Ground Forces Research Articles

Footstep localization and force estimation through structural vibrations using the FEEL Algorithm

Locating individuals within a space has numerous potential uses within a smart environment. Many different technologies have been explored towards this end though privacy-concerns, the need to wear a device, and/or extensive building modifications have presented challenges towards adoption. Structural vibrations caused by footsteps have been shown to overcome these challenges though current methods rely on time-of-flight variations. This paper presents the use of the Force Estimation and Event Localization (FEEL) Algorithm that utilizes lower sampling rates, less sensors, etc than time-of-flight methods towards locating persons. Improvements to FEEL’s force estimation and SDFE localization method are additionally presented with demonstrated increases in accuracy. Analysis of 1100 footsteps resulted in 98.6% localization accuracy using the improved FEEL. Ground force reactions (GRF) were estimated by FEEL and used to estimate participant body–weight-ratios (BWR). Estimated BWRs were within ranges reported in previous works for both barefoot and shoe cases.

Producing the military urban(s): Interoperability, space-making, and epistemic distinctions between military services in urban operations

Urban wars represent one – perhaps the – phenomenon in which war and cities take particular form in and through each other. With the epistemics of this reciprocal relationship being less studied, this article brings together the discourses on urban war and military interoperability respectively. Both discourses emphasise the question of knowledge. A shared geographic knowledge held by the service branches involved in a joint operation is considered key for interoperability to arise. In the urban wars discourse, the need and difficulty of ‘knowing’ the urban are stressed. However, we know less about whether military services involved in a joint urban operation produce distinct geographic knowledges and, if so, with what effects. With inspiration from critical scholarship on military geographies and from works on the history and geography of knowledge, this article develops a conceptual framework to target the mutually constitutive relationship between military epistemics and urban space in urban war. In it, I make a twofold argument, illustrated with the help of empirical examples from two Israeli joint urban military operations. First, the type of geographic knowledge that military ground and air forces produce as they seek to ‘make known’ particular urban spaces differs due to the services' distinct situatedness and relative distance to the urban environment. The produced types of military geographic knowledge, moreover, do not imply different perspectives on the urban as a pre-existing entity as much as they bring – in distinct fashions – the urban into being.

Принципи фізичної підготовки військовослужбовців сухопутних військ збройних сил США за настановою FМ-7-22

The purpose of the work was to study the structure and content of the Guidelines for Physical Training of the US Army. To solve the goal, the following tasks were formed: to analyze the main components of the guiding document, their tasks and directions of implementation; to determine the basic principles of organization and content of physical training in the ground forces of the US armed forces. Materials and methods. The main materials were scientific articles, archival data, guidelines on the organization, structure and content of physical training in the armed forces of NATO and the United States. To achieve this goal, a set of general scientific research methods was used. First of all, we used the story because it allows us to describe a wide range of issues. At the same time, the use of different sources of information helped to minimize subjective views and judgments, but they preferred literary and documentary sources, using a critical approach to their choice. The formation of a circle of literature sources was carried out after their search in the Scopus, SPORT Discus, Web of Science database. The temporal aspect of the appearance of information on certain topics was also taken into account. Similarly, there was a direct study of printed literature sources, including information from journal articles on lists of used literature. In total, more than 60 sources of information were analyzed, followed by a final review and 28 sources of literature, including 10 foreign authors, the material of which was processed using general scientific methods. With the help of the method – theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, we obtained scientific information on the research topic. Results and discussion. The work determines that the Physical Training Manual consists of three main chapters, which reveal the methodology for organizing physical exercises with military personnel. We have isolated seven principles, according to which the content of physical training classes is formed at different stages of military service and its various conditions. The main direction of all principles is the interdependence of the physical readiness of military personnel and the effectiveness of the performance of combat training tasks. Conclusion. It has been proved that the opinion of the majority of domestic experts on the formation of the content of forms of physical training in the Armed Forces of Ukraine does not differ significantly from the provisions of the governing documents on the physical training of the US Armed Forces

The Efficacy of Airpower in Counterinsurgency

Since 2001, the United States has relied upon air strikes in its global counterterrorism campaign against insurgencies throughout the world. With advances in air strike technology, public opinion growing increasingly intolerant of deployments of ground forces abroad, and the proliferation of terrorist groups around the world, the use of air strikes appears to be the future of US counterterrorism policy. This study tests the efficacy of air strikes as a counterinsurgency tool by geocoordinating US air strike data and merging it with three major databases on conflict events to assess whether air strikes influence the rate of insurgent attacks. Our analysis reveals that air strikes reduce insurgents’ capacity to carry out attacks over the long term. At the same time, air strikes carry a short-term, provocative effect on insurgent attacks when they result in civilian fatalities. Finally, there is some evidence that air strikes increase attack attempts, but these attempts are not always successful, nor directed toward government forces.

