Interaction Forces Research Articles

Preparation and Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Superfine CL-20/TNT Cocrystal Based on the Opposite Spray Method.

In view of the current problems of slow crystallization rate, varying grain sizes, complex process conditions, and low safety in the preparation of CL-20/TNT cocrystal explosives in the laboratory, an opposite spray crystallization method is provided to quickly prepare ultrafine explosive cocrystal particles. CL-20/TNT cocrystal explosive was prepared using this method, and the obtained cocrystal samples were characterized by electron microscopy morphology, differential thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The effects of spray temperature, feed ratio, and preparation method on the formation of explosive cocrystal were studied, and the process conditions of the pneumatic atomization spray crystallization method were optimized. The crystal plane binding energy and molecular interaction forces between CL-20 and TNT were obtained through molecular dynamic simulation, and the optimal binding crystal plane and cocrystal mechanism were analyzed. The theoretical calculation temperature of the binding energy was preliminarily explored in relation to the preparation process temperature of cocrystal explosives. The mechanical sensitivity of ultrafine CL-20/TNT cocrystal samples was tested. The results showed that choosing acetone as the cosolvent, a spraying temperature of 30 °C, and a feeding ratio of 1:1 was beneficial for the formation and growth of cocrystal. The prepared CL-20/TNT cocrystal has a particle size of approximately 10 μm. The grain size is small, and the crystallization rate is fast. The impact and friction sensitivity of ultrafine CL-20/TNT cocrystal samples were significantly reduced. The experimental process conditions are simple and easy to control, and the safety of the preparation process is high, providing certain technical support for the preparation of high-quality cocrystal explosives.

Self-healing cellulose nanocrystals/fluorinated polyacrylate with double dynamic interactions of coumarin groups and multiple hydrogen bonds

In this work, self-healing cellulose nanocrystals/fluorinated polyacrylate with dual dynamic networks of photoreversible crosslinking network and high-density hydrogen bonds was prepared by Pickering emulsion polymerization. The main work was to study the effects of 7-(2-methacryloyloxy)-4-methylcoumarin (CMA) and 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone methyl methacrylate (UPyMA) monomer dosage on emulsion polymerization and latex film properties. The monomer conversion increased first and then decreased as the CMA and UPyMA monomer dosage increased, while a reverse trend was noted for the particle size and particle size distribution. Incorporating UPyMA allowed the rapid formation of hydrogen bonds at the crosslinking sites, which increased the interaction force between the healing surfaces. Besides, reversible photocrosslinking reaction of coumarin groups provided another support for self-healing performance. Moreover, the influence of self-healing temperature, self-healing time and UV irradiation on the self-healing ability was also systematically investigated The tensile strength of the prepared cellulose nanocrystals/fluorinated polyacrylate latex film exhibited a self-healing efficiency of 91.4 % under 365 nm UV irradiation and 80 °C for 12 h. The latex film had excellent thermal stability as was shown by TG and DTG analyses. The outstanding self-healing capability of latex film was attributed to the reversible photodimerization of coumarin groups and multiple hydrogen bonds. In addition, the water-oil repellent and mechanical properties of the latex films were improved as the CMA and UPyMA monomer dosage increased.

Screening and characterization of umami peptides from enzymatic and fermented products of wheat gluten using machine learning

To explore the umami peptides from wheat gluten hydrolysates (WGHs) with different degrees of hydrolysis (DH) after Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) fermentation, a high-throughput screening method for umami peptides was established based on machine learning. The results showed fermented WGHs with high DHs exhibited more favourable taste profile after 4 days of fermentation and produced more small molecule peptides. Fermentation increased the number of characteristic peptides in WGHs with DH10, DH15, and DH20. Among, fermented WGHs with DH15 were the important source of potential umami peptides. Six potential umami peptides were screened (QQLPQFEE, LSFE, EELR, YTCE, YTTD, EEDQ) and were demonstrated to form stable complex with the T1R1/T1R3 receptor through hydrogen bonding interactions, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions forces. The affinity of peptides and receptor were in the range of −6.3 to −8.1 kcal/mol. GLU735, GLY755, SER734, SER757 and THR227 were the critical binding sites. Sensory evaluation and electronic tongue showed that six peptides exhibited umami profile and had the capacity to enhance umami and saltiness taste. EEDQ presented the strongest intensity of umami taste and QQLPQFEE had the lowest umami thresholds. This study provides reliable methods for effectively screening new microbial-derived umami peptides.

