Displaced Persons Research Articles

Feasibility and Acceptability Study of a Culturally Adapted Web-Based Intervention to Reduce Suicidal Ideation for Syrian Asylum Seekers and Refugees in the United Kingdom: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.

The war in Syria has displaced over 6.8 million people, more than any other conflict since the Second World War. As a result, Syrian asylum seekers and refugees have experienced several life-changing events, resulting in high rates of anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicidal ideation (SI). To address the treatment gap and reduce the burden of help-seeking, a web-based intervention to reduce SI developed for general populations was culturally adapted for and with Syrian asylum seekers and refugees in the United Kingdom. The study revealed the importance of understanding their lived experience with migration and the acculturative process in providing treatment for SI. This study will now assess the feasibility and acceptability of the culturally adapted intervention for this population. The first phase of the study will include recruiting participants and delivering the web-based intervention (1) to assess the feasibility of meeting recruitment goals and recruitment rates and (2) to assess the feasibility of outcome measures. The second phase of the study will include one-to-one semistructured interviews (1) to assess the suitability of the culturally adapted intervention in terms of recruitment and adherence rates and barriers and facilitators to engagement and (2) to assess the acceptability of the intervention in terms of its cultural relevance and appropriateness. This is a protocol for a single-group, noncontrolled, mixed methods feasibility and acceptability study of a culturally adapted web-based intervention to reduce SI for Syrian asylum seekers and refugees in the United Kingdom. The study will assess the feasibility of recruitment goals, recruitment rates, adherence rates, and outcome measures using individual participant tracking forms, which will be analyzed quantitatively. The suitability and acceptability of the intervention will be assessed using one-to-one semistructured interviews with 12 participants who completed the intervention, which will be analyzed qualitatively. Recruitment began in February 2024 and will run until 30 participants are recruited to the study or until the end of July 2024. Thus far, 19 participants have provided informed consent, 16 were eligible and enrolled, and 12 have completed a postintervention interview. No data have been analyzed. The study, including the write-up period, is expected to end in December 2024. Despite experiencing several stressors related to forced displacement and high rates of mental health issues, access to treatment is still limited for Syrian asylum seekers and refugees in the United Kingdom. To address the treatment gap and reduce the burden of help-seeking, a web-based intervention to reduce SI was culturally adapted in collaboration with Syrian asylum seekers and refugees in the United Kingdom. This study will now assess the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention and culturally appropriate recruitment strategies. ISRCTN ISRCTN11417025; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11417025. PRR1-10.2196/56957.

Continuous data-gathering system on migrants: a critical review

The investigation examines the continuous system as one of the two most common forms of migrant data-gathering today. The system is defined as a set of tools that obtains migration data on changes in the registration of the place of previous residence within the country or immigration record, including the total number of individuals entering or leaving the country and the type of visa issued to them. The strengths of the continuous system are noted, which lie in its ability to generate data on a regular basis and be useful to the authorities at the national level during the management of migration challenges and forecasting of various processes. The factors that influence the rejection of this data-gathering form today are highlighted, such as: 1) difficulty of conducting a comparative analysis between countries; 2) blurring of the entry category, which makes its unification problematic; 3) issues with monitoring of persons with unsettled (legal) status; 4) lack of recording of undocumented individuals in the continuous record of migrants; 5) system bias in focusing on emigration, ignoring the dimension of immigration. The idea about the lower level of use of the continuous system in our time due to the need for large financial resources, technological support, real agreement and coordination of joint actions between the governments of national states is substantiated as an unlikely scenario, taking into account the political, economic, cultural and social, etc. differentiation in the world. Attention is paid to the issue of prospects for the implementation of a continuous data-gathering system in the future based on the analysis of recent research and changes in the status of migration in the context of sustainable development. It is emphasized that, given the current challenges, the form will be used in the future, continuously recording data on displaced persons, but not claiming primacy in the process of systematizing information on global flows of migrants.