Does restricting arm motion compromise short sprint running performance?

BackgroundSynchronized arm and leg motion are characteristic of human running. Leg motion is an obvious gait requirement, but arm motion is not, and its functional contribution to running performance is not known. Because arm-leg coupling serves to reduce rotation about the body’s vertical axis, arm motion may be necessary to achieve the body positions that optimize ground force application and performance. Research questionDoes restricting arm motion compromise performance in short sprints? MethodsSprint performance was measured in 17 athletes during normal and restricted arm motion conditions. Restriction was self-imposed via arm folding across the chest with each hand on the opposite shoulder. Track and field (TF, n = 7) and team sport (TS, n = 10) athletes completed habituation and performance test sessions that included six counterbalanced 30 m sprints: three each in normal and restricted arm conditions. TS participants performed standing starts in both conditions. TF participants performed block starts with extended arms for the normal condition and elevated platform support of the elbows for the crossed-arm, restricted condition. Instantaneous velocity was measured throughout each trial using a radar device. Average sprint performance times were compared using a Repeated Measures ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc tests for the entire group and for the TF and TS subgroups. ResultsThe 30 m times were faster for normal vs. restricted arm conditions, but the between-condition difference was only 1.6% overall and < 0.10 s for the entire group (4.82 ± 0.46 s vs. 4.90 ± 0.46 s, respectively; p < 0.001) and both TF (4.55 ± 0.34 vs. 4.63 ± 0.32 s; p < 0.001) and TS subgroups (5.01 ± 0.46 vs. 5.08 ± 0.47 s; p < 0.001). SignificanceOur findings suggest that when arm motion is restricted, compensatory upper body motions can provide the rotational forces needed to offset the lower body angular momentum generated by the swinging legs. We conclude that restricting arm motion compromised short sprint running performance, but only marginally.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ВОГНЕВОЇ ПІДТРИМКИ БОЮ (ДІЙ) БАТАЛЬЙОНУ (для обговорення)

The article provides proposals for clarification of the terminology used in military publications (doctrinal documents) regarding the planning and support of the battalion’s battle (actions), fire impact on enemy objects, recommendations on the formation, competences and functioning of the combat planning and management body (actions) that are adapted to the standards and procedures of NATO Member States. The conducted study shows that fire damage is not a clear definition of the influence of units’ forces and means on the enemy. The definition of «damage» during the influence of fire means is not accurate and does not reflect the state of the target after the completion of the impact on the enemy’s objects. The issue of fire support for combat (actions), the body of its planning and implementation in military publications are not clearly defined. Thus, the meaningful meaning of what was originally laid in them is not disclosed. Instead of the concept of «enemy fire defeat», the authors propose to replace it with a more objective indicator – «fire influence on the enemy». Under the fire influence on the enemy, the authors propose to understand the impact on the enemy’s object (target) with various ammunition and/or means, according to the results of which it is guaranteed, conditionally guaranteed or not guaranteed to lose its ability to function normally (perform a combat mission). The result of influencing the enemy’s object (target) can be lethal or non-lethal. Instead of the concept of «enemy fire defeat», the authors propose to replace it with a more objective indicator – "fire influence on the enemy". Prospects for the implementation of the results of scientific research obtained at the Scientific Center of the Military Academy (Odessa) can be considered their inclusion after discussion in doctrinal (normative) documents on the combat use of military units and units of the Ground Forces, Assault Forces and Marines of the Naval Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Keywords: fire support, fire damage, control group, artillery, aviation.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПОБУДОВИ ПІДСИСТЕМИ ЗВ’ЯЗКУ ТА АВТОМАТИЗАЦІЇ ТИЛОВИХ НАЗЕМНИХ РОБОТИЗОВАНИХ КОМПЛЕКСІВ В УМОВАХ ГРУПОВОГО ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ

The article discusses the problems associated with the need to use logistic ground robotic systems for the needs of the Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during operations as part of functionally oriented groups. Nowadays the delivery of ammunition and other military equipment to the combat zone is difficult and extremely dangerous for personnel. In the near future, the mass use of ground-based robotic means on the battlefield is expected. At the same time, their effective implementation in the daily activities of troops will have to be carried out through the use of rear ground-based robotic systems during the implementation of transport measures for troops, especially those in the area of fire of the enemy. The group control technologies of robotic vehicles require the use of «additional» communication devices as part of communication subsystems and automation of control of ground-based robotic complexes – the so-called «short-range» communication, to directly solve group problems arising in the process of joint use for the intended purpose. The main direction of research in this area is the use of the latest communication and sensor technologies of group wireless access as part of integrated transport communication and automation subsystems, in which radio network nodes (group members) can communicate directly with each other. Methods for solving the assigned tasks based on the use of «peer-to-peer networks» using communication protocols of the 802.11p standard (DSRC, Dedicated Short Range Communication) – short-range communication technologies are proposed. Keywords: logistic ground robotic complex, logistics support, communication and control automation subsystem, group wireless access technologies, peer-to-peer network, dedicated short range communication.

Sensemaking og transaktive hukommelsessystemer i strid

Sensemaking and dynamics concerning transactive memory systems (TMS) were crucial to the outcome of the battle of Kamdesh, which took place in Afghanistan on October 3rd 2009. A small outpost of predominantly American soldiers suffered an attack by a numerically overwhelming enemy force. The Americans came close to being wiped out but managed to turn the battle in their favor. The article looks at both dynamics inside the unit on the ground, as well as within the emerging team constituted by ground force components and air support. A key takeaway is that sensemaking is a critical process, where poor execution can make a group vulnerable to psychological shock, which in turn could threaten to destroy the group. Furthermore, the article looks at how rotating key personnel in combat areas can impact group performance and survival negatively. Finally, different possibilities for how organizing tasks may develop in emerging teams is explored, finding differences in the emphasis on differentiation and integration of knowledge in various team constellations at work in the battle. In conclusion, the article proposes that optimizing for high team performance outweighs the costs this has for handling more common but less complex and critical combat incidents.

Defence industries and open innovation: ways to increase military capabilities of the Portuguese ground forces

ABSTRACT The European Defence Industry is undergoing profound changes. Industrial activity is now operating on a quintuple helix innovation model with the deep involvement of universities and governments in innovation. In addition, military innovations are being transferred to civil society, with increasing attention paid to the environment. In the first stage, we report on the state-of-the-art of existing research using PRISMA protocol. The PRISMA technique is widely accepted by the academic community for its ability to discover concepts, ideas, and debates about the defence industry. In the second stage, we present a case study involving the Portuguese Defence Industry, for which multiple data collection sources were used to ensure triangulation and corroboration. The results show that, in the light of the quintuple helix innovation model, it was possible to bring applications from theoretical discussion to real life. Moreover, within the scope of the triple helix, it was possible to develop, produce and test military products, allowing to improve the military capacity of ground forces. In the future, ecological concerns will likely increase, so we suggest a greater focus on this area of research.

Analysis of the Stability of the Body in a Standing Position When Shooting at a Stationary Target-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Postural stability of the body depends on many factors. One of them is physical activity. It is especially important in the case of sports or professional work, which combine mobility with the accuracy of a shot in a standing position. The smaller the body fatigue, the more accurate the shot. The aim of the study was the assessment of the impact of physical effort on the center of gravity deflection and length of the COP (center of pressure) path, as well as the reaction of ground forces in people who do not engage in systematic physical activity. The study group included 139 people (23.1 ± 5.2 yr; M: 46.8%; F: 53.2%). The test consisted of performing a static test twice, shooting at the target in a multimedia shooting range. Group X performed the Harvard test between the static tests. Group Y made no effort. The reaction parameters of the ground forces were assessed using the Zebris PDM-L Platform. In Group X performing the Harvard test, an increase in the average COP, VCOP, and 95% confidence ellipse area was noted. The path length and the average velocity of COP speed increased. There were no differences in Group Y (p > 0.05). Physical effort significantly affected the postural stability of the studied people, increasing the average parameters assessing balance when adopting static firing position.

