Forced Exile Research Articles

Antiquities in exile: Ottoman Greek refugees’ trauma and Ionian antiquities

AbstractThis article contributes to our understanding of the links between forced exile, refugee trauma, and antiquities. It zooms in to the case of the Ottoman Greek refugees who fled to Greece in the wake of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the defeat of the Greek army by the Turkish National Movement forces in 1922. It critically discusses memories of ordinary people from Lithri (ancient Erythrai, modern-day Ildırı), Nymphaio (near ancient Sardeis, modern-day Kemalpaşa), and Ayasolouk (ancient Ephesus, modern-day Selçuk). It also looks at aspects of the literary world of Smyrna-born poet and Nobel Laureate George Seferis. It is argued that, for these refugees, antiquities served as conduits, symbols, metaphors, and allegories for expressing the trauma linked to their state of uprootedness and forced exile. The refugees in question employed reverse “rescue archaeologies,” where it was for antiquities to salvage refugees rather than the other way round. The main primary material consulted consists of refugee testimonies from the Oral Tradition Archive of the Centre for Asia Minor Studies and Seferis’s diary. The approach is interdisciplinary and, besides Ottoman Greek history, draws on cultural geography, anthropology, archaeology as well as broader discussions in memory studies and critical heritage studies.

Debatable issues of the procedure for consideration of administrative cases involving foreigners in Ukraine

Ukraine, like most European countries, is characterized by problems related to illegal migration, as well as legalization (legalization) of foreigners and stateless persons staying in Ukraine. At the same time, disputes that arise in such legal relations with the participation of migration and other state authorities are often resolved by national courts in the order of administrative proceedings. According to official statistics, in 2022 alone, 1,949 administrative cases regarding the stay of foreigners and stateless persons on the territory of Ukraine were pending in courts of first instance, of which 687 cases related to registration of refugee status and 619 cases related to forced deportation outside Ukraine [1]. At the same time, a significant part of such cases (497) was subject to appellate review [2]. And although the percentage of cases involving foreigners and stateless persons from the total number of administrative cases reviewed in the corresponding reporting period (352,960) is insignificant (about 0.55%), this category of public legal disputes still attracts special attention, because is one of the indicators of the effectiveness of the state migration policy. Therefore, the article reveals the author’s view on the rationality of the legislative approach to the classification of cases filed by foreigners as minor administrative cases, which, in turn, directly affects the procedural order of their consideration and the successful performance of the tasks of administrative justice. In particular, it is proposed to choose the form of administrative proceedings to resolve this important category of public legal disputes, taking into account the individual features of a specific case. At the same time, it will allow consideration of relevant disputes not only according to the rules of simplified legal proceedings, but also with the application of the general judicial procedure in those cases where it is really necessary. One of the ways to ensure such flexibility in solving this issue is to specify the list of cases regarding the stay of foreigners or stateless persons in Ukraine, which are considered insignificant for the purposes of administrative proceedings.

Личное учетное дело спецпереселенца (выселенца) как исторический источник по изучению депортации калмыцкого народа

Introduction. This article is devoted to a source-based analysis of the personal records of special settlers (evictees) of Kalmyks who were in forced exile in the eastern regions of the country. Without taking into account the content of these archival materials, the research on the life of Kalmyks in exile without the right to return to their former place of residence seems incomplete and unrepresentative, despite the existing wide range of historical sources. To fill this gap, the article analyzes this source based on the material of the personal records of special settlers (evictees) — Kalmyks who lived during exile on the Altai Territory. The purpose of this study is to study the composition and content of documents related to the personal account of a special settler. Results. The personal record of the special settler (evictee) is a valuable, unique and representative historical source, the informative possibilities of which are still not really in demand by researchers who study the deportation of the Kalmyk people. This source has not been used to date in the study of the history of the deportation of the Kalmyk people in the period from 1943–1957. At the same time, the personal record of the special settler (evictee) has a high source potential, since it can be used as the main source for compiling a prosopographic portrait of the special settler-Kalmyk. In addition, this source will give an opportunity to characterize the features of demographic and migration processes of Kalmyk special settlers during the period of exile.

