Fordyce Granules Research Articles

Fordyce Spot Symptoms and Treatment: An Updated Review

Fordyce granules occur frequently, and most people consider their quality to be a typical variation of the oral mucosa. The multiple yellow granules that primarily show up in the lower lip are a clear sign of Fordyce granules, a type of benign ectopic sebaceous gland. Most often, it affects adult males. Although it has been proven that such glands have been there since the time you were born, their tubes flow directly onto the skin’s surface. When they develop as a consequence of steroid hormones released by the gonadal and adrenal glands, they are not visible until pubescence. Around 70 to 80% of the population are adults. A comprehensive analysis of the literature search was conducted. A number of databases have been searched using the common terms “sebaceous glands,” “oral mucosa”, “Fordyce patches”, “Fordyce granules,” “Fordyce spots,” and “Fordyce glands” using Science Direct, Springer PubMed and Google Scholar as search engines. We have focused on the reviews and research papers published between 2001 and 2024. Although they are a common occurrence in the body, they are not connected to any disease or condition and are not contagious. They can be treated with isotretinoin, picrolimus, 5-aminolaevulinic acid, CO2 laser therapy, and micropuncture therapy. Hormonal fluctuations, greasy sebaceous glands, and hyperlipidemia bring on Fordyce spots. This is a rare but serious condition that causes lesions on the skin’s surface along with pain and discomfort in the affected part of the body.

Association of Fordyce Granules with Skin Types – A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Background: Fordyce granules, sometimes referred to as Fordyce dots, are aberrant sebaceous glands that present as diminutive, non-painful, elevated lesions exhibiting a yellowish or whitish hue, measuring 1 to 3 mm in diameter, and manifesting inside the oral cavity. Likewise, these particles may also be seen in the vaginal region and inside the oral cavity. Aim: The primary objective of the current study is to evaluate the potential association between Fordyce granules and the skin type of individuals who seek dental care at the Dental Clinics of Qassim University. Materials and Methods: The current cross-sectional research was undertaken at the Dental Clinics of Qassim University, with a sample of 87 patients diagnosed with Fordyce’s granules. The research consisted of a heterogeneous sample of participants, including individuals of all genders, ranging in age from 18 to 85 years. The study included a comprehensive evaluation of several anatomical regions to identify the existence of Fordyce’s granules. This examination was conducted by a single examiner who had undergone calibration. Additionally, the participants’ skin types were established using the Baumann Skin Typing System questionnaire. The data that was gathered was afterward analyzed utilizing statistical methods via the use of SPSS software. A pre-set significance level was established at P < 0.05. Results: The distribution of skin types among the study participants with Fordyce’s granules were found to be oily skin (51.3%), dry skin (47.9%), sensitive skin (49.3%), and resistant skin (56.3%). The results of the research showed that there was no statistically significant correlation between the two variables, i.e. skin type and the presence of Fordyce’s granules. This conclusion is supported by the increased P values of 0.941 for those with oily skin and 0.785 for individuals with dry skin. Conclusion: No relation between skin type and Fordyce’s granules in the current study.

Red and white lessions of oral cavity a clinical perspective for diagnosis and treatment

The detection of a white and red lesion on the oral mucosa can bring a number of obstacles to the practitioner, since they can range from benign to malignant processes. An important group of ailments characterized by white and red patches of the oral mucosa include infections, traumatic lesions, systemic and local immune-mediated lesions, possibly cancerous disorders, and neoplasms. The oral mucosa is frequently affected with benign white lesions that don't need to be treated. These include birth defects or developmental disorders including Fordyce granules, hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis, pachyonychia congenita, and white sponge nevus.While many of the infective and inflammatory conditions for which causes are known can be treated in primary care, some persistent white and red patches, which have the potential to transform to malignancy, require a specialist's attention.Clinical diagnostic skills and good judgment forms the key to successful management of white and red lesions of the oral cavity.The primary goal of management of these lesions includes prevention, early detection, and treatment before malignant transformation. The aim of this article is to inform the clinician about management of red and white lesions of oral cavity.