Технология получения вакуумных ионно-плазменных износостойких покрытий

A review of the technologies of vacuum ion plasma (VIP) coating spraying based on the reasonability of science intensity, its criteria and evaluation methods is carried out. The technological features of producing VIP coatings are viewed with the emphasis on the process of coating formation on a substrate, which occurs under the impact of the most powerful forces in nature, i.e. these are forces of interatomic interaction. This leads to a very high level of cohesive strength of the coatings, which results in wear resistance and corrosion resistance. This leads to a very high level of cohesive strength of the coatings, succeeding in wear and corrosion resistance. Methods of research, diagnosis and testing of VIP coatings, due to the peculiarities of their structure and properties, include, as a rule, equipment and techniques of leading world manufacturers in the field of electron microscopy, microrentgen spectral analysis, diffraction analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, continuous and dynamic indentation, bench testing of unique properties. With respect to scientific and practical activities of the authors, examples of coatings of various nature (nitride, carbon, metalloceramic), different architectures (monolayer – single-phase, multilayer – 2D composites, dispersed – 3D composites) and various applications (wear–resistant, tribotechnical, antierosion, thermal barrier) are given. In particular, some types of nitride coatings TiN, TiAlN, CrAlSiN, which are characterized by high hardness H  24 GPa and abrasive wear resistance, are in the focus. However, in conditions of relatively smooth sliding friction, only the multiphase nanostructured CrAlSiN coating retains wear resistance. In conditions of drop-impact erosion, nanocompositional multilayer VIP coatings of TiN/MoN composition demonstrate the highest resistance, which compete with the recognized champion in this field - welded plates of stellite VZK (WCoCr). Despite the fact that the thickness of the VIP coatings viewed in the paper is a film of 1...10 microns, whereas the stellite plates have a thickness of at least 4 mm. In conclusion, it is noted that VIP technology continues to develop new materials, for example, to create diamond-like coatings or coatings made of high-entropy alloys. VIP technology corresponds to a high level of science intensity, and VIP coatings are promising for putting to use in mechanical engineering.

Virtual Needle Insertion with Enhanced Haptic Feedback for Guidance and Needle-Tissue Interaction Forces.

Interventional radiologists mainly rely on visual feedback via imaging modalities to steer a needle toward a tumor during biopsy and ablation procedures. In the case of CT-guided procedures, there is a risk of exposure to hazardous X-ray-based ionizing radiation. Therefore, CT scans are usually not used continuously, which increases the chances of a misplacement of the needle and the need for reinsertion, leading to more tissue trauma. Interventionalists also encounter haptic feedback via needle-tissue interaction forces while steering a needle. These forces are useful but insufficient to clearly perceive and identify deep-tissue structures such as tumors. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effect of enhanced force feedback for sensing interaction forces and guiding the needle when applied individually and simultaneously during a virtual CT-guided needle insertion task. We also compared the enhanced haptic feedback to enhanced visual feedback. We hypothesized that enhancing the haptic feedback limits the time needed to reach the target accurately and reduces the number of CT scans, as the interventionalist depends more on real-time enhanced haptic feedback. To test the hypothesis, a simulation environment was developed to virtually steer a needle in five degrees of freedom (DoF) to reach a tumor target embedded in a liver model. Twelve participants performed in the experiment with different feedback conditions where we measured their performance in terms of the following: targeting accuracy, trajectory tracking, number of CT scans required, and the time needed to finish the task. The results suggest that the combination of enhanced haptic feedback for guidance and sensing needle-tissue interaction forces significantly reduce the number of scans and the duration required to finish the task by 32.1% and 46.9%, respectively, when compared to nonenhanced haptic feedback. The other feedback modalities significantly reduced the duration to finish the task by around 30% compared to nonenhanced haptic feedback.