Ethical considerations of ‘going public’: public and media co-dissemination of research findings with refugees

ABSTRACT Collaborative dissemination of research findings in the public and media spheres has the potential to reach large audiences, enhance forced migrants’ political participation and impact policies. ‘Going public’ further requires both researchers and forced migrants to engage visibly in a sphere that is often unexpected and less familiar to them. This paper discusses the methodological and ethical challenges and possibilities surrounding joint dissemination, drawing on a case study of public and media co-dissemination that occurred as part of an anti-deportation public campaign. In 2018, the Israeli government initiated a forced deportation plan aimed at deporting refugees to Rwanda. The authors had previously conducted research exploring the journeys of refugees who ‘voluntarily’ departed Israel to Rwanda, revealing that the deportees were pressured to embark on life-threatening journeys, eventually gaining protection in Europe. The findings were collaboratively shared through various activities, such as media interviews, public events, advocacy and cooperation with civil society organisations in Israel and globally. This paper discusses the three main aspects derived from our experiences: power imbalances and divisions of roles, consent as a process, and re-traumatisation and agency. Finally, ethical and practical recommendations for mitigating some of these challenges are offered.

We Made It in Venice! But Then …? Reversing Notions of Center and Periphery

We Made It in Venice! But Then …? Reversing Notions of Center and Periphery

Kardynał Josef Beran – dobry pasterz i patriota

This study focuses on the personality of Josef Cardinal Beran (1888–1969) in the context of the modern history of the 20th century. The introductory chapters focus on his youth and intellectual maturing during his studies in Rome and his subsequent activities in the spiritual service during the first republic period. The following part depicts Beran’s Nazi imprisonment, his life in the Dachau concentration camp and his return to his homeland. In the turbulent times after the World War II, he was elected an archbishop and went down in history as a major advocate of the autonomy of the church and democratic ideas. The communist regime sentenced him to home imprisonment and he was interned in different parts of the country due to his moral attitude between 1951 and 1965. He spent fourteen years completely isolated from his nation and the church, and under permanent surveillance of the State Security. Towards the end of his life, the communist regime allowed him to depart for the nomination for cardinal in Rome, but without the possibility of returning. The next part of the study deals concisely with Cardinal Beran’s life in forced exile and commemorates his work done behind the iron curtain for his homeland and the church as well as for Czechoslovak exiles scattered all over the world. The study draws on comprehensive research in archives home and abroad – state, private, and church ones; detailed analysis of world and home press; and written memoirs and witnesses’ memories.

RESISTÊNCIA, CONTRACULTURA E SOBREVIVÊNCIA: ARTISTAS BRASILEIROS EXILADOS EM LONDRES NOS ANOS 1970

The article discusses aspects related to exile during the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship of the 1960s and 1970s, based on the analysis of testimonies, letters and short stories by artists and writers such as Antonio Bivar (Verdes vales do fim do mundo, 1984); Caetano Veloso (Tropical Truth, 1997); and Caio Fernando Abreu (Estranhos Estrangeiros, 1996; Cartas, 2002; and Ovelhas negras, 2009, among others), about their experiences as exiles in London. With the support of several theoretical and critical texts, such as MACIEL (1987); VIÑAR (1992); ROLLEMBERG (1999); PIZARRO (2006); SZNAJDER, RONIGER (2009); RIDENTI (2014); GASPARI (2014), and seeking to interrelate history, psychoanalysis, politics and memorial literature, the intention is to demonstrate how the condition of self-exile or forced exile led Brazilian artists to experience intense processes of depersonalization, identity crises and depression, that interfered with their personal lives and artistic careers.

A contribution to Paulo Freire’s theory and practice: The ‘Cultural Extension Service/University of Recife’ (1962–64)

This contribution to the special issue is an historical account of Paulo Freire’s pedagogical and administrative praxis before his forced exile in 1964. It relies on interviews collected during a field trip in 1976, a conversation with Paulo Freire in Geneva one year later and on the secondary literature up to date. Being the head of the first Extension Service of a major Brazilian university in the early 1960s gave Freire and his collaborators the space and time to experiment with the today world famous literacy method bearing his name. The concept of ‘Field of Cultural Production’ (Bourdieu) is used to elucidate better Freire and his team’s avant-gardist production within the spaces opened up by Brazil’s popular movements in the early sixties. The contribution shows how the ‘Paulo Freire System’ developed in the praxis of a cultural movement and received its academic consecration in an incremental and eclectic style.