Forced Migration, Deterrence, and Solutions to the Non-Natural Disaster of Migrant Deaths Along the US-Mexico Border and Beyond

Executive Summary The International Organization of Migration has characterized the US-Mexico border as the world’s deadliest land migration route. By August 2024, a minimum of 5,405 persons had died or gone missing along this border since 2014, with record high numbers since 2021. Migrant deaths occur despite decades of: US Border Patrol search and rescue initiatives; public education campaigns targeting potential migrants on the dangers of irregular migration; dozens of academic publications and reports highlighting the root causes of these deaths; efforts by consular officials, local communities, and humanitarian agencies to locate, identify, and repatriate human remains; and desperate attempts by families to learn the fate of their missing loved ones. This paper introduces a special edition of the Journal on Migration and Human Security (JMHS), which draws on original research and the expertise of medical examiners, forensic anthropologists, social scientists, and humanitarian organizations to examine this persistent human tragedy. Many of the authors investigate migrant deaths in their professional capacities. They identify the dead, return remains to family members, and champion reforms to prevent deaths and better account for the dead and missing. This JMHS special edition represents a collaboration between the University of Arizona’s Binational Migration Institute, the Center for Migration Studies of New York (CMSNY), and the Working Group on Mapping Migrant Deaths along the US Southwest Border. The Working Group includes scholars and practitioners from California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and New York who have met monthly since October of 2021. The special edition examines in granular detail the causes of migrant deaths, US border enforcement strategies and tactics, migrant death statistics, and the resource and capacity challenges faced by US counties along and leading from the US-Mexico border in investigating these deaths. The US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and many public officials attribute the deaths to the predations of human smugglers, the victims’ ignorance or assumption of risk, and the harsh “natural” conditions to which migrants finally succumb. This special issue also documents the underlying non-natural causes of this enduring tragedy, and offers both overarching and more targeted solutions to preventing and minimizing migrant deaths. The issue builds upon and extends seminal research on migrant deaths first featured in CMSNY publications more than two decades ago. Section I introduces the issue of migrant deaths by posing the question: Why should we care? Section II describes the genesis of “prevention through deterrence”—a border enforcement theory and strategy—and its evolution through subsequent Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and US Border Patrol strategic plans. It describes the immense enforcement infrastructure built around this idea by successive administrations and Congresses, and it explains why it has failed to stem irregular migration and how it has contributed to migrant deaths. Section III reviews the main causes of migrant deaths—forced migration, the combined effects of prevention through deterrence and border enforcement tactics, the denial of access to asylum, the border wall, the “naturalization” of migrant deaths, and the dominant vision of the border as a site of danger and exclusion. Section IV reviews the legislative standards for identifying, investigating, and reporting on migrant decedents. It also details the deficiencies of Border Patrol and county-level sources of data on deaths, and it outlines ways to strengthen data collection. Section V discusses the burdens placed on communities along and leading from the border in investigating deaths and their need for greater resources and capacity to address this problem. Section VI outlines the anomalies and challenges related to the Border Patrol’s migrant rescue program. Section VII describes international legal standards to guide the investigation of migrant deaths and two model programs. Section VIII sets forth policy recommendations to prevent migrant deaths and to honor and account for the dead.

Fostering Prosociality in Refugee Children: An Intervention With Rohingya Children.