Blood group in relation to oral Fordyce's granules and serum cholesterol level.

The ABO and Rh systems are the most commonly used blood-group systems used to classify blood group globally. A number of studies have shown that ABO blood groups may be associated with an increased serum cholesterol levels which in turn may be related to the presence of oral Fordyce spots or granules. Oral Fordyce's granules are ectopic sebaceous glands within the oral cavity and are visible through epithelium. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between ABO and Rhesus blood groups and the presence of oral Fordyce's granules and serum cholesterols level by gender. Following ethical approval and informed consent, 124 subjects were recruited into this cross-sectional study. Clinical oral examination assessed the number of Fordyce's granules and blood samples were collected to determine the serum cholesterol and ABO/Rh blood-group systems of individual subjects. Blood group AB+ showed the highest mean of oral Fordyce's granules number and serum cholesterol level but this was not statistically significant compared to other blood groups. Female subjects in this study who were AB+ were had significantly higher serum cholesterol levels than males. This study indicates an association between ABO blood group, serum cholesterol level and mean number of oral Fordyce's granules. A larger sample size in a future study is required to ascertain whether number of Fordyce's granules is an important measure of serum cholesterol, but the study does show that for AB+ individuals, females may have higher serum cholesterol than males.

Role of Lasers in Orthognathic Surgery- A Review

A huge revolution that has taken place in the field of surgery is the application of lasers. In recent decades the application of lasers in medical and surgical fields has significantly raised. Orthognathic surgery is a division of oral and maxillofacial surgery wherein a patient's facial and occlusal function is altered and improved to increase the patient's confidence and self-esteem. The laser can be abbreviated as "Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". A laser is a device that emits a high-intensity light beam that converts electrical energy into a focused high-energy beam. Lasers have various uses in Oral and maxillofacial surgery, including removing oral mucosal lesions like leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, Fordyce granules, and precancerous lesions. It also helps in removing oral benign lesions, Hemostasis during any surgical procedures, Frenectomy and treatment of ankyloglossia. Apart from these, low-level lasers are also effective in Orthognathic surgeries. Low-level lasers have been used in orthognathic surgery to reduce pain post-operatively, for effective wound healing, and reduce inflammation and trismus. This study aims to search for scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of lasers in the above-mentioned aspects

PREVALENCE OF ORAL MUCOSAL NORMAL VARIATIONS IN A GERIATRIC POPULATION OF CHHATTISGARH- A REAL WORLD EVIDENCE

The incidence of OMLs is thought to extend with age, because of physiological changes within the oral cavity and also because of the sustained impact of risk habits. Other predisposing factors within the elderly include decreased saliva flow and long-lasting effects of local and systemic factors, like alcohol intake, smoking, snuff and drug use. The importance to differentiate normal conditions from pathological lesions lies within the proven fact that the normal variations don't need any medical intervention. Oral mucosa may be a harbor to several such normal variations which can confuse the diagnosis among the budding dentists. So, proper knowledge about their existence, prevalence and features are very important. The search of the literature revealed no such studies in Chhattisgarh Population, warranting a quick need to carry out a study to understand the prevalence of oral mucosal normal variations in the geriatric Chhattisgarh Population.
 AIM- The aim of our study is to search out the prevalence and to achieve more knowledge about oral normal soft tissue variations in the geriatric Chhattisgarh Population and possibly identify new avenues of research in this area.
 METHOD- It is a Prospective and observational correlation study, performed in an exceedingly period of two years from 2015-2017 within the Department Of Oral Medicine and Radiology at Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, (Chhattisgarh), India. It included the patients of age 60 years and above of Chhattisgarh Population.
 RESULT- The most prevalent normal variation in this study was found to be fissured tongue 46% followed by coated tongue (20%), depapilation of tongue (20.3%), Melanosis (9.7%), lingual varicose (1.4%), leukoedema (1.1%), Fordyce's granules (0.7%) and geographic tongue (0.14%).
 CONCLUSION- The present study renders sufficient information about the epidemiologic aspects of oral mucosal normal variation in the geriatric population which may prove valuable in the planning of future oral health strategies of this group of the Indian population. This will further enhance community programs to educate the elderly population, along with the younger generation to get the elderly screened for any deviation from these variations or any oral mucosal lesions by availing adequate clinical and pathological laboratory facilities, which will ensure a good quality of life in this population of interest.