The Apache Diaspora: Four Centuries of Displacement and Survival

The Apache Diaspora: Four Centuries of Displacement and Survival

From Fame to Shame: The Irreconcilable Worlds of Okonkwo

Okonkwo is a man of fame, wildly acclaimed in Umuofia as a man of valour. He at the same time has a notoriety for violence. With a nagging fear of failure, he overreaches himself most often to counter the notion of his not being a woman. This inner desire for manliness plunges him into avoidable acts of shame and wrong decisions. Okonkwo lives in two worlds of fame and shame. He is caught in the crossroad of valour and overzealousness. On the contrary, Okonkwo is reputed for violence. His anger and shot temperedness portray his ugly side which is very well known among Umuofia. His superfluous show of power forces him into exile after he accidentally shoots Ezeudu’s son during Ezeudu’s funeral rites and consequently he embarks on a forced exile. His killing of the white man’s messenger saw his final disgrace and eventual death. Using the concepts of fame and shame, this paper examines the two worlds of the protagonist, the world of gallantry and fame and the world of shame and eventual suicide. The essay specifically observes the distinct features of the two worlds Okonkwo lived in. However, his inability to embrace the change as brought by the white missionary, and his inability to reconcile the old and trending dispensation become his undoing. Okonkwo is therefore propelled by his character which makes him to exist in the two worlds.

ПРАВОВИЙ АНАЛІЗ УЧАСТІ ОРГАНІВ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ПРИКОРДОННОЇ СЛУЖБИ УКРАЇНИ ЯК ПОЗИВАЧА ЗА АДМІНІСТРАТИВНИМ ПОЗОВОМ У СПРАВАХ ПРО ПРИМУСОВЕ ВИДВОРЕННЯ КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ СУДОВОГО РІШЕННЯ

The article provides a legal analysis of the participation of the bodies of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine as a plaintiff in administrative cases regarding the forced deportation of foreigners and stateless persons outside Ukraine. The validity of the grounds for applying to the court with the relevant lawsuits, procedural actions and decisions of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine during the trial of cases related to forced deportation from Ukraine is investigated, the main procedural errors of the plaintiff, made during the preparation of the lawsuit materials and at the stage of the court proceedings, which affected the outcome of the court proceedings. Namely: the plaintiff's failure to provide evidence of lack of cooperation on the part of the defendant (foreigner) during his identification procedure, evidence of non-receipt of information from the foreigner's country of citizenship (or stateless person's country of origin), etc.; prematurity of filing a lawsuit for forced eviction; proving the fact of the existence of circumstances that would indicate that the execution of the decision on forced deportation to the country of origin will pose a real threat to the defendant's life, freedom or health; proving the fact that the defendant has the right to legally stay on the territory of Ukraine; lack of substantiated evidence to confirm the citizenship of the defendant to a certain country, which excludes the possibility of applying the provisions of readmission agreements to disputed legal relations. The principle of banning the deportation of asylum seekers is analyzed through the prism of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. It has been established that this principle means the absolute prohibition of expelling to the country of origin or to a third country a person who may be subjected to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in that country. Attention was drawn to the conclusions of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the existence of evidence to confirm the existence of justified threats of persecution, torture, and inhumane treatment of the applicant, subject to his return to the country of citizenship. It is established that the competent authorities must carry out a procedure for assessing the risks of a person being ill-treated in the country of origin during forced deportation.

Supersession and Conversion: The Adversus Judaeos Liturgical Dramas of Saint-Martial de Limoges

ABSTRACT The adversus Judaeos tropes deeply embedded in the Saint-Martial de Limoges liturgical dramas in BN lat.1139 recommend radical ways of rethinking the organizing concepts that might inform this collection of devotional performances. Early eleventh-century liturgical records from Saint-Martial de Limoges demonstrate profound tensions between apocalyptic and eschatological thinking. Millenarian anxieties combine with news of the 1009 CE Muslim destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem to inspire unusual levels of antagonism toward the contemporary Jewish community in Limoges, including retrospective historical narratives by Christian clerics Rodulfus Glaber and Ademar of Chabannes of forced conversions, exile, and death as tools used to disperse Limoges's Jewish community after purported exegetical debates in 1010 CE. The Limoges liturgical dramas manifest these tensions between Christian apocalyptic and eschatological thinking, collectively reflecting a shared Christian cultural commitment to supersessionist representations of Jews and Judaism as end-of-time witnesses at the Christian Eschaton.