Prosocial behavior is a distinguishing characteristic of human nature. Although prosocial behaviors emerge early in development, contextual factors play an important role in how these behaviors are manifested over development. A large body of research focuses on the trajectory of prosocial development across diverse cultures and investigating contexts that foster it. Against this backdrop of developmental research endeavoring to understand and enhance the cooperative side of humanity, is the catastrophic impact of profoundly negative forces on social-emotional development for children forced to flee from violent conflict. Close to half a million Rohingya children, whose families were forced to flee genocide in Myanmar, now live in the largest refugee camp in the world. To examine the resilience of human prosociality in the face of extreme adversity, we documented initial levels of prosociality in Rohingya refugee children living in a mega-camp (Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh) and the extent to which those levels were improved following a multifaceted intervention designed to foster prosociality. The research was a partnership between Rohingya community members with lived experience, humanitarian practitioners, and developmental researchers. A sample of 152 Rohingya children (5-12 years) participated in pre- and postintervention assessments of prosocial behaviors and related cognitive-affective processes. The 10-day collaboration-based intervention was implemented between November 2021 and January 2022 by Rohingya researchers. Birthplace was used as a proxy measure of trauma level. Children born in Myanmar (N = 88) directly experienced relatively higher levels of trauma (genocide, forced migration) than children who were born in the camp after their families fled from Myanmar (N = 64). Children were individually tested pre- and postintervention with a task battery, including a helping (Origami) and two sharing tasks (Dictator Game [DG], Forced Choice sharing) measuring prosocial behavior. Assessments of related cognitive-affective processes included measures of empathic responding and emotion perspective-taking in story tasks (Imagine, Judgment) and executive function (EF) skills (Younger: Hearts & Flowers; Older: Dimensional Change Card Sorting). Small group intervention sessions conducted over 10 days targeted these prosocial behaviors and cognitive-affective processes and were based on collaborative activities, emotion perspective taking and EF skills training with the same partner throughout the intervention phase. We used latent change modeling to examine initial levels (preintervention) and intervention-related changes in these measures from pre- to postintervention. Prosocial responding was found across all measures (preintervention) and improvements (pre- to postintervention change) were apparent across most measures. Age and birthplace variables were significant predictors of initial levels and intervention-related change. Initial levels: Regarding age, older children (9-12 years) showed higher levels than younger children (5-8 years) of sharing in the Forced Choice task but lower levels in the DG. Older children also showed higher levels of empathic responding when asked to report how they would feel and respond to another person's misfortune in the Imagine task. Regarding birthplace, prior to the intervention camp-born children showed higher levels than Myanmar-born children of helping in the Origami task and reported more behavioral responses indicating how they would respond to misfortune in the Imagine task. In contrast, Myanmar-born children had higher levels of sharing in the DG and consistently chose equality over inequality in the Forced Choice sharing task, even when their partner would receive more, indicating a pattern of generosity in these children. Myanmar-born children had lower levels than camp-born children on EF measures. Intervention-related change: Regarding age, older but not younger children were more likely to increase choices for equality over inequality on the Forced Choice sharing task following the intervention. Regarding birthplace and helping, camp-born children increased behaviors that helped their partner make origami shapes themselves ("how-to" helping), whereas Myanmar-born children increased behavior that took over folding for their partner ("do-for" helping). For sharing tasks, Myanmar-born but not camp-born children increased sharing in the DG and showed an increased pattern of generosity in Forced Choice sharing task. In the Imagine story task, children born in Myanmar were more likely than those born in camp to increase empathic responding (i.e., imagining how they would feel). Children born in Myanmar showed less improvement on EF measures than children born in the camp. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that in a context of extreme adversity, Rohingya children exhibited prosociality and benefitted from a multifaceted intervention. Our research adds credence to the view that human prosociality is a fundamental characteristic of humanity that not only survives but can be enhanced in even the most adverse of childhood environments. Our multifaceted intervention, which was implemented within a collaborative social context and targeted prosocial behaviors and related cognitive-affective processes, was designed to be easily implemented within existing psychosocial support programs in refugee contexts. As the numbers of children affected by violent conflict and forced migration rise alarmingly worldwide, there is a critical need to expand research partnerships that aim to improve developmental outcomes for these millions of children.

Social needs and problems of forced migrants from Ukraine on the way to social adaptation and integration in the host society (example of Germany)

The article provides a review of existing theoretical approaches to the study of adaptation and integration of migrants, identifying key factors that either facilitate or complicate these processes in host societies. The authors highlight markers of adaptability and integration, emphasizing the importance of utilizing foreign experience for the development of more effective migration policies. Adaptation is a process in which migrants change their habits, behaviour, and values to function most effectively in a new social and cultural context. The authors believe that the level of migrant adaptability can be determined by the level of their needs satisfaction. Integration, alongside adaptation, implies inclusion into a new society with opportunities to realize personal potential in areas such as work, education, civic activities, establishing communication, and comfortable coexistence with the local population. This entails not only the adaptation of migrants to a new society but also mutual efforts from the host community to create conditions under which migrants can fully realize their potential while preserving their cultural peculiarities. Based on primary and secondary sociological data, the social needs and problems of migrants from Ukraine (using Germany as an example) are analysed. The profile of migrants, reasons for leaving Ukraine, and choosing Germany as the host country (based on the «push-pull» theory) are identified. Lack of language knowledge and local laws, bureaucracy, access of children to preschool institutions and their schooling, unfavourable psychological state and uncertainty about the future, recognition of acquired education, working in positions with lower qualifications, difficulties in forming new social connections - these are the main obstacles that migrants from Ukraine face in Germany on their way to adaptation and integration.