Advanced technology based on Poly(deep eutectic solvent) core–shell nanomaterials enriched with Fructus Choerospondias phenols for efficient defense against UVB-induced ferroptosis

Plant phenolic compounds serve as significant natural antioxidants. However, traditional preparation methods face sustainability challenges. In this study, we synthesized a novel deep eutectic solvent (DES) modified core–shell nanomaterial composed of betaine, ethylene glycol and dopamine hydrochloride based on the spatial arrangement formed by the abundant weak interaction forces in the poly(deep eutectic solvent) (PDES). Utilizing the PDES magnetic nanomaterial and combined with ultrasound-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion (UA-MSPD), it was able to efficiently enrich Fructus Choerospondias phenols (FCP) up to 61.468 ± 0.405 mg/g. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to analyze the adsorption mechanism between the material and the target compounds, which involved weak interactions of electrostatics, hydrogen bonds, and π-π stacking, while maintaining the activity of phenols without destroying the molecular structure. Remarkably, the adsorption efficiency of the material remained above 80 % after six repetitions, indicating excellent reusability. FCPs were identified and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The FCP prepared by Fe3O4@SiO2@PDES exhibited superior in vitro antioxidant performance, achieving enrichment and purification in one step. Cell experiment results showed that FCP could scavenge ROS, regulate cytokines, and reduce ferroptosis caused by ultraviolet radiation, making FCP have therapeutic value in practical applications. The technology opens up a new way for the green and sustainable production and enrichment of plant phenolic compounds for anti-aging treatment.

Diffusion Behaviors of CaCl2-NaCl Molten Salt under an Electric Field: A Deep Potential Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

CaCl2-NaCl molten salt is one of the widely used electrolytes, and the effect of the electric field on it needs to be considered in the environment of manufacturing metals and alloys as well as in battery applications. To be closer to the state of the CaCl2-NaCl molten salt system in practical applications, this study uses the training-based deep potential, combined with the ionic structure, to analyze the electric field effects on the drift velocity, ionic mobility, ion diffusion, and viscosity of the CaCl2-NaCl system by molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that the electric field has a stronger effect on the ion diffusion behavior parallel to the direction of the electric field in the CaCl2-NaCl molten salt system. Due to the looser coordinate structure of Na+, the interaction force between Na-Cl is small compared with that between Ca-Cl. Na+ is easily driven and more sensitive to the electric field, whose drift velocity, ionic mobility, and diffusion coefficient are larger than those of the other two ions, with an order of Na+ > Cl- > Ca2+. All ionic drift velocities increase linearly as electric field intensity increases and the ionic mobilities tend to be constant. The diffusion coefficient parallel to the direction of the electric field exponentially increases and the viscosity tends to exponentially decrease with the increase in the electric field intensity. This work is important for accurately predicting the properties and performance of molten salts and their improvement for applications such as solar thermal energy conversion.