Prymusove vydvorennia inozemtsiv ta osib bez hromadianstva yak zakhid administratyvnoho prymusu

The questions of legal regulation of the legal institute of forced expulsion of foreigners and stateless persons as a measure of administrative coercion by the authorized state bodies, taking into account recent innovations in the legislation, are studied. The analysis of administrative and legal theoretical positions on the understanding of the institute of forced expulsion of illegal migrants from the territory of the state is carried out. It is noted that this procedure, taking into account individual components of the legal regulation of this institute is implemented in the activities of authorized subjects and consists in the removal of an illegal migrant outside the territory of the state and is a separate group of social relations of migratory nature. It is argued that forced expulsion is an effective measure of administrative coercion, which is used in many countries of the world, and is one of the ways to combat offenses committed by foreigners and stateless persons. Attention is drawn to the inappropriateness of the use of the term «administrative expulsion», which is used in the Code of Administrative Offences of Ukraine, because it does not correspond to the actual state of affairs in the legislation. Separately, attention is drawn to the fact that the institute of forced deportation of foreigners and stateless persons outside the territory of Ukraine is aimed at achieving the result of migration law and order. The position on the inadmissibility of interpreting the provision that «the use by citizens of illegal ways of departure abroad puts them outside the social and legal protection» is supported, and emphasis is placed on the need to comply with generally recognized principles of human rights and freedoms in the application of forced expulsion procedures. The conclusion that a clear definition of the concept of forced deportation of foreigners and stateless persons from Ukraine allows to legislate uniform procedural procedures for proceedings on these categories of cases, which in turn will eliminate certain problematic issues in the service activities of public authorities, which apply it.

The Guarantee of Human Rights, who are Subordinated to Forced Expulsion by the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine

The article investigates the issues of legal implementation of guarantees of rights and freedoms of persons who are subordinated to forced expulsion in international law, their essence and legal regulation in the European Union, regulation of these guarantees under Ukrainian law, procedural order and practice of ensuring rights and freedoms of foreigners and stateless persons who are subordinated to forced expulsion by the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine and its task on the legality of the use of forced expulsion to foreigners and stateless persons. It is emphasized that this action is an effective mean of state coercion, which is used in many countries around the world, and is one of the ways to combat offenses committed by foreigners and stateless persons. Attention was paid to the importance of compliance with the rules of jurisdiction during the decision of the forced expulsion of foreigners and stateless persons, preventing the relevant decision by an incompetent authority or on inappropriate grounds. The right to immediately inform a legal expert, the right to an interpreter, the possibility to appeal the decision and the special guarantees provided by the legislation about legal status of alliance and stateless persons are guaranteed to the human rights during forced deportation. It is emphasized that any decision about foreigners and stateless persons expulsion must be individual, i.e. it must be based on a reasonable and objective consideration of the specific cases of each foreigner or stateless person. The decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and Ukrainian courts where violations of the rights of persons during the application of the procedure of forced expulsion were recorded, are analysed. It is approved that the issue of guarantees of the rights of persons who are subordinated to forced expulsion has been decided in negotiation with international and European legislation, but improvement of the efficiency of legal regulation and practical implementation of forced expulsion by the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine is impossible without eliminating shortcomings and gaps in legal framework, as well as improving staff training on these issues.

No place like home? The International Organization for Migration and the new political imaginary of deportation

ABSTRACT Programmes to encourage the return of migrants living with irregular status are prominent in many OECD countries. Bearing titles like ‘assisted voluntary return and reintegration’ (AVRR), they are often rationalized as a more humane alternative to forced deportation. Critics question their voluntariness, suggesting they are actually an extension of the deportation apparatus. While broadly sympathetic to these criticisms, this paper offers a novel perspective on AVRR. We argue AVRR is reshaping what we call the political imaginary of deportation. Focusing on the International Organization for Migration (IOM), a leading architect of AVRR, we insist scholars take seriously the visual images and narratives through which voluntary return is discursively constructed. First, we discuss the political imaginary, and clarify what this concept brings to deportation studies. Second, we present a mapping of the political imaginary of deportation as this appears within IOM information campaigns concerning AVRR. We organize this material i­n terms of three analytics: returnees as activists, return journeys as homecoming, and deportation as self-reinvention. In the eyes of many activists and migrants, deportation has very negative and painful connotations. We show that IOM reimagines the landscape of deportation in a positive light. We call this move the deportation twist.

Forced deportation of children under international humanitarian law

Countries, regardless of their status or power, seek to emerge as a nation that defends and contributes to the advancement of human rights and children's rights. Perhaps one of the most important human rights is not to expel anyone from their homeland by any means, in addition to trying to show their respect for their obligations under humanitarian conventions that prohibit forced expulsion. In seeking to impose sanctions on those who violate this right, the international community has long worked on the development of instruments prohibiting forced deportation, including international humanitarian law, which criminalizes deportation and forced expulsion.