A case report of fordyce granules with leukoplakia: Ectopia with leukoplakia

Leukoplakia is a potentially malignant disorder that clinically presents as white lesion that cannot be scrapped off. It is associated with the habit of tobacco use, however, other factors have also to shown increase the risk of occurrence. Fordyce granules are not a disease per se but does appear as yellow spots in the oral cavity which can be easily identified clinically. The present article reports an interesting case of a patient with Leukoplakia and Fordyce granules underlying the white patch which was muffled in clinical examination and evident in histological diagnosis.

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in an adult population from eight communities in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions (OMLs) in an adult population from Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 751 subjects from eight communities from Santo Domingo accepted the invitation to participate in an oral screening from October 2016 to January 2017. 248 subjects were evaluated and clinically examined, age range 18-86 years. A validated instrument was designed to record demographic factors, age group, gender, anatomical location, presence or absence of OMLs, risk factors such as tobacco consumption and its frequency, and different forms of tobacco and alcohol use. A systematic oral clinical examination was conducted by a specialist. The presence or absence, and anatomic location of OMLs were recorded. The sample consisted of 44.4% males and 55.6 % females. 228 subjects had 1 or more lesions (91.9%), the median was 3 lesions per patient. In relation to risk factors, tobacco use in general was reported by 26.2 % of the subjects, with cigarette smoking reported by 75.4%, followed by other forms as "hookah" 9.2 %, marihuana 9.2%, cigars ("puros")4.6% and pipe smoking 1.5%. Among the oral lesions detected by screening, the nonpathological group was prevalent, and included physiologic melanin pigmentation as the most frequent (25.0%) followed by palatal/mandibular tori (20.2%), Fordyce granules (7.9%), and Exostosis (5.6%). Potentially malignant disorders (Oral Leukoplakia, Oral Lichen Planus and Actinic Cheilitis) corresponded to 2.2%, 0.3 %, and 0.3%, respectively. No malignancy was observed clinically. This study Authorutes to determining the prevalence of OMLs in Dominican Republic and to identifying risk factors. This is the first study reporting the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among the Dominican adult population. This information is vital for establishing a public health program targeting the high-risk group to improve the oral health status in this population.

Vulvar Fordyce adenitis: A cohort of 45 women

BackgroundRecurrent episodes of painful papules and nodules, mostly located on the labia minora, have been reported under the denominations of vulvar sebaceous adenitis (14 published cases) and vulvar acne (16 published cases). ObjectivesThe primary aim of this study was to delve further into the clinical and pathological features of this condition. The secondary aim was to collect therapeutic data. MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, files and photographs of patients with papules or nodules on the labia minora or the inner labia majora were extracted from a vulvar clinic database. Clinical, pathological and therapeutic data were analysed. ResultsForty-five women were included from 2002 to 2018. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 36 years (range: 16–60). The median time to diagnosis was 6.5 years. Clinical features included recurrent painful papules, pustules or nodules, suppuration (n=22), and pitted scars (n=10) on the labia minora (n=41), the inner labia majora (n=19), the outer labia majora (n=1), and the clitoral hood (n=1). Associated acne vulgaris was seen in 17 out of 26 patients for whom data were available. Hidradenitis suppurativa, androgenic alopecia and hirsutism were observed in 3, 1 and 1 cases respectively. Neutrophilic infiltrates were observed in the 4 available biopsies within or around the Fordyce sebaceous glands in 2 patients. Treatment with tetracyclines and oral zinc was not consistently effective. Isotretinoin led to complete remission in 4 patients unresponsive to tetracyclines. DiscussionVulvar sebaceous adenitis/vulvar acne is a clinically identifiable cause of painful recurrent inflammatory lesions affecting the labia minora and the inner labia majora, which are coincidentally sites of Fordyce granules. We therefore suggest a more specific denomination: “vulvar Fordyce adenitis”. The relationship with acne vulgaris and hidradenitis suppurativa requires further investigation. We suggest use of an oral anti-acne therapeutic strategy to reduce inflammation and to decrease the secretion of the sebaceous glands.