Experimental and Computational Study on the Ground Forces CGF Automation of Wargame Models Using Reinforcement Learning

Wargame is an important tool that enables training units to develop various strategies by allowing them to experience unexpected situations. There are three methodologies that determine the behavior of the Computer Generated Forces(CGF) in wargame—rule-based, agent-based, and learning-based methodologies. The military determines the behaviors of the CGF mainly based on the rules because a doctrine and an operation plan are well established. However, the advent of intelligent weapons and the accompanying changes in tactics will make it difficult to expect an environment and situations of the future battlefield. Therefore, we studied the automation of CGF through reinforcement learning in order to give unexpected situations, so that the training unit would be able to establish various strategies and tactics through the wargame model. Based on the combat functions of the ground forces, we configured multiple environments that the ground forces CGFs will learn in. First, infantry and artillery CGFs learned in the close combat environment, which is the basis of ground forces combat. Second, the trainee CGF learned in the context of military training. Third, the drone CGF learned how to reconnaissance and attack in a multi-drone environment, and finally, the combat service support CGF learned under the mission of supplying ammunition. As a result, we confirmed that the reinforcement learning methodology is applicable to CGF through these experiments.

Comparison of the effect of bioterrorism education through two methods of lecture and booklet on the knowledge and attitude of nurses of Shams Al-Shomus Nezaja Hospital.

BACKGROUND:Today, considering the importance of bioterrorism, it may be time to assess the risk of bioterrorism as an important priority. Nurses, as the broadest group of therapy group, are very influential in this regard. General aim: To determine the impact of bioterrorism education through two methods of lectures and booklets on the knowledge and attitude of nursing staff. Practical Aim: Minimizing the damage caused by bioterrorism attacks by empowering nursing staff.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This two-group semiexperimental intervention study was performed as a before and after education intervention with the participation of 80 nursing staff of Shams Al-Shomus Nezaja Hospital affiliated to Health Administration of Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces. The study population included all hospital nursing staff in 2021. The inclusion criteria included having a willingness and informed consent to participate in the study and exclusion criteria included unwillingness to continue cooperation and failure to complete more than 10% of the questionnaire by the subject. This study was performed on 77 nurses in 2021. The nurses were divided into two groups: lecture and booklet. First, the pretest was completed by the nurses. After the educational intervention, both groups completed the posttest. Both groups then completed the questionnaire again after about 2 weeks. First, all the data were measured for normal distribution by the Kolmogorov–Smirnoff test. Statistical description was expressed for the variables with normal distribution as the ratio of geometric mean ± standard error and for abnormal variables as mean ± standard error. To compare the means of the studied quantitative variables, t-test and Wilcoxon matched-paired statistical tests were used. The significance level was considered <0.05. SPSS.16 and Graph Pad Prism 8.0.1 softwares were used to analyze the statistical data.RESULTS:Using both methods is effective in improving the level of knowledge and betterment attitude, but according to the paired t-test in comparison of the two groups, at intervals immediately after training and 2 weeks after training, a significant increase in the average knowledge score of the lecture group Statistically shows (P < 0.001). However, the analysis of attitude scores was performed between the two groups of lectures and booklets, which did not show statistically significant changes between them.CONCLUSIONS:One of the most important issues in the performance of medical staff in bioterrorism attacks is useful, effective, correct, and sufficient training. According to the results of the present study,bioterrorism training leads to increasing the level of knowledge and betterment the attitude of nurses in the field of bioterrorism. Therefore, the inclusion of training courses in medical centers, especially military medical centers, is necessary and sensitive.

“A Special Form of Making Foreign Policy by the Threat of War to Imperialists”. A Case Study of Military-Political Activity of Central Committee Presidium under N.S. Khrushchev, 1953–1964. Part 2