The Theme of Exile in the Twentieth-Century Russian Translations of Michelangelo’s Poems on Dante

The most famous Renaissance artist Michelangelo Buonarroti, widely known for his achievements in the visual arts, was also a prolific writer; he wrote a large number of sonnets, madrigals, and poems (more than three hundred), which were published posthumously under the title Rime (‘Rimes’). During the last two centuries, were translated into Russian several times (by Kuzmin, Efros, Voznesenskij, Solonovič, Markov, and Kulle. This paper examines and compares the translations of two Michelangelo’ sonnets which are addressed to Dante and treat the topic of exile and were prepared by the art historian and translator Abram Efros in the 1930s and the poet Andrej Voznesenskij in 1974. In the 1970s, Dmitrij Šostakovič composed a suite for bass and orchestra (No. 13) by using Efros’ translation of Michelangelo’s sonnets, and he also asked Voznesenskij to make a new translation. It is accepted that the composer’s wider intention was to speak about Solženicyn; unlike poetic works, in the Soviet Union of the time, poetic translation was, in fact, a means to express something that could not be said otherwise. Russian translators modified Michelangelo’s poetic works by intervening in the text and introducing words or removing passages, thereby approaching the Italian original in a selective way and hiding their personal feelings behind Michelangelo’s and Dante’s. Exile was a productive literary topic. Neither Efros nor Šostakovič nor Voznesenskij experienced forced exile; the same is true for Michelangelo who, in his poems, expresses his admiration for Dante and says that he himself went into voluntary exile in Rome, and worked under the patronage of several pontiffs. Notably, all these authors reconstructed the discourse on exile in an idealised form; as it was for Dante, no one is a prophet in his own land – talents and accomplishments are highly regarded by everyone except those at home.

Axiological Foundations of the Family in the Religious and Philosophical Thought and Publicism of Russian Emigration

This article analyzes the problem of preserving national traditions in the religious and philosophical thought and publicism of Russian emigration under the conditions of forced exile by the example of the oeuvre of N.S. Arsenyev, N.O. Lossky, and others. The central aspect of the study is the axiological foundations of family education. The article reveals the main principles providing, according to the said authors, high spiritual potential of family education, predominating of which being the creative foundations of evangelical piety.

Disrupted identities and forced nomads: A post-disaster legacy of neocolonialism in the island of Barbuda, Lesser Antilles

In the aftermath of the forced evacuation of the island of Barbuda due to Hurricane Irma, the Barbudan people have experienced an exile and return to a ‘new’ geographical, political, and economic context, albeit on the same island. With the specter of climate change and the potential impacts on island communities and nations, we use Barbuda, sister island of Antigua in the Lesser Antilles, to examine the trajectory of nomadic identities as they navigate changes that threaten contemporary land relationships and culture. Since its first permanent settlement in the 17th Century, the island geography of Barbuda has been fundamental to Barbudan identity and provided continuity into modern Barbudan culture. The breaking down of this close relationship with the land and the introduction of a tourism monoculture reduces Barbuda’s ability to respond to crises such as hurricanes and pandemics. In the challenge of a post-disaster economic context, we will address the conditions pushing Barbudans towards a nomadic identity. We will discuss the nomadic in terms of forced exile and subsequent return to an island changed both by a severe weather event and subsequent policy that is disruptive to Barbudan identity, sovereignty, and way of life.

Othering and disillusionment in Laila Lalami’s The Other Americans

ABSTRACT The question of identity (re)constructions across different locations is central to diasporic literature. Voluntary or forced exile, diasporic characters participate in different cultural identity processes, attempting, for example, to break through solid walls of excolonial stereotypes, superiority and subjugation constructs. In this context, Laila Lalami casts light on the overshadowed and silenced stories of the displaced migrant in seminal works as Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits, Secret Son, the Moor’s Account and The Other Americans. The Other Americans recounts the story of a Moroccan migrant family whose hope of an American dream comes to break on the shores of a reality of being ‘Othered’; relegated to a lower status by the white-dominated society. In this vein, this paper seeks to study how these issues are represented in relation to the articulation and negotiation of ‘new identities’ and how disillusioned they become in a host society which is not less barren and mirage-like than the Mojave Desert itself.