Phenome-Wide Association Study With Focus on Oral Health Disparities and Individuals Who Did Not Have Cancer

The goal of this study was to test if oral health outcomes are associated with the same genetic markers in Black and White individuals who did not have cancer. From a total of 6,100 subjects from the Dental Registry and DNA Repository project, 1,042 individuals who self-identified as White and 266 as Black without a history of cancer were included in this analysis. Genotyping data from IRE1—rs196929, RHEB—rs2374261 and rs1109089, AXIN2—rs2240308 and rs11867417, and RPTOR—rs4396582, present in cell regulatory pathways, were analyzed. We ran separate analyses in self-reported Black and White groups to reduce possible confounding effects of population stratification. Internal diagnostic codes from our dental registry were converted into Phecodes in order to run the analysis using the PheWAS package, installed in R Studio software. Periodontitis was associated with RHEB in both Black and White patients, with the minor allele increasing the likelihood of developing periodontitis in the White group and yielding a protective effect in the Black individuals. The presence of ulcers and gingivitis were associated with RPTOR and AXIN2, respectively, in the White group, but an association was not detected for the Black group. On the other hand, phenotypes such as dental fracture, diseases of the tongue, attrition, erosion, abrasion, fordyce granules, and torus and exostosis were uniquely associated with the Black group. Periodontitis associated with RHEB in both Black and White patients, and associations found in Black individuals may be the result of social disparities that lead to higher levels of stress, and these observed differences require further study.

Oral Fordyce’s Granules and Serum Lipid Profile; any Relationship?

Background: Sebaceous glands are normal structures of the skin, but may be ectopically found in themouth, as oral Fordyce granules. They are located just beneath the overlying epithelium and are visiblethrough the epithelium producing local elevations. It has been suggested that there is a relation betweenelevated lipid profile and the presence of these granules.Method: A total of 130 individuals were included in this cross-sectional study, who were subjected to theoral examination for the presence & scoring of oral Fordyce granules, then blood samples were taken. Casesheet involved, demographic information and medical history. Using specialized kits, lipids profile analysiswas done on a fully automated spectrophotometric analyzer.Results: Fordyce granules were recorded in 25% of cases, with males formed the majority of them. In bothgender, lip was the most commonly affected sites.Fordyce granules were observed in one-third of patients with systemic diseases.The majority of cases with Fordyce granules, recoded normal triglyceride, HDL, LDL and VLDL levels, butone-fourth of patients with hyper cholesterol were seen with Fordyce granules. Chi-Square test showed noassociation between lipid profile & these granules.A negative correlation was found between Fordyce granules number and cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels,although statistically non- significant.Conclusion: Oral Fordyce granules were most frequently observed in the lips, with male gender and olderage predilections. The current study did not support the association between oral Fordyce granules andserum lipid profile changes.

UNUSUAL CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF FORDYCE GRANULES

Fordyce first described these ectopic sebaceous glands within the oral mucosa that cannot be associated with any hair structures inside mouth. In fact, they are considered to be a normal variation and can be seen in approximately 80% to 90% of the adult population. The most prevalent sites are the vermilion of the lips and the buccal mucosa. A 31-year-old man presented to our service with a main complaint of draining pus from his gums for the last year. Clinical examination revealed presence of granular yellowish papule in the alveolar mucosa between teeth 13/14 with a drainage orifice of yellowish and thick content inside. It was also possible to visualize a similar lesion on the contralateral region, teeth 23/24, but without draining. Radiographic examination was normal. Provisional diagnoses were Fordyce granules and fistula. An excisional biopsy was performed, and histologic diagnosis was Fordyce granules. This case represents an unusual clinical presentation of Fordyce granules.

