations for local governments and disaster management authorities in Nepal to address these unequal impacts. Recommendations include monitoring and evaluating aid effects over time, collaboration, and the promotion of transparency in urban development and fiscal resilience.

Unlocking the impact of international financial support to infrastructure, energy efficiency, and ICT on CO2 emissions in India

Financial resource constraints prevent developing nations from investing in the infrastructure needed for the green transition. For this reason, it is well known that numerous financial aid programs are offered globally, mainly to wealthy developing nations whose economies are predicated on high energy consumption. It hasn't been looked into if these resources are allocated to worthwhile projects. This study examines how foreign financial assistance in this area affects India's infrastructure emissions. The effects of natural resources, economic growth, information and communication technology, energy efficiency (oil and gas), and natural resources on the environment are being investigated as well. The novel multivariate quantile on-quantile regression technique is used in this context to examine a time-series data set spanning 2000–2021. According to the findings, there is a correlation between reduced carbon emissions and increased foreign financial aid. Likewise, advancements in energy efficiency and information and communication technologies also benefit the ecosystem. However, India's emissions are rising due to its abundant natural resources and economic expansion. Policy recommendations were made regarding the need for India to use international financial aid primarily to strengthen environmentally friendly infrastructure rather than solving problems such as current account deficit or budget deficit.

International Humanitarian Assistance for Health: Türkiye’s Health Diplomacy Practices during the Covid-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 has significantly impacted the health systems of developed countries, leading to a surge in the demand for medical supplies and equipment. This study is dedicated to shedding light on Türkiye's health diplomacy practices and its pivotal role as a facilitator in addressing the escalating global humanitarian and medical aid demand for medical equipment, supplies, medicines, and vaccines due to COVID-19. The study employs the PRISMA systematic analysis method as a data collection protocol to scrutinize Türkiye's international humanitarian and medical assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of health diplomacy practices. The study's findings, which are categorized under four headings: international humanitarian aid based on COVID-19, international medical equipment and supplies, international ventilator aid, and Türkiye's international COVID-19 vaccine aid, reveal that Türkiye has extended a broad spectrum of medical aid and support, including ventilators, vaccines, and medical equipment, to 161 countries across five continents, demonstrating its global reach and impact. Furthermore, as a testament to its “entrepreneurial and humanitarian foreign policy,” Türkiye has underscored regional and international cooperation through its medical and humanitarian endeavors. Türkiye's international humanitarian assistance has gone beyond material aid to encourage dialogue and has been a message of international solidarity for communities. In future research, establishing a connection between Türkiye's regional and international medical assistance and tangible political, social, and economic outcomes will validate the impact and benefits of its humanitarian efforts.

The unmet demand of food security in East Africa: review of the triple challenges of climate change, economic crises, and conflicts

East Africa struggles with a profound challenge in ensuring food security amidst the convergence of climate change, economic crises, and conflicts. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the interconnected and compounding effects of these three factors on the region’s food security landscape. It investigates the complex ways in which shifting climatic patterns disrupt agricultural systems, exacerbating food scarcity and amplifying vulnerabilities among marginalized communities. The study also examines the intertwined impact of economic downturns, which diminish access to resources, disrupt supply chains, and deepen food insecurity. Furthermore, the paper scrutinizes the ramifications of persistent conflicts, which not only displace populations but also destabilize agricultural production, aggravating food shortages. To achieve the objective of this, review the authors have collected the relevant documents through search engines of Web of Science, Google, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. This review found that climate change, economic instability, and conflict are the primary challenges to food security in East Africa. Climate change exacerbates extreme weather events, rising temperatures, and pest infestations, reducing agricultural productivity and economic growth. Economic instability stems from a lack of industrialization, dependence on foreign aid, and significant investment gaps, resulting in persistent poverty and underdevelopment. Additionally, conflict and instability disrupt agricultural activities, displace populations, and restrict access to essential resources, further aggravating food insecurity. The study emphasizes the necessity for coordinated efforts among governments, international organizations, and local communities to navigate these intersecting crises and establish sustainable pathways toward enhanced food security in the region.