Force Strain Research Articles

Improving Readiness: Preventive Maintenance of the Human Operating System that Drives Readiness and Lethality.

Improving the readiness and lethality of the U.S. fighting forces has always been a key priority, and it received renewed emphasis in the National Defense Authorization Act of 2017. A major rearrangement of the Defense Health Agency and the Military Health System is ongoing with this emphasis. Although revising features to improve our military health service is essential, the health, well-being, and readiness of our people will also rely on the culture created at the Command level where soldiers, sailors, airmen and civilians operate daily. In alignment with our military health care community and in support of our renewed emphasis on warfighting readiness, USS Missouri began a journey to address foundational mindset that drives the core behaviors, training, and procedures of the submarine force and Naval Nuclear Propulsion Principles leading to enhanced readiness, resilience, and accountability.

Peculiarities of professional training of employees of the federal police and special police forces of Germany

The article considers the peculiarities of professional training of employees of the federal police of the Federal Republic of Germany. The requirements for a candidate for police service have been clarified, as well as the basic standards that must be met by police officers in physical and fire training. Keeping fit is the responsibility of every federal police officer. Therefore, all federal police officers are required to participate in sports. Federal police departments organize regular training courses with specific dates and locations. In addition, police officers are encouraged to train outside of office hours to keep fit. And this is justified, because the federal police have to be tested annually in the sprint and endurance zone. The minimum requirements are based on the achievements of the German sports badge of the "Silver" category. The German Sports Badge (DSA) is an award from the German Olympic Sports Confederation. This is the highest award outside of competitive sports and is given as a sign of achievement for average and versatile physical performance. The standards to be met are based on basic motor skills, endurance, strength, speed and coordination. Swimming is always a must. In some federal states, the presence of such a mark in the applicant is a condition of recruitment to the police. The peculiarities of professional training of special police forces are analyzed, including special operations teams, mobile target groups, negotiating groups, technical target groups and the Special Unit of the Federal Border Guard Service. Of particular note is the last of them, designed to combat terrorism and hostage-taking. Functional interchangeability promotes high combat effectiveness and coordination of actions of fighters. Therefore, each of them must have as many specialties as possible: sniper, demolition worker, search dog guide, liaison officer, paramedic, driver. Fighters also study foreign languages, as they often have to negotiate with terrorists in their native language.

Effects of Horizontal Impeding Force Gait Training on Older Adult Push-Off Intensity.

Aging and many gait pathologies are often characterized by deficits in push-off intensity (i.e., propulsive ground reaction forces and peak ankle moment and power output) during walking. Unfortunately, conventional interventions such as progressive resistance training, designed to enhance calf muscle mechanical output, generally fail to translate strength gains to functional improvements in habitual push-off intensity. Horizontal impeding forces applied to the body's center of mass systematically augment the mechanical output required from muscle-tendon units spanning the ankle during the push-off phase of walking, which could convey long-term benefits via training. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the preliminary efficacy of a 6-wk horizontal impeding force training paradigm on improving habitual push-off intensity in 11 healthy but not physically active older adults (age = 76 ± 4 yr, 6 females and 5 males). We found that older adults significantly (P < 0.05) increased measures of isometric strength by 18%, maximum walking speed by 10%, and 6-min walk test distance by 9% as a result of horizontal impeding force training. As a more clinically significant contribution of this work, we found that those subjects also increased habitual peak ankle moment and peak ankle power during push off after training by a significant 10% and 15%, respectively (P ≤ 0.036). We conclude that the use of horizontal impeding forces in older adults improves their maximum muscular and walking capacities while encouraging access to newfound strength gains, thereby improving habitual push-off intensity during walking.