INTRA-ORAL SEBACEOUS ADENOMA: A REPORT OF A CASE

Intra-oral sebaceous adenoma (SA) is a rare benign tumor accounting for 0.1% of all salivary gland neoplasms consisting of sebaceous epithelium in a fibrous stroma. A 50-year-old female was referred by her dentist for treatment of an oral lesion in the right buccal mucosa and retromolar trigone. Clinically, a nodule asymptomatic was observed, 1.5 cm, sessile base, rose-colored with the central region yellowish and areas of telangiectasia, with 6 months’ of evolution. The patient also presented Fordyce granules on buccal mucosa, bilaterally. Clinical diagnosis of lipoma was made. After excisional biopsy, the histologic sections revealed a tumor composed of sebaceous cell nests and dilated salivary ducts with areas of squamous differentiation and minimal atypia, enclosed in a fibrous stroma. Minor salivary glands with usual aspects were observed deeply. Final diagnosis was SA, and the patient follow-up is being conducted.

The Pseudolesions of the Oral Mucosa: Differential Diagnosis and Related Systemic Conditions

Pseudolesions are defined as physiological or paraphysiological changes of the oral normal anatomy that can easily be misdiagnosed for pathological conditions such as potentially malignant lesions, infective and immune diseases, or neoplasms. Pseudolesions do not require treatment and a surgical or pharmacological approach can constitute an overtreatment indeed. This review aims to describe the most common pseudolesions of oral soft tissues, their possible differential diagnosis and eventual related systemic diseases or syndromes. The pseudolesions frequently observed in clinical practice and reported in literature include Fordyce granules, leukoedema, geographic tongue, fissured tongue, sublingual varices, lingual fimbriae, vallate papillae, white and black hairy tongue, Steno’s duct hypertrophy, lingual tonsil, white sponge nevus, racial gingival pigmentation, lingual thyroid, and eruptive cyst. They could be misdiagnosed as oral potential malignant disorders, candidiasis, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-related affections, oral autoimmune diseases, or benign and malignant tumors. In some cases, pseudolesions feature in a syndromic panel, for example, fissured tongue in Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome. It is strictly fundamental for dentists to know and to distinguish oral pseudolesions from pathological conditions, in order to avoid overtreatment.

FOLLICULOSEBACEOUS CYSTIC HAMARTOMA OF THE ORAL MUCOSA: CLINICOPATHOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF 3 CASES OF AN UNCOMMON ENTITY

Objective Folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma (FSCH) represents an unusual type of cutaneous hamartomatous proliferation, manifesting clinically as an asymptomatic, slow-growing papulo-nodular lesion that most commonly affects the facial skin, primarily around the nose. Microscopically, FSCH is composed of infundibular structures with numerous radiating sebaceous lobules embedded in a mesenchymal stromal component. Despite the nomenclature, significant cystic dilatation is observed in Results Three FSCH cases were identified in the archives of the Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Laboratory, University of Minnesota between 2008-2017 with M:F ratio=2:1 and mean age =42.3 years (age range: 27-61 years). All cases were located in the buccal mucosa and presented as painless, submucosal nodules of long duration measuring 0.6-1.5 cm. No previous history of skin graft in the area of the lesions was reported and none of the patients had a clinically identifiable syndrome. Histopathologically, oral FSCHs showed aggregates of variable number of rudimentary follicular structures and sebaceous lobules. Occasionally, the sebaceous glands were radially arranged and attached to small in size infundibular structures featuring rare microcystic changes, or were scattered in the deeper portions of the oral mucosa. The pilosebaceous units were immersed in a dense, focally desmoplastic, connective tissue stroma with variable amounts of mature adipocytes and vessels. Piloerector muscles were present in 2 out of 3 FSCHs, while inflammation was generally absent. Conclusions Oral FSCH is an infrequent lesion which can be misdiagnosed as ectopic Fordyce granules or other sebaceous neoplasms. Similar to a subgroup of cutaneous FSCH, oral lesions fail to show prominent cystic formation. Notably, a predilection for the buccal mucosa is reported. Whether oral FSCH represents late developing stage of trichofolliculoma remains unknown.