Highly conductive and stable double network carrageenan organohydrogels for advanced strain sensing and signal recognition arrays

Conductive hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties, a broad detection range, and stability in complex environments have remained a significant challenge for the development of flexible sensors. In this study, a straightforward freeze-thaw cycles strategy was developed to fabricate a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/carrageenan (CA)/calcium chloride (CaCl2)/MXene-based double network organohydrogel (PCCME) for highly flexible and responsive strain detection across a broad temperature spectrum. The PCCME organohydrogel features multiple interactive forces including hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, and microphase crystallization, which contribute to the organohydrogel's exceptional mechanical and electrical performance. The PCCME organohydrogel exhibited excellent performance in a load-unload test repeated 100 times after being maintained at room temperature for 7 days, with a minimal mechanical decay of only 2.6%. Furthermore, the repaired PCCME organohydrogel retained its robust stability after storage at low temperatures followed by placement at room temperature. The organohydrogel sensor not only detects various movement amplitudes of the human body but also recognizes arrays of pressure signals and converts these into digital images, highlighting its significant potential for applications in rehabilitation monitoring, pressure sensing, and human-computer interaction.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Effect of Carbon Nanotube Diameter on Properties of Crosslinked Epichlorohydrin Rubbers.

Molecular dynamics simulation (MD) technology can be used to simulate and study the physicochemical properties of polymer materials on the basis of material data obtained in traditional experiments. In this study, we use MD to construct models of crosslinked carbon nanotubes/epichlorohydrin rubber composites with different carbon nanotube diameters and study the effect of CNT tube diameter on crosslinked ECO. The results show that with the increase in CNT tube diameter, the contact area between the CNTs and rubber matrix increases, the interaction force is enhanced, the free volume fraction of rubber matrix decreases by 21.36%, the glass transition temperature increases by 6.5%, the mean square displacement decreases, the radius of gyration decreases by 3.18 Å, and the radial distribution function of the C-atom group and the H-atom group in the system gradually decreases. The binding energy between the two is elevated, which in turn verifies the enhancement of the interaction force.

A Review on the Driving Forces in the Formation of Bioactive Molecules-Loaded Prolamin-Based Particles.

Prolamin-based particles loaded with bioactive molecules have attracted widespread attention from scientists due to their novel properties in chemistry, physics, and biology. In the self-assembly process of biopolymer-based nanocapsules, noncovalent interactions are the main driving forces for reducing bulk materials to the nanoscale and controlling the release of bioactive molecules. This article reviews the types of interaction forces, binding strength, binding active sites, molecular orientation, and binding affinity that affect the release profile of bioactive molecules during the preparation of protein stabilizer particles. Different preparation formulations, the use of different biopolymers, the inherent nature of the loaded bioactive molecules, and external factors (including pH, biopolymer concentration, temperature, salt, ultrasonication, and atmospheric cold plasma treatment) lead to different types and strengths of intra- and intermolecular interactions. Strategies, such as pH, ultrasonication, and atmospheric cold plasma, to change the protein conformation are key to improving the binding strength between proteins and bioactive substances or stabilizers. This review provides some guidance for scientists and technicians dedicated to improving loading efficiency, delaying release, enhancing colloidal stability, and exploring the binding behavior among proteins, stabilizers, and bioactive molecules.

Construction and optimisation of watershed scale ecological network: a case study of kuye river basin

IntroductionCreating an ecological space network is essential for safeguarding the core structure of ecological space.MethodsMorphological spatial pattern analysis was used to locate ecological sources in the Kuye River Basin. Using the least cumulative resistance model and gravity model, the resistance surface, ecological corridor, and ecological space management network are determined.Results and discussionThe study revealed that in 2022, the predominant land use types in the Kuye River Basin were wood land and grassland, cultivated land, and construction land. MSPA model software identifies a substantial portion of the landscape pattern as consisting of core and marginal areas, which encompass 30324.05 hm2 and 15088.24 hm2. High ecological resistance surface factors dominate the socioeconomically vibrant zone and northern regions. Resistance values ranging from 0.02 to 0.87, and high and law resistance zones alternate. The minimal cumulative resistance approach found 171 ecological corridors. And gravity model using the interaction matrix of 19 primary ecological sources discovered 8 first-level ecological corridors with the highest interaction force. There are 137 core and 23 subsidiary ecological corridors with significant affects. Overlying the road factors and ecological corridors of national highways, provincial roads, railways, and high-speed roads creates a total of 38 ecological breakpoints, each characterized by specific barrier effects and legal ecological stability.