Effect Of Respiratory Training On Vas Pain Rating And Via Thickness In Patients Withrating And Via Thickness In Patients With Chronic Non-specific Lumber Pain

PURPOSE: Non-specific low back pain(NLBP) is defined as a lumber pain that does not belong to an identifiable specific pathology. The probability of experiencing lumber pain in one's lifetime is as high as 84 %. According to the most accurate estimate, the prevalence of NLBP is 23 %, and 11 % of them have disabilities as a result. Compared with conventional physical therapy methods, core strength training can effectively relieve patients 'pain. Due to the overlap of the core muscle group and respiratory muscle in the anatomical structure, there is also a certain relationship in its function. But it is easy to ignore the training of respiratory muscle during the core force training. Therefore, this study compared the effect between respiratory training combined with core strength training and single core strength training in patients with NLBP, in order to confirm the effect of respiratory training on NLBP. METHODS: 26 patients with NLBP were equitably distributed into observation group and control group according to random number table method. All the patients were taken in 3*40min exercise intervention for 8 weeks. The observation group adopted breath training combined with core strength training, while the control group only conducted core strength training. The VAS score measured with pain visual analog scale (VAS) and the thickness of transverse abdominis of patients were determined with Bone Ultrasound Instrumentbefore and after the intervention. RESULTS: The difference of VAS scores (4.40±1.30 vs. 4.45±1.29,P=0.92)and thickness of transverse abdominis (0.35±0.03 vs.0.37±0.03,P=0.12)between groups were not obvious before intervention. But VAS score in observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (3.20±1.15 vs. 4.18±1.17,P<0.05), and the thickness in myalgia side of transverse abdominis was significantly higher than that in the control group (0.42±0.03 vs. 0.39±0.01,P=0.00) after intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of respiratory training combined with core strength training on patients with NLBP is significantly better than that of the single core strength training, suggesting that respiratory training plays an important role in the treatment of NLBP.

TorchANI: A Free and Open Source PyTorch-Based Deep Learning Implementation of the ANI Neural Network Potentials.

This paper presents TorchANI, a PyTorch-based program for training/inference of ANI (ANAKIN-ME) deep learning models to obtain potential energy surfaces and other physical properties of molecular systems. ANI is an accurate neural network potential originally implemented using C++/CUDA in a program called NeuroChem. Compared with NeuroChem, TorchANI has a design emphasis on being lightweight, user friendly, cross platform, and easy to read and modify for fast prototyping, while allowing acceptable sacrifice on running performance. Because the computation of atomic environmental vectors and atomic neural networks are all implemented using PyTorch operators, TorchANI is able to use PyTorch's autograd engine to automatically compute analytical forces and Hessian matrices, as well as do force training without requiring any additional codes. TorchANI is open-source and freely available on GitHub: https://github.com/aiqm/torchani.

Analysis of the Force-Velocity Profile in Female Ballet Dancers.

Jumping ability has been identified as one of the best predictors of dance performance. The latest findings in strength and conditioning research suggest that the relationship between force and velocity mechanical capabilities, known as the force-velocity profile, is a relevant parameter for the assessment of jumping ability. In addition, previous investigations have suggested the existence of an optimal force-velocity profile for each individual that maximizes jump performance. Given the abundance of ballistic actions in ballet (e.g., jumps and changes of direction), quantification of the mechanical variables of the force-velocity profile could be beneficial for dancers as a guide to specific training regimens that can result in improvement of either maximal force or velocity capabilities. The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical variables of the force-velocity profile during jumping in different company ranks of ballet dancers. Eighty-seven female professional ballet dancers (age: 18.94 ± 1.32 years; height: 164.41 ± 8.20 cm; weight: 56.3 ± 5.86 kg) showed high force deficits (> 40%) or low force deficits (10% to 40%) regardless of their company rank. Our results suggest that dance training mainly develops velocity capabilities, and due to the high number of dramatic elevations that dance performance requires, supplemental individualized force training may be beneficial for dancers. The individualization of training programs addressed to the direction of each individual's imbalance (high force or low force) could help dancers and their teachers to improve jump height and therefore dance performance.