Genetic and developmental disorders of the oral mucosa: Epidemiology; molecular mechanisms; diagnostic criteria; management.

A large number of disorders may affect the oral cavity, including genetic diseases, infections, cancers, blood diseases, skin diseases, endocrine and metabolic disorders, autoimmune and rheumatologic diseases, local lesions, to name a few. Oral mucosa shows a considerable variation in its normal structure and a wide range of conditions may affect it. Such conditions are often harmless or minor and could be primary or secondary to systemic disease. Several of them are quite rare and, hence, the diagnosis is not easy. Clinically, lesions may appear as ulcers, discoloration of the oral mucosa and alterations in size and configuration of oral anatomy. Genetic disorders have specific manifestations and can be caused by a derangement of one or more components of the tissue. Many of them follow the skin or systemic signs of the underlying genetic disease, but in a few cases oral signs could be the first manifestation of the disorder. Among them genodermatoses are prominent. They are inherited disorders characterized by a multisystem involvement. This review describes chondro-ectodermal dysplasia, dyskeratosis congenita, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis, keratosis follicularis, lipoid proteinosis, multiple hamartoma syndrome, pachyonychia congenita, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, tuberous sclerosis and white sponge nevus. Other genetic disorders not included in the genodermatosis group and reported in the present review are: acanthosis nigricans, angio-osteo-hypertrophic syndrome, encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, familial adenomatous polyposis, focal dermal hypoplasia, focal palmoplantar and oral mucosa hyperkeratosis syndrome, gingival fibromatosis, Maffucci's syndrome, neurofibromatosis (type 1) and oro-facial-digital syndrome (type 1). Disorders during embryonic development might lead to a wide range of abnormalities in the oral cavity; some of them are quite common but of negligible concern, whereas others are rare but serious, affecting not only the oral mucosa, but also other structures of the oral cavity (ie palate, tongue and gingiva). Fordyce's granules, leukoedema, cysts of the oral mucosa in newborns, retrocuspid papilla, geographic tongue, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, hairy tongue, lingual varices and lingual thyroid nodule are described. This review may help dentists, dental hygienists, but also general internists and pediatricians to diagnose different disorders of the oral mucosa, to understand the pathogenesis and to schedule a treatment plan.

The Frequency of Normal Variations of Oral Mucosa in Patients Referred to Qazvin School of Dentistry, Spring, 2015

Background: Oral mucosa which covers inside of the mouth is a complex structure that has been adapted for its particular function and anatomical location. Some oral conditions, despite their different physical features, are not pathological; rather, they are considered normal such as Linea Alba, Parotid Papilla, Geographic Tongue and Fissured Tongue. Materials and Methods: in this cross-sectional study 692 patients were registered through clinical examination and fulfillment of predesigned questionnaire. Diagnostic criteria in this study included the normal changes of the oral mucosa (including geographic tongue, fissured tongue, scalloped tongue, parotid papilla, palatal and mandibular torus, Lina Alba, frenal tag, leukoedema, Fordyce granules). Results: 692 people with an average age of 35years participated in this study. The overall sum of oral cavity normal variations was 806, 542 cases of which were female and 264 cases male. Conclusion: In this study 692 patients were examined by specialists; 494 cases, a sum of 71% had oral cavity normal variations. Linea Alba had the highest frequency among normal variations.

Prevalence and Distribution of Oral Mucosal Lesions by Sex and Age Categories: A Retrospective Study of Patients Attending Lebanese School of Dentistry.