Undeterred: Understanding Repeat Migration in Northern Central America

Executive Summary U.S. efforts to control unauthorized crossings of its southwest border have long rested on the idea of deterrence — if migrants know that a border is dangerous to cross and the likelihood of deportation is high, they will be dissuaded from trying in the first place. Despite the seemingly intuitive logic of this strategy, and the billions of dollars invested in it, deterrence efforts largely have failed, with the number of border crossings in recent years exceeding those of 30 years ago. To understand why this decades-old, bipartisan deterrence strategy has proven ineffective, we focus on individuals from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras who have previous migration experience, with a vast majority of them seeking entry into the U.S. These individuals have direct knowledge of the difficulties and dangers a border crossing poses, yet many report plans to try to cross the border again. To understand why they persist, we rely on survey data specifically collected to better understand the root causes of international migration. We find that citizens with previous migration experience are significantly more likely to report plans to emigrate, in particular women, younger cohorts, and those at the bottom of the economic ladder. In contrast, family reunification does not appear to play a significant role in driving the migration intentions of those with a prior migration experience. Further, deportation does not deter migrants from trying again, as individuals who have been deported are just as likely to report plans to emigrate again as those who returned to their home countries voluntarily and those who never reached their destination. Most importantly, our research indicates that human insecurity is at the core of why Central Americans who have migrated in the past are more likely to report migration plans for the future. Both the threat of violence and food insecurity are central drivers of their persistent predisposition to embark on the journey again. Individuals remain undeterred in their efforts to escape their country because upon returning to that country, they confront the same conditions that led them to attempt to flee in the first place. We draw two main policy implications from our research. First, the U.S. government should continue its prioritization of investments in tackling the root causes of forced migration through the empowerment of civil society organizations and the channeling of foreign aid to marginalized communities affected by human insecurity, such as those suffering food insecurity or fearing violence. The main objective of these investments should be to improve the living conditions of individuals, giving them a viable option of remaining in their country. Second, the U.S. must invest greater resources in its immigration system to reduce the current backlog of asylum cases, and expand H2-a and -b visa programs to provide a more expansive legal path to migration. Facilitating a legal pathway to immigrants who face heightened human insecurity, like the potential repeat migrants in our study, would prevent further deaths that lay at the hands of a border policy focused on deterrence.

Пикельгеринг: маска и образ (трансформация на разных национальных сценах XVII века)

In this study, for the first time, an appeal is made to the topic of the way to transform a buffoon’s persona formed in the traveling troupes of English comedians (Englische Komödianten) — Pickelhäring (Pickelhering). After the forced migration of English troupes to the mainland and ‘settlement’ in Germany, it was the jester who helped to find ways for actors and audiences who spoke different languages to communicate. This is how Pickelhäring transformed from a verbal into a non-verbal character, acquiring the meaning of a theatrical mask. Over time, the character’s verbality returned, marking the return to his original image, but with the advancement of theatre troupes to the East, the newfound verbality was again discarded, relegating the character back to the status of a mask. Pickelhäring’s persona became so popular that he was one of the characters in the first performances in the theatre at the court of Aleksei Mikhailovich. Such radical metamorphoses contributed to the character’s fairly rapid and successful establishment on various national stages. It was his adaptability by changing his own essence that ensured his incredible success and public admiration throughout the 17th century. This article also gives the names of the most famous performers of this role among all troupes of English comedians (Englische Komödianten) in the German-speaking lands.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT OF THE STAFF POTENTIAL OF THE ENTERPRISE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF STRENGTHENING PROCESSES OF FORCED LABOR MIGRATION