Reforma del sector defensa en África: el caso de Nigeria durante la Cuarta República, 1999-2016

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la Reforma del Sector Defensa (RSD) en Nigeria durante la Cuarta República, en especial, su impacto en cuatro áreas estratégicas: relaciones cívico-militares, diseño de estructura de la fuerza, entrenamiento y gestión estratégica del personal militar y modernización de los sistemas de armas. Asimismo, se evalúa el rol de los militares en la política africana desde la independencia, como también la organización de las Fuerzas Armadas de Nigeria durante los períodos colonial y postcolonial. Finalmente, esta investigación revisa las consecuencias de la RSD y su impacto en la política exterior nigeriana hacia África

Study on the Adoption of Competence as a Purpose of the Training of Forces

Abstract In recent decades, a new paradigm marks the conceptual transformation through which competencies take the place of objectives in education, in general and in training and professional development, in particular. It becomes necessary and useful to analyze the necessity, possibility and opportunity of focusing the instruction on competences. Thus they acquire, in an integrative way, the triple state of a referential system for quality and performance in the military actions, of the objective of the instructive-formative process, and of the result of learning.

Intimate partner violence within Australian Defence Force families: an exploratory study

International studies indicate a growing problem of intimate partner violence within military families. Despite this, there has been little research into intimate partner violence perpetrated by Australian Defence Force personnel or veterans. A thematic analysis of secondary data was conducted to explore the organisational and social drivers that influence intimate partner violence occurrences by Australian Defence Force personnel, and how the Australian Defence Force enforces its zero-tolerance policy on domestic violence perpetration. Results revealed that the Australian Defence Force and Department of Veteran Affairs made no statements regarding intimate partner violence as a problem for military personnel, despite this study indicating that this population are at a greater risk of perpetration. The Australian Defence Force attributed intimate partner violence causation to ‘abnormal’ individuals or situations. This ignores the culture of hypermasculinity and emphasis on operational effectiveness that was enforced during Australian Defence Force training, and that emerged as a continuous theme throughout the results.

SO065TYPE OF EXERCISE INTERVENTION AND MUSCLE FUNCTIONS IN CHRONIC HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

Abstract Background and Aims Decreased exercise capacity due to muscle weakness and exercise intolerance reduces the ability to perform activities of daily living in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Data on exercise type in dialysis population and its muscle effects are scarce. We aimed to determine the impact of training type (strength, resistance and mixed) on cardiovascular performance, muscle function (strength-speed parameters, electrophysiological function of muscles) in patients on hemodialysis maintenance. Method Eighty six dialysis patients underwent claster randomisation and were assigned to an exercise intervention groups: A - controlled endurance training during haemodialysis using rotors (MOTOmed letto2), B - controlled force training (resistance), C - Tai Chi training on non dialysis days. Intervention lasted 6 months, 3 times a week (A, B) and 2 times a week (C) for 60 minutes. The outcome measures were spiroergometry (VO2/VO2max), strength of the lower limbs and electromyographic examination. Values at the baseline and 6 months later were compared. Results 45 patients completed intervention period and were analysed. Mean age in group A was 64±12y (n-16), in B was 60,5±10y. (n-15) and in C – 68,5±9y. (n-14). Patients did not differ markedly between groups in term of sex, BMI, dialysis vintage and comorbidities. After 6 months of training, VO2 and VO2max increased significantly only in group B (resistance training) Δ12.7 % for VO2 and 12.9% for VO2max but not in A and C group (Fig.1.). Regarding force torque of quadriceps (ΔPT) in isometric conditions the highest peak values were measured in group B (resistance training), namely increase by 13.6% (p=0.0004) in right (R) and 14% (p&amp;lt;0.0001) in left (L); in group A (endurance) 3.2% in R and 3.7% in L; in group C (Tai Chi group) by 7% (p&amp;lt;0.05) in R and 6.8% (p&amp;lt;0.05) in L. In terms of changes in electrophysiological function of right (QEMG_R) and left (QEMG_L) quadriceps, there were increases: for group A by 10.5% (p&amp;lt;0.0001) and 9.6% (p&amp;lt;0.05); B 9.7% (p=0.0002) and 20.1% (p=0.0001); for C by 4.5% and 6.2% for R and L, respectively (Fig.2). In groups B and C significant increases in static force moments (Δ%PT) was associated with increases in electrophysiological action (Δ%QEMG), but in group A increase in EMG activity did not correspond with rise in muscle force (Fig.2). Conclusion Differences in muscle strength and functions were observed after 6 months of various type of exercise intervention in dialysis patients. Resistance training during dialysis showed the largest improvement in cardiorespiratory function and isometric leg muscle strength.

THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON EDUCATION IN AFRICA: A RESOLUTION FROM THE ARISTOTELIAN PERSPECTIVE

Africa over the years has been struggling to catch up with other continents in terms of educational advancement. Many theories have been postulated in attempts to fashion out a better course for education in the continent. In spite of these attempts, Africa still lags behind. This work through a critical analysis aims at showing the great part culture has played in the slow growth of education in the continent. The work argues that some aspects of African (Nigeria specifically) culture need to be done away with, if education must thrive well in the continent. The work therefore, advocates the use of ‘force training’ as Aristotle postulated in his Nicomachean Ethics to change these dysfunctional aspects of culture so that the functional one would blossom. It is when this is done that education will blossom in Nigeria as well as in other countries.

PANNA: Properties from Artificial Neural Network Architectures

Prediction of material properties from first principles is often a computationally expensive task. Recently, artificial neural networks and other machine learning approaches have been successfully employed to obtain accurate models at a low computational cost by leveraging existing example data. Here, we present a software package “Properties from Artificial Neural Network Architectures” (PANNA) that provides a comprehensive toolkit for creating neural network models for atomistic systems following the Behler–Parrinello topology. Besides the core routines for neural network training, it includes data parser, descriptor builder for Behler–Parrinello class of symmetry functions and force-field generator suitable for integration within molecular dynamics packages. PANNA offers a variety of activation and cost functions, regularization methods, as well as the possibility of using fully-connected networks with custom size for each atomic species. PANNA benefits from the optimization and hardware-flexibility of the underlying TensorFlow engine which allows it to be used on multiple CPU/GPU/TPU systems, making it possible to develop and optimize neural network models based on large datasets. Program summaryProgram title: PANNA — Properties from Artificial Neural Network ArchitecturesCPC Library link to program files:http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/mcryj6cnnh.1Licensing provisions: MITProgramming language: Python, C++Nature of problem: A workflow for machine learning atomistic properties and interatomic potentials using neural networks.Solution method: This package first transforms the user supplied data into pairs of precomputed input (Behler–Parrinello [1] class of symmetry functions) and target output (energy and forces) for the neural network model. The data are then packed to enable efficient reading. A user-friendly interface to TensorFlow [2] is provided to instantiate and train neural network models with varying architectures within Behler–Parrinello topology and with varying training schedules. The training can be monitored and validated with the provided tools. The derivative of the target output with respect to the input can also be used jointly in training, e.g. in the case of energy and force training. The interface with molecular dynamics codes such as LAMMPS [3] allows the neural network model to be used as an interatomic potential.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The underlying neural network training engine, TensorFlow, is a prerequisite of PANNA. While there is a special LAMMPS integration performed via a patch distributed within PANNA, the network potentials can be deposited into OpenKIM [4] database and can be used with a wide range of molecular dynamics codes.The package allows different network architectures to be used for each atomic species, with different trainability setting for each network layer. It provides tools of exchanging weights between atomic species, and provides the option of building a Radial Basis Function network. The software is parallelized to take advantage of hardware architectures with multiple CPU/GPU/TPUs.

A digital hardware implementation of spiking neural networks with binary FORCE training

The brain, a network of spiking neurons, can learn complex dynamics by adapting its spontaneous chaotic activity. One of the dominant approaches used to train such a network, the FORCE method, has recently been applied to spiking neural networks. This method employs a pool of randomly connected spiking neurons, called a reservoir, to create chaos and uses the recursive least square (RLS) method to change its dynamic to what is required to follow a teacher signal. Here, we propose a digital hardware architecture for spiking FORCE with some modifications to the original method. First, to reduce the memory usage in hardware implementation, we show that careful binarization of the reservoir weights could preserve its initial chaotic activity. Second, we generate the connection matrix on-the-fly instead of storing the whole matrix. Third, a single processor systolic array implementation of the RLS using the inverse QR decomposition is exploited to update the readout layer weights. This implementation is not only more hardware-friendly but also more numerically stable in reduced precision than the standard RLS implementation. Fourth, we implement the design in both single and custom-precision floating-point number systems. Finally, we implement a network of 510 Izhikevic neurons on a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA with 32, 24, and 18 bits floating-point numbers. To confirm the correctness of our architecture, we successfully train our hardware using three different teacher signals.