Background Prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal lesions in a sample of Lebanese population attending the School of Dentistry of Lebanese University is necessary to evaluate their oral health situation. Objectives The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal lesions of patients attending the School of Dentistry. Methods A descriptive study was carried out by retrospectively examining a total of 231 medical and clinical examination record files of patients, attending the School of Dentistry Lebanese University for multidisciplinary dental treatments. 178 medical records were retained. Each medical and clinical examination record was done by an undergraduate student and then evaluated by a doctor. The record file included a civil status, chief complaint, medical history, and extraoral and intraoral clinical examination during the period between October 2014 and May 2015. Exclusion criteria were lack of written information in their medical and clinical examination record and being nonevaluated by a doctor. Data regarding age, gender, socioeconomic status, chief complaint, systemic diseases, and drugs intake were collected by using a questionnaire while the type of extraoral and oral mucosal lesions by clinical examination. Results The sample consisted of 102 (57.3%) females and 76 (42.7%) males. The age ranged from 10 to 92 years with a mean age of 40.1 years. Among these subjects, 110 (61.8%) presented with one or more lesions. All patients were Lebanese. The most common lesion diagnosed was coated/hairy tongue affecting 17.4% of the subjects, followed by melanotic macule (11.2%), gingivitis (9.6), linea alba (6.2%), tongue depapillation (5.1), leukoplakia (5.1), traumatic fibroma (4.5), frictional keratosis (3.9%), fissured tongue (3.9%), hemangiomas (3.9%), Fordyce granules (3.9%), dry mucosa (3.4), angular cheilitis (2.2), gingival hyperplasia (2.2), and crenulated tongue (1.7%). Overall, the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions did not significantly differ between sex and age groups. Conclusions The high prevalence of oral mucosal lesions necessitates adequate awareness and management of these lesions in the general population. Dental clinicians should be knowledgeable and familiar with the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these lesions.

The significance of age group, gender and skin complexion in relation to the clinical distribution of developmental oral mucosal alterations in 5-13 year-old children.

To describe the relationship and impact of age group, gender and skin complexion on the prevalence and clinical distribution of oral mucosal alterations of developmental origin (OMA-DO) among school children aged 5-13 years. A randomized representative national survey of Jordanian school children including all Country geographic areas was performed. Cut-off age that significantly correlated with presence and distribution of OMA-DO was identified (ROC curve). Skin complexion was classified into light/fair, intermediate/tan, dark/brown based on skin complexion index. Chi square test with P value≤0.05 was used for significance of correlations. Two thousand two hundred and fifty one children were clinically examined. The average age that significantly correlated with prevalence and distribution of OMA-DO was 9.9 years. Female gender was significantly correlated with four OMA-DO: leukoedema (L), linea Alba (LA), Fordyce's granules (FG), commissural lip pits (CLP) and wider distribution of racial pigmentations (RP) (P<0.05, χ2 test). Older age group (9.9-13 years) was significantly correlated with 7 OMA-DO: L, LA, FG, frenal tag, CLP, mandibular and maxillary tori (MT) as well as wider clinical distribution of RP, FG, L (P<0.05 χ2 test). Dark skin complexion significantly correlated with 5 OMA-DO: L, LA, FG, RP, MT and wider clinical distribution of RP (P<0.02, χ2 test). Increased prevalence and wider clinical distribution of OMA-DO are significantly associated with older age group of 9.9-13 years, female gender, and dark skin complexion. Oral health care provides are encouraged to be familiar with these correlations. This knowledge is expected to improve OMA-DO diagnosis and clinical management. Continuous education programs in this field are recommended.

Mismatch Repair Protein Expression in Fordyce Granules.

Fordyce spots are a frequent condition under which sebaceous glands are found in the oral mucosa. There are 2 studies in the literature that have found an association between Fordyce spots and either Muir-Torre syndrome or Lynch syndrome. Despite this, no study on the expression of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins has been performed on biopsies of Fordyce granules. In this study, we intend to study the expression of MMR proteins under Fordyce condition. We investigated 9 cases of Fordyce spots of the oral mucosa from 6 men and 3 women, using immunohistochemistry with antibodies for the MutS protein homolog 6 (MSH6), MutS protein homolog 2 (MSH2), MutL protein homolog 1 (MLH1), and postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (PMS2). All cases showed the preservation of the expression of all markers. Even though a strong association has been demonstrated between Lynch syndrome and Fordyce spots, our study suggests that studying the biopsies of Fordyce condition by immunohistochemistry for MMR proteins might not be necessary.