The purpose of the article is to identify the problematic economic and legal aspects of anti-crisis management of the personnel potential of the enterprise in the conditions of strengthening the processes of forced labour migration of the population. The results obtained in the course of the research allow us to ascertain the significant impact on the activities of economic entities of modern challenges and dangers, which cause significant destructive changes in the labour resource management system of enterprises as a result of the threatening increase in the scale of forced labour migration, which exacerbates the shortage of personnel at domestic enterprises. and through the intensification of mobilization measures, which cause the movement of the economically active and highly qualified labour force to the structures of the defence forces and the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The article analyzes the essence, features and interrelationship of the anti-crisis management of the personnel potential of the enterprise with the processes of forced labour migration of the population. It has been established that forced labour migration is a destabilizing factor in enterprise activity and creates prerequisites for the emergence of crisis situations. It has been proven that forced labour migration has a significant negative impact on the formation of labour resources of domestic enterprises, which causes a shortage of highly qualified workers. It was found that the processes of forced labour migration within the regions continue to intensify in Ukraine. In order to overcome crisis situations at the enterprise regarding the management of personnel potential, the most appropriate measures are proposed and substantiated. The model of anti-crisis management of the personnel potential of the enterprise in the conditions of strengthening the processes of forced labour migration of the population is substantiated and proposed.

Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of the Cotton Industry in Bhilwara, Rajasthan: A Comprehensive Analysis

Abstract: The cotton industries in Bhilwara, Rajasthan, are a significant contributor to the region's economy but poses considerable environmental and health challenges. This paper examines the diverse impacts of cotton production, focusing on habitat loss, degradation of local flora and fauna, and extensive water consumption. The study highlights the hazardous waste generated during dyeing and finishing processes, emphasizing inadequate disposal practices that lead to soil and water contamination. Additionally, it explores the health implications for factory workers and local communities, including exposure to toxic chemicals and poor working conditions. It also addresses the social changes driven by environmental degradation, such as forced migration and economic instability.

The phenomenon of suicide considered from criminological, sociological and legal perspectives. Case study – Warmia and Mazury Voivodship

Aim: The aim of the study is to characterise the phenomenon of suicide and to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon, reaching to its aetiology, characterising its symptomatic forms, confronting it with the norms of Polish criminal law and assessing the symptomological tendencies in the area in question. Method: the point of reference for the study is suicides committed or attempted in the area of the selected territorial unit in Poland. Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship is a specific region in the context of the whole country. First of all, the Second World War interrupted the relay of generations. The population is largely made up of displaced persons from the east. This community had to forge new interpersonal bonds and create cultural resources from scratch. In addition, the region was hit by high unemployment and a phenomenon of social pauperisation during the political transformation of the 1990s. From a psychological point of view, many suicidogenic factors have accumulated in the region. In terms of police services, the area is under the jurisdiction of the Regional Police Headquarters in Olsztyn. The chosen aim of the research and the research problems determined the choice of methods. The multifaceted nature of the studied phenomenon required the use of several complementary research methods, such as: the formal-dogmatic method, the historical-legal method and the comparative method. The following considerations are also based on the analysis of statistical data on the research subject. Results: Analysing the phenomenon in question, it was found that the approach to it was and still is conditioned by historical, civilisational circumstances. It is also reflected in legal codifications, in which the legislator departs from punishing potential suicides. At the same time, when considering the phenomenon on a regional scale, no significant deviations from the general trends are noticeable. However, taking into account the social territorial dissimilarity, the local specificity should be taken into account in the creation of support for persons at risk of various dysfunctions that may be the cause of suicide. Theoretical implications (if applicable): not applicable. Practical implications (if applicable): The presented analysis of the phenomenon in a regional context will undoubtedly contribute to further research on suicidal behaviour. The local perspective of the article fosters a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the decision to take one's own life. Thus, it may influence the creation of a system of support for people in this regard, taking into account the specifics of the region and social problems resulting from economic and living relations. Originality/value: the article integrates contemporary knowledge on the symtomology, phenomenology of suicide, allows to identify the main causes of this phenomenon and characterises the legislation in this field. The following article analyses the phenomenon of suicide on a regional scale. The local perspective makes it possible to know in more detail the problems causing negative social behaviour. At the same time, it adequately identifies the problems oscillating around the phenomenon in question. It can be a useful tool for researchers and decision-makers looking for answers to questions in this area and indicate directions for the development of social policy instruments in this area. Research limitations/ Future research: The phenomenon of self-harm is a very interesting process or moment in the life of the person who commits it. Although suicide has received a great deal of attention in the specialist literature, it still remains completely unexplored. The phenomenon itself touches the realm of the mysterious on the borderline between life and death. Hence the interest in it by many scientific disciplines. In statistical terms, the Polish Police collect detailed data on suicides. Research limitations in this area result from ethical and moral aspects of the issue, the lack of direct contact with the suicide's environment. The research results themselves are socially internalised and significantly influence the perception of reality. Technically, the use of research is not always morally acceptable. At the same time, research fulfils social needs and expectations for the creation of instruments to prevent suicide attacks.