Можливі підходи до оцінювання ефективності бойової підготовки військових частин надводних сил Військово-Морських Сил Збройних Сил України

Surface Forces of the Navy can and should act in conjunction with the coast guard of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (CS SBG) to address priority tasks at sea, which in turn requires certain joint combat training (CT) activities. The system of combat training of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) is facing an urgent scientific and practical task of improving the air defense system, which will ensure the acquisition of an appropriate level of readiness of the Surface Forces of the Navy to jointly accomplish missions with the CS SBG.The purpose of the article is to reveal the need for the introduction of joint training of the defense forces in the system of CT, which will be aimed at acquiring the capabilities of joint performance of tasks by the military units of the Surface Forces of the Navy and the CS SBG.An analysis of the capabilities of the Surface Forces of the Navy and CS SBG to accomplish their tasks shows that there are tasks that must be successfully accomplished by the joining of the forces and means of these forces.For the effective fulfillment of such tasks that it is necessary to combine ships (boats) of the Surface Forces of the Navy and CS SBG into groups of ships, which in form and methods of application will meet the tasks assigned to them, and will be ready to act both independently and in the groupings. In turn, the joint performance of tasks within such groups additionally requires a special CT component of the defense forces, and the level of combat capability of the Navy's military units should ensure the ability to perform the tasks in conjunction with the CS SBG.The effectiveness of the military units of the Surface Forces of the Navy should be determined by the level of management of the aircraft by the subjects of training and the level of training of the objects of training, taking into account the acquired properties as a result of the implementation of the joint Defense Force. A structural diagram of the evaluation of the effectiveness of the military unit of the Surface Forces of the Navy is presented, taking into account the introduction of joint training of the defense forces.

Examining the Relation Between the Physical Features of 10–12 Year-Old Male Tennis Players and the Speeds of the Service Strikes

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between the physical characteristics of male tennis players who were aged 10&amp;ndash;12 and their service strike speeds. A total of 13 licensed male tennis players (mean age 10.1&amp;plusmn;0.1 years, mean height 1.46&amp;plusmn;.06 m, mean body weight 38.7&amp;plusmn;1.8 kg, mean sporting age 4.7&amp;plusmn;0.3 years) who played at Middle East Technical University Tennis Club participated in the study. The demographic, anthropometric, (width, length, circumference, and subcutaneous fat) and ball speed measurements of the tennis players were taken and recorded. The data were analyzed by using the &amp;ldquo;Descriptive Statistics&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;Pearson Correlation&amp;rdquo; in the Statistical Package Program. When length measurements were examined, it was determined that although there was a positive relation between ball speeds and hand length (p&amp;lt;0.05); a negative relation was detected between the other measurements (p&amp;gt;0.05). When the width measurements were evaluated, it was determined that although there was a positive relation between ball speeds and chest, elbow and wrist widths (p&amp;lt;0.05); a negative relation was detected between the other measurements (p&amp;gt;0.05). In terms of the circumferences, although a positive relation was detected between ball speeds and arm contraction, chest, chest inspiration, and chest expiration circumference (p&amp;lt;0.05); a negative relation was detected between the other circumference measurements (p&amp;gt;0.05). When subcutaneous fat measurements were examined, it was determined that there was a negative relation between ball speeds (p&amp;gt;0.05). As a result, when previous studies and literature were examined, it was determined that many studies emphasized that the factors that affect the service speed of young tennis players have a positive relationship with age. It is obvious that the strength features, and depending on this, anthropometric properties improve with age. It is considered that special force and technical training drills, regardless of the age category, may affect the speed and accuracy of the service strike in tennis. Our study offers a different perspective to coaches on this subject.