Controllable Design and Synthesis of Polyurethane Elastomers Containing Polar Dangling Chains with High Mechanical Properties and Wide Damping Temperature Range.

Vibration and noise severely affect the operation of mechanical equipment and is also detrimental to human health. Therefore, the development of high performance damping materials is crucial. However, current methods to improve damping properties often come at the expense of mechanical properties, resulting in inferior mechanical performance of materials. In order to address the issue of imbalance between damping properties and mechanical properties in polyurethane damping elastomers. In this study, polyester dangling chains containing polar groups are synthesized and introduced into polyurethane. The obtained polyurethane exhibited an effective damping temperature range of 154 °C (-54 °C to 100 °C) and a tensile strength of 15.82 MPa. Furthermore, dynamic mechanical analysis and broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy are combined to investigate the influence of polar dangling chains on the structure and properties of polyurethane. The degree of microphase separation increases after the introduction of polar dangling chains, indicating enhances intermolecular interaction forces, facilitating the formation of hydrogen bond between the main chain and dangling chains, thereby increasing molecular chain friction and energy dissipation. This work overcomes the challenge of balancing the damping and mechanical properties of polyurethane, providing a new strategy for designing high performance polyurethane damping elastomers.

Two-Phase Lattice Boltzmann Study on Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics of Nanofluids in Solar Cell Cooling

During solar cell operation, most light energy converts to heat, raising the battery temperature and reducing photoelectric conversion efficiency. Thus, lowering the temperature of solar cells is essential. Nanofluids, with their superior heat transfer capabilities, present a potential solution to this issue. This study investigates the mechanism of enhanced heat transfer by nanofluids in two-dimensional rectangular microchannels using the two-phase lattice Boltzmann method. The results indicate a 3.53% to 22.40% increase in nanofluid heat transfer, with 0.67% to 6.24% attributed to nanoparticle–fluid interactions. As volume fraction (φ) increases and particle radius (R) decreases, the heat transfer capability of the nanofluid improves, while the frictional resistance is almost unaffected. Therefore, the performance evaluation criterion (PEC) of the nanofluid increases, reaching a maximum value of 1.225 at φ = 3% and R = 10 nm. This paper quantitatively analyzes the interaction forces and thermal physical parameters of nanofluids, providing insights into their heat transfer mechanisms. Additionally, the economic feasibility of nanofluids is examined, facilitating their practical application, particularly in solar cell cooling.

Entropy Analysis of Implicit Heat Fluxes in Multi-Temperature Mixtures.

We propose new implicit constitutive relations for the heat fluxes of a two-temperature mixture of fluids. These relations are frame-indifferent forms. However, classical explicit forms of the stress tensors and the interaction forces (specified as explicit forms of constitutive relations) as given in mixture theory are used. The focus here is to establish constraints imposed on the implicit terms in the heat fluxes due to the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Our analysis establishes that the magnitude of the explicit entropy production is equal to or greater than that of the implicit entropy production.

The physical mechanism of heat transfer enhancement for Al2O3-water nanofluid forced flow in a microchannel with two-phase lattice Boltzmann method

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the mechanism of nanofluid enhanced heat transfer in microchannels and promote the application of nanofluids in industrial processes such as solar collectors, electronic cooling and automotive batteries.Design/methodology/approachThe two-phase lattice Boltzmann method was used to calculate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of Al2O3 nanofluids in a microchannel at Re = 50. By comparing the simulation results of pure water, nanofluids without calculated nanoparticle-fluid interaction forces and nanofluids with calculated nanoparticle-fluid interaction forces, the effects of physical properties improvement and interaction forces on flow and heat transfer are quantified.FindingsThe findings show that the nanofluid (φ = 3%, R = 10 nm) increases the average Nusselt number by 22.40% at Re = 50. In particular, 16.16% of the improvement relates to nanoparticles optimizing the thermophysical parameters of the base fluid. The remaining 6.24% relates to the disturbance of the thermal boundary layer caused by the interaction between nanoparticles and the base fluid. Moreover, the nanoparticle has a negligible effect on the average Fanning friction factor. Ultimately, we conclude that the nanofluid is an excellent heat transfer working medium based on its performance evaluation criterion, PEC = 1.225.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this research quantifies for the first time the contribution of nanoparticle-liquid interactions and nanofluids physical properties to enhanced heat transfer, advancing the knowledge of the nanoparticle's behavior in liquid systems.