Exploring Visual Features of Ecological Design in Private Housing: Search for Visual Principles.

Background: Changing consumer attitudes toward the natural environment are reflected in an increase in demand for environmental design of private houses, which requires the definition of some general principles of such design, particularly graphic design. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to highlight and determine the fundamental features of the visual component of the ecological design of private houses. Objectives: Present the characteristics of the countries of the world in accordance with the application of eco-design and sponsorship of green construction; identify visual principles that characterize the ecological design of private houses. Methods: The study is based on mixed qualitative analysis. The authors of the study used statistical from statista.com concerning the number of LEED certified projects during 2018 to 2021. Statistical indicators of countries is used to select houses for research, an assessment of a group of experts of photo-interview methods is used to determine the main trends in visual environmental design. Results: It was possible to systematize the world experience in designing private homes using an ecological approach. They categorized the basic principles of visualization of functional-planning, technological and artistic-esthetic solutions in the interior design of a private residential building; compliance with appropriate esthetics; functional design solutions of the interior space, modularity, compactness, responsible and rational architecture; and interior design, preferably with the possibility of moving housing to another place in case of forced relocation. Conclusions: The results obtained can be used in the framework of theoretical and practical design of private residential buildings.

Coalition Army humanitarian assistance for the refugees from South Kurdistan on the Turkish border in 1991.

This study illustrates the amount and significant types of humanitarian assistance, which provided by the coalition forces to the displaced people from South Kurdistan on the Turkish-Iraqi border in 1991. The coalition forces arrived directly to help displaced people because they were around in the area. However, they provided the most necessary emergency supplies because they were capable to deliver hundreds of tons of humanitarian aid and basic necessities of life. Since they had the necessary equipment to carry out emergency supplies to distribute to displaced people in the Turkish-Iraqi border, especially dropping such emergency supplies by plane. The confirmation and adopted of Resolution 688 by the United Nations Security Council led to receive influx of humanitarian aid to the displaced people. The Western countries with the help of US, after confirmed the Resolution 688, played a major role in the making of no-fly zones above latitude (36) in the north ,and the making a peace zone (Safe haven,)in parts of Iraqi Kurdistan. Therefore, the coalition forces could easily deliver this humanitarian aid assistance to people in need and protect them from the repression of the Iraqi government. Later, the coalition forces built several (temporary) settlement camps near the city of Zakho in order to return the displaced people to the peace zone area. They provided humanitarian needs such as food, water and health for the displaced people in the center of these camps. Moreover, they rebuilt many service facilities along the ceasefire zone, saving thousands of lives and returning refugees to their homes.

Благотворительные аспекты миграционной политики Российского государства в условиях специальной военной операции

The article analyzes the trends in the development of the migration policy of the state at the present stage: a separate aspect of the legal status of forced migrants from the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics, Ukraine is singled out; unprecedented measures of support from both the state and civil society were noted. The author points to the solidarity of the Russian people; his traditional features of charity and mercy, manifested in the new reality.

The Trials and Consolations of Migrant-Serving Faith-Based Organizations

Abstract This article is a response to Christians in public and private life who favor policies, employ rhetoric, and view migrants in ways that contravene their faith traditions. Speaking primarily from the perspective of Christian migrant-serving, faith-based organizations in the United States, the author examines their challenges, sources of consolation, and understanding of migrants in light of their work and religious touchstones in an era of political polarization and unprecedented forced displacement. He outlines an inclusive path forward, rooted in a commitment to the common good, to solidarity with the displaced, and to a deeper understanding of the hopes, aspirations, and gifts of migrants.