ОКРЕМІ АСПЕКТИ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ІМІТАЦІЙНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ У ПІДГОТОВЦІ СКЛАДОВИХ СЕКТОРУ БЕЗПЕКИ І ОБОРОНИ УКРАЇНИ

До арсеналу усіх ланок управління збройних сил провідних країн світу увійшов досвід застосування різноманітних систем моделювання дій військ (сил), сфера використання яких є одним з пріоритетів, пов’язаних із підвищенням ефективності їх застосування. В умовах оптимізації витрат на військову сферу та активізації діяльності суспільства щодо зменшення негативного впливу підготовки військ (сил) на довкілля експерти бачать, що подальше підвищення її інтенсивності та ефективності полягає передусім в комп’ютеризації процесів підготовки особового складу та органів управління. З цією метою застосовують різноманітні тренажери, імітатори та моделювальні навчальні системи. Застосування тактичних військових ігор є важливим видом індивідуальної підготовки солдатів та офіцерів. Крім створення реалістичного образу імовірного противника, за їх допомогою можливі відтворення реалістичної багатовимірної картини сучасного бою, вдосконалення тактики ведення бойових дій, підготовка до дій у будь-яких природно-географічних умовах, відновлення морально-психологічного стану військовослужбовців, які беруть участь у бойових діях. Тактичні військові ігри є одним із простих способів використання засобів імітаційного моделювання, що дозволяє зменшити витрати на організацію та проведення навчань (тренувань) і створення нових тренажерних комплексів (симуляторів). Основною перевагою тактичних військових ігор є відсутність реальної загрози для життя і здоров’я навчальної аудиторії, наближеність психологічних умов віртуальної реальності до бойових, що дає можливість набути досвіду ведення військових операцій завчасно, без істотних матеріальних витрат і ризику для життя. Автор розкриває перспективи поєднання за допомогою ресурсів розподіленого моделювання тренажерів тактичного й оперативно-тактичного рівня. Такий підхід сприятиме впровадженню комплексних програм підготовки з використанням ресурсів імітаційного моделювання в органах управління різного рівня та можливості вдосконалення індивідуальних навичок особового складу. Імітаційне моделювання нині стало потужним інструментом: в усьому світі його використовують для підготовки командирів та штабів до дій під час планування та ведення сучасних операцій. Використання систем імітаційного моделювання дає змогу посадовим особам органів військового управління у реальному масштабі часу набути практичних навичок із виконання процедур управління частинами і підрозділами у реальній бойовій обстановці, а в разі потреби – із корегування прийнятого рішення.

Effect of Voluntary and Forced Training with Royal Jelly Consumption on Learning and Spatial Memory of Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Background: One of the age-related disorders is Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) that impairs learning and memory. It appears that the use of non-pharmacological methods due to fewer complications can help improve the memory process. Objectives: The present study aimed to review the effect of voluntary and forced training with Royal Jelly (RJ) consumption on learning and spatial memory of rats with AD. Methods: We divided 46 rats with AD into seven groups of eight rats including (1) RJ, (2) voluntary training, (3) forced training, (4) forced training with RJ, (5) voluntary training with RJ, (6) control, and (7) sham. During eight weeks, groups 1, 4, and 5 received RJ 100 mg/kg daily; groups 2 and 5 ran on running wheels for three sessions of 60 min per week and groups 3 and 4 swam for three sessions of 60 min per week. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, learning and spatial memory were measured by the shuttle box and Y maze, respectively. Shapiro-Wilk, one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA test with Bonferroni’s post hoc test were used for data analysis (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Training and RJ had significant effects on the increase of Step-Through Latency (STL) (P ≤ 0.05) and the Percentage of Alteration (PA) (P ≤ 0.05), as well as the decrease of Time spent in Dark Compartment (TDC) (P ≤ 0.05). Training and RJ consumption had a significant interactive effect on the decrease of TDC (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: It appears that training simultaneously with RJ consumption has interactive effects on improving memory in rats with AD.