The results of Khrushchev&amp;apos;s foreign policy can be considered, albeit not in everything and even more modest than planned, on the whole quite successful. To resolve the 2nd Berlin crisis (1958–1963), Khrushchev in 1960 reduced the Soviet ground forces by a third, thereby trying to encourage the United States to reduce its military presence in Europe. However, at the Paris Summit of the heads of the 4 powers (1960), due to the active opposition of France and Germany, he failed to push through an agreement on West Berlin on Soviet terms. Mao Zedong, who himself dreamed of leadership among socialist countries after Stalin&amp;apos;s death, took advantage of the convenient situation to start a conflict with Moscow. In such an environment, Khrushchev escalated the Berlin crisis by threatening to conclude a peace treaty with the GDR and block Western powers&amp;apos; access to West Berlin (at the same time he conducts command and staff exercises “Storm”, 5–15.10.1961, together with the armies of the ATS countries). He hoped that the United States would not dare to start a war because of West Berlin, and this, in turn, would help to break off Western European states from NATO, showing them that the United States is not a reliable defender for them. His plan partially succeeded: in 1966, France will withdraw from NATO. In order to divert the attention and forces of the United States from West Berlin, the USSR has been actively creating distracting situations around the world since 1961. One of these situations was the Caribbean crisis, which almost led to a nuclear war (1962) and was a heavy defeat for the USSR, which had to fulfill all the conditions of the United States, but in return received Kennedy&amp;apos;s promise to remove missile bases from Turkey. It will be possible to remove them only in 1963 in exchange for Turkey&amp;apos;s support in its war with Greece over Cyprus. From Iran, due to the harsh Anglo-American pressure on the Shah, the USSR was able to achieve only an obligation not to deploy foreign missiles on its territory, but not to withdraw from the Baghdad Pact, nevertheless, the latter&amp;apos;s activities were paralyzed. Under Brezhnev, despite the rejection of Khrushchev&amp;apos;s tactics of nuclear bluff, the main directions and strategic goals of foreign policy remained the same as under Khrushchev: ensuring security on the western and southern borders of the USSR by splitting the opposing military blocs and establishing ties with Western European countries, especially France, improving relations with Turkey, Iran and Pakistan, linking them economically. The program of naval construction and the permanent presence of the Soviet Navy in all oceans, begun in 1959, continued.

On the training of officers of the mobilization human reserve for military formations of the Ground Forces

On the training of officers of the mobilization human reserve for military formations of the Ground Forces

Виклики у сфері безпеки в регіоні Калінінградської oбласті

Attention is focused on the issues of national security of the state, taking into account the general development of the country and the realization of its national interests. It is noted that the interpretation of the essence of current threats and challenges optimizes the methodological substantiation of the tasks of guaranteeing the provision of national security. The characteristics of regional security are presented. Attention is focused on the peculiarities of the European region. The emergence of significant exogenous challenges in the 21st century, which represented a serious threat to the security of the member states of the European Union, was noted. The problems of ensuring regional security are outlined. Indicators are presented that have led to a significant increase in the risks of security instability in the European region and provide an opportunity for an uncontrolled arms race. The list of factors that cause the decline of the region is considered. Changes in the political situation of the United States of America and their impact on the situation in the European Union are characterized. The activation of the United Kingdom in matters of ensuring security in Europe in the context of NATO and due to the activation of bilateral relations with European countries was determined. It was noted that the aggressive position of the Russian Federation led to a significant deterioration of the security situation around Ukraine and directly in the region. Attention is focused on issues of national security of Poland in the current political situation. The cooperation of Ukraine, Lithuania and Poland to contain the military threat from Russia was noted. The aggravation of the confrontation between Lithuania and Russia regarding the provision of Kaliningrad was emphasized. It is indicated that NATO representatives are significantly concerned about the strategic Kaliningrad region of Russia. It is noted that Russia is actively engaged in strengthening its military presence. Options for actions of the NATO army in the event of an escalation of the military conflict and expansion of the coverage area were considered. It is indicated that a possible option of escalation around Kaliningrad will cause the situation to worsen. Options for confronting the aggressor country in the short term and in the format of coexistence for a longer term are considered. The influence of Belarus on the situation in the region due to the growth of migration was noted. This leads to the discrediting of Poland and Lithuania for supporting Belarusian dissidents who seek to avoid political repression. It is stipulated that the Baltic and Polish political leaders analyze the crisis through the prism of national security. The position of Poland in the settlement of regional conflicts is considered. It is indicated that the political position of Poland should be aimed at preventing the realization of an unfavorable scenario. It is noted that the priority should be the expansion of ground forces and aviation, which ensure reliable deterrence of the Russian Federation.

The Importance of Devising a Scientific and Methodological System to Justify Weapon Sets for the Ground Forces

The Importance of Devising a Scientific and Methodological System to Justify Weapon Sets for the Ground Forces

Structural validity of the physical fitness test battery

Purpose: of the study was to examine the validity of the Army