Problems of criminal responsibility for illegal deportation of children

This article is concerning on the actual problem of criminal responsibility for illegal deportation of children. It has been stressed by the author that illegal deportation of children is of particular concern, although it is almost impossible to document and establish the total number of such cases at the occupied territories. Certain problems arise in the qualification of such encroachments under the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which should be taken into account when developing the draft of a new one. An emphasis has been made upon the definition of the term of “child” in international law and national legislation. It has been established that international law has a clear mechanism for the protection of children’s rights against illegal displacement or deportation. It has been also noted that the national legislation has an acute problem in the regulation of the use of the terminology “deportation”, “forcible displacement” and “illegal removal” and the definition of criteria for their distinction. An analysis of the provisions of the drafts of Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine and other legislative acts of Ukraine regarding forcible displacement of a person in conditions of armed aggression” (Reg. No. 8326 dated 12/30/2022) and Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine regarding forcible displacement of a person outside the territory of Ukraine” (Reg. No. 9204 dated 04/13/2023) has been made, their shortcomings have been indicated. It has been demonstrated that the Article 11.5.11. “Illegal abduction of a child” of the draft of the Criminal Code refers to the abduction of a child. The main direct object of such criminal act is the freedom of the child, which proves that this act cannot be attributed to Book Eleven. “Crimes against the international legal order” of the draft of the Criminal Code. Based on the results of the study, it has been concluded that the illegal deportation of children poses a threat to the national security of Ukraine; the necessity of further scientific development of this issue has been augmented

Impact of Forced Relocation and Community Integration on Household Well-being of Urban Refugees in Kenya

Forced displacement is a global issue that affects millions of people all over the world. Refugees are forced to flee their homes due to conflict, persecution, or other forms of violence. The majority of refugees often end up in urban areas, where they face numerous challenges, including social exclusion, limited access to basic services, and economic marginalization. This study examines the relationship between forced displacement, social cohesion, and household welfare outcomes of urban refugees in Kenya. The study utilized household data on urban refugees in Kenya sourced from the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), 2020 [85], and, the Kenya Continuous Household Survey (KCHS), 2019 [41]. The study estimates were regressed using the Ordinary Least Squares method and diagnostic tests were done to determine the accuracy of the estimates. The study found that an additional member in an urban refugee household led to an asset increment of 6.7%. The study further found that an additional habitable dwelling in an urban refugee household increased family assets by 71.9%. Utilization of mobile banking services, having nuclear members abroad, and participation in community-based organizations also had a positive impact on family asset accumulation in a refugee household. The study also found that utilization of mobile money transfer (M-PESA), negatively influenced family assets. This study contributes to the literature on Urban refugees as it gives insights into factors that can improve welfare and enhance social cohesion between refugees and host communities in Kenya. Gaps have also been identified in the mandate of UNHCR beyond the camps and the role of the Kenyan Government in urban housing programs for refugees.

Advancing spatial repellents for malaria control: effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a spatial repellent under operational use in Northern Uganda—study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial

BackgroundSpatial repellents (SRs) have been widely used for the prevention of mosquito bites, and preliminary findings suggest efficacy against both malaria (1) and Aedes-borne viruses (2) but their effectiveness in reducing mosquito-borne diseases under operational use has never been evaluated. SRs have the potential of being critical tools in the prevention of mosquito-borne diseases in contexts where typical vector control strategies, such as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying, are inaccessible or underutilized such as among displaced persons or in emergency relief settings.MethodsChildren will be enrolled in 3 separate cohorts to establish the effectiveness of SRs in reducing malaria infection in different distribution channels. One cohort will estimate the direct effect of the SR distributed through a reference channel (study personnel distribution). The two remaining cohorts will estimate the protection of the SR distributed through a voucher channel and the Village Health Team channel. Cohorts will be followed twice a month (approximately every 15 days): during the first scheduled household visit in the month, a blood sample will be taken for malaria rapid diagnostic test (Monthly Visit #1); and, during the second scheduled household visit, a blood sample will only be taken if the participant has a recent history of fever (Monthly Visit #2). The incidence of malaria in each cohort will be estimated and compared to the reference cohort to determine the benefit of using a SR in an area with high, year-round transmission of malaria.DiscussionThis study will address the knowledge gap of whether or not SRs are effective in reducing human malaria disease in humanitarian assistance and emergency response settings in sub-Saharan Africa where underlying transmission rates are historically high and ITNs may or may not be widely deployed. This research will inform policy makers on whether to recommend SRs as a means to further reduce malaria transmission for such operational programs.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT06122142. Registered on November 8, 2023.