Buscando al eslabón perdido del desarrollo tecnológico

Este trabajo aborda la pregunta –ciertamente ubicua en Argentina– acerca de qué obstáculos encuentran desarrollos tecnológicos, que lograron ser comercializados en alguna oportunidad, para llegar a producirse en series cortas o escalar, en el mejor de los casos, hacia la producción masiva. Se centra el análisis de este artículo en los simuladores de tiro para armas portátiles de CITEDEF –que son demandados para la formación y el entrenamiento de Fuerzas Armadas y de Seguridad argentinas–. Estos artefactos tecnológicos, que son el objeto de estudio en este artículo, integran informática, electrónica, óptica y mecanizado de armas. Merced a requerimientos específicos (legales, normativos y sociales) de cada organismo-usuario, múltiples versiones de estos simuladores han sido producidas ad hoc durante años. Se destaca en este artículo, por un lado, la relevancia de la interacción entre diseño e implementación de política pública y, por otro, la importancia de abordar la dinámica industrial de los simuladores para mejor comprender su desarrollo tecnológico.

Improving the Effectiveness and Demand for Educational Programs in Financial Technologies

The research purpose is to develop proposals for improving the quality of education in the field of innovative financial technologies.Methods. The following methods were used in the research: theoretical methods, including review and analytical study, comparison and generalization methods, as well as empirical methods, such as expert assessments (questionnaire survey), and statistical methods (statistical observation). Conclusion. Analyzing the respondents’ assessment, the data were obtained that allowed revealing that in practice, the development of the labor market associated with digitalization faced certain problems. In particular, it was revealed that, despite the potential value of improving the quality of education in the field of financial technologies, increasing the level of knowledge and competencies, there was a problem associated with reducing jobs, which in turn increased an opportunity for developing the labor market. Based on the results obtained, conclusions were formulated demonstrating the relationship between the quality of training of labor forces and innovative changes in the economy within the educational process and educational programs.

The Role of Forced and Voluntary Training on Accumulation of Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule and Polysialic Acid in Muscle of Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

It has been suggested that depletion of adhesion molecules is one of the factors associated with or possibly responsible for multiple sclerosis (MS) progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of forced and voluntary training before and after induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) on accumulation of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and polysialic acid (PSA) in neuromuscular junction denervation in plantaris and soleus muscles in C57BL/6 female mice. A total of 40 female C57BL/6 mice, 10-week-old, were randomly divided into four groups, including induced control groups without EAE induction, induced EAE without training, and forced and voluntary training groups. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35–55 (300 μg in saline; MOG 35–55; KJ Ross-Petersen ApS, Denmark) was injected subcutaneously at the base of the tail of each mouse. Clinical assessment of EAE was performed daily using a 15-point scoring system following immunization. Training groups performed the swimming program for 30 min/day, 5 times/week, for 4 weeks. Mice had access to a treadmill for one hour per day, 5times/week, for 4 weeks in individual cage. The mice were scarified, and the plantaris and soleus muscles were then isolated for investigation of proteins expression using IHC. An analysis of the preventive exercise (before) and recovery exercise (after) of the EAE was performed. Images of the stained sections were taken using a fluorescent microscope. Quantitative image analysis was performed using ImageJ software package. The obtained data from the mean percentage expression of PSA and NCAM in pre- and post-soleus and plantaris muscles showed that the highest and lowest expression levels of PSA and NCAM belonged to control and swim EAE (SE) groups, respectively. The low expression levels of PSA and NCAM were detected in rat with MS without intervention. In conclusion, the relationship between increasing levels of NCAM and PSA protein expression and voluntary and compulsory activity were detectable both in pre and post-soleus and plantaris. However, voluntary activity resulted in more expression levels of NCAM and PSA than that of compulsory. In conclusion, since it has been suggested that depletion of NCAM is one of the factors associated with or possibly responsible for MS progression, these findings show exercise MS progression may be reduced by increasing expression of exercise-related adhesion molecule such as NCAM and PSA (a glycan modification of the NCAM).