Interpreting the removal behaviours of aniline and 3,4-diaminotoluene on aromatic carbon-rich magnetic polymer: Statistical modelling, DFT quantitative calculations and new perspectives

The widespread presence of harmful and stubborn amine organic contaminants in aquatic environments motivated the exploration of efficient technologies for alleviating their serious environmental crisis. Herein, the recyclable magnetic Schiff base polymer (Fe3O4-TENE) with satisfactory and promising capacity in treating aniline and 3,4-diaminotoluene as representative amine organic contaminants was fabricated via a simple in-situ polymerization method, which combined the magnetic separability advantage of magnetic oxides with the abundant aromatic carbon content properties of Schiff base polymer. Multiple characterization methods verified the effectiveness of the in-situ polycondensation coating reaction and analyzed the physicochemical properties of Fe3O4-TENE. The Fe3O4-TENE possessed abundant homogeneous reaction sites and excellent regeneration performance, multiple diffusion driving forces and micro-mechanisms co-participated in the removal reaction. The adsorption pathway, underlying reaction mechanism and the most probable bonding system were identified based on the statistical modelling and DFT quantitative calculations. Especially, the visible electrostatic potential molecular and molecular orbitals verified the π-π interaction and electrostatic forces greatly contributed to the removal reaction. The Driving forces – Challenges – Breakthrough – Application framework was proposed for comprehensively assessing the possible environmental application of Fe3O4-TENE. Overall, this work not only provides important insights into the utilization of magnetic polymer composite to alleviate ecological and environmental risks caused by amine organic pollutants, but also contributes to an in-depth excavation of the bonding types and removal mechanisms from both micro and macro perspectives.

Splitting of double-core solid-in-water-in-oil droplet in a microfluidic Y-junction

Solid particle-encapsulated droplets have significant applications in biochemistry, advanced materials, and inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. However, there is a problem of encapsulating two solid cores in a single droplet during the preparation of single-core droplets, which reduces the utilization efficiency. In this study, an effective microfluidic approach for continuous splitting of solid-in-water-in-oil droplets encapsulating double solid cores is developed. Visualization experiments are conducted to analyze the movements of solid cores and evolution of liquid–liquid interface during the splitting. The results show that the squeezing stage during the splitting process is shortened due to the presence of solid cores. The splitting mechanisms were also revealed by analyzing the interaction forces between the solid cores and aqueous phase. The force analysis of the aqueous phase showed that sum of squeezing and shear force could overcome the interfacial tension, ensuring the successful splitting of the double-core droplets. The force analysis of the solid cores revealed that the motion of the core could be divided into three typical stages: deceleration, hitting and separation. The combined effect of the aqueous phase, channel wall, and interfacial forces ensured the stable separation of the two solid cores. The length distribution of the daughter droplets exhibited excellent monodispersity. The microfluidic method proposed in this work would effectively improve the controlled preparation efficiency of solid-in-water-in-oil droplets.

Pancreatic lipase immobilization on cellulose filter paper for inhibitors screening and network pharmacology study of anti-obesity mechanism

The discovery of pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitors is an essential route to develop new anti-obesity drugs. In this experiment, chitosan was used to add amino groups to cellulose filter paper (CFP) and then glutaraldehyde was used to covalently combine PL with amino-modified CFP through the Schiff base reaction. Under optimal immobilization conditions, CFP immobilized PL has a wide range of pH and temperature tolerance, as well as excellent reproducibility, reusability and storage stability. Subsequently, 26 natural products (NPs) were screened by immobilized PL with black tea extract having the highest inhibition rate. Three compounds with binding effects on PL (epigallocatechin gallate, theaflavin-3-gallate and theaflavin-3,3′-digallate) were captured. Molecular docking proved that these three compounds have a strong binding affinity for PL. Fluorescence spectra further revealed that theaflavin-3,3′-digallate could statically quench the intrinsic fluorescence of pancreatic lipase. The molecular docking and thermodynamic parameters indicated that electrostatic interaction was considered as the main interaction force between PL and theaflavin-3,3′-digallate. Finally, the potential anti-obesity targets and pathways of the three compounds were discussed through network pharmacology. This study not only proposes a simple and efficient method for screening PL inhibitors, but also sheds light on the anti-obesity mechanism of active compounds in black tea.

Energy required to cut the soil with No.4 circumferential knives of the large rotor of the straight-through rotary ripper

Introduction. To solve the problem of the fast and high-quality road construction, when economic facilities and settlements are located at a considerable distance from each other, cannot be solved without the use of a complex of continuous units. The continuous ditch forming unit and the tunneling unit contain straight-through rotary rippers. Insufficient theoretical studies in this area do not enable to calculate the interaction of the elements of a direct-flow rotary ripper with the soil. Therefore, there is a need for theoretical studies to determine the energy parameters of the large rotor, in particular, that which is necessary for cutting the soil with the No.4 circumferential knives of the large rotor.The research method. The methods for calculating the required energy inputs: to separate the reservoir from the soil mass; separation of the reservoir into fragments; creating a gap in the soil mass; deformation of a part of the soil mass; overcoming the friction of the ground on the edge of the blade; overcoming the soil pressure on the front surface; movement of the soil by the front surface; overcoming the friction of the ground on the front surface have been developed.Results. On the basis of the developed methods, the parameter calculations were made. From the plane models and the spatial model of the forces of interaction with the soil of the circumferential knives No.4 of the large rotor, resultant forces, their components, normal forces were revealed. The force of friction of the soil on the edge of the blade and the front surface of No4 circumferential knives was calculated. The volumetric energy required for cutting with No.4 circumferential knives when mining one cubic meter of soil with a straight-through rotary ripper is calculated.Conclusion. The energy required to drive the circumferential knife includes separating the seam from the soil mass; separation of the reservoir into fragments; creating a gap in the soil mass; deformation of a part of the soil mass; overcoming the friction of the ground on the edge of the blade; overcoming the soil pressure on the front surface; movement of the soil by the front surface; overcoming the friction of the ground on the front surface. As a result of the calculations, the total energy required for cutting with No.4 circumferential knives, when mining one cubic meter of soil with a straight-through rotary ripper, was 9110 joules.

Comparative study in magnetic properties of FeCo alloy nanowires and a first-order reversal curve analysis

FeCo alloy nanowires have potential applications in data storage, magnetic sensors and spintronic devices. In this paper, FeCo alloy nanowires with varying diameters were fabricated within an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template using electrodeposition method at a constant potential. Characterization of the morphology and structure revealed that the polycrystalline body-center-cubic(bcc) FeCo alloy nanowires were obtained. The influence of diameter of FeCo alloy nanowires on magnetic interaction, domain state and magnetic mechanism was investigated through a first-order reversal curve (FORC) analysis. The findings showed that with an increase in the diameter of FeCo alloy nanowires from 20 nm to 60 nm and 100 nm, the interaction force between the FeCo alloy nanowires increased, the domain state of FeCo alloy nanowires changed from Single Domain (SD) to Multi-Domain (MD), the magnetic reversal mode changed from coherent reversal mode to curling reversal mode.