Forced migration and local economic development: Evidence from postwar Hungary

We investigate the effects of forced migration on sending economies using the post-WW2 expulsion of German minorities from Hungary as a natural experiment. We combine historical and contemporary data sources to show that the forced migrations led to lasting reductions in economic activity. Plausible mechanisms driving this result appear to be sectoral change (shift towards agriculture) and skills differences between Germans and the settlers that replaced them. Our analysis reveals that forced migration can cause lasting regional inequalities in sending economies.

Administrative and legal aspects of providing free legal aid under martial law

Abstract. In this article submitted for publication, the authors analyze and study the issues related to the provision of quality and timely free legal aid under martial law. The methodological basis of the study is a system of general scientific methods that provide an objective analysis and evaluation of the subject under study. The authors believe that it is now necessary to popularize free legal aid more, not only in the media, but also to attract the attention of public organizations and charitable foundations, in particular those engaged in providing assistance to internally displaced persons, since they understand better than anyone how difficult it is to live and work under martial law. In our opinion, it is advisable to revise the Law of Ukraine «On Free Legal Aid» and pay attention to the communities and regions located near the front line, because people living in such areas need much more support and attention from the state. The authors also emphasize that young people should be involved in the work of free primary and secondary care centers, and internship programs should be organized so that people really trust free aid and understand that free aid does not mean low-quality. We also consider it appropriate to note that the crucial issue of providing quality and timely assistance, in terms of free aid, has become even more urgent and painful for a significant number of our citizens under martial law. The problems of physical impossibility not only to receive legal aid, but also to access justice have been added to the existing problems. This problem has been exacerbated by the temporary occupation of the territories, the destruction of court buildings and the relocation of courts and law enforcement agencies to other regions.

CASE MANAGEMENT IN WORK WITH INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS: EXPERIENCE OF COMMUNAL AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS OF UKRAINE

With the beginning of the russian-Ukrainian war (2014), a significant part of the population from the zone of active hostilities left their homes in search of a calmer place for temporary residence. Most of them remained on the territory of Ukraine and obtained the status of an internally displaced person (IDP). A significant part crossed the borders of neighboring states in the status of “refugee”. Both, the first and the second, need support and help in places of temporary residence. In Ukraine, this category of population is provided with various types of payments and social services, depending on their needs. If the mechanism of social payments has already been worked out, then the mechanism of social services providing is only in the process of implementation. In Ukraine communal institutions and non-governmental organizations are providers of social services. These are mainly Social Service Centers/Centers for the social services provision or charitable foundations operating in territorial communities, which are places of temporary residence of internally displaced persons. In the context of the research, the algorithm of social services providing to internally displaced persons in territorial communities - places of temporary residence - in the context of case management/case management in communal and non-state owned organizations was studied. A qualitative study was conducted, due to which employees of organizations and internally displaced persons themselves were involved in order to study the specified issue. The interview was the main tool for data collection. 12 social workers/case managers of communal institutions of three regions and the Charitable Foundation “Caritas” and 6 internally displaced persons who are clients of these institutions were interviewed. It was found out that both communal institutions and non-governmental ones use the case management algorithm in working with a certain category of clients, which is called case management in the work of Caritas employees. Social workers of communal institutions strictly follow the stages of case management defined by the Law of Ukraine “On Social Services”, avoiding any emotional contact with IDPs. This model of work is close to the clinical model of case management. “Caritas” employees focus more on psycho-emotional support in their work with IDPs in the case management process, which is closer in type to the brokerage model. Caritas employees are more motivated to work. They also have a greater resource in planning assistance to IDPs. Based on the results of the analysis of the received data, recommendations were formulated to improve the work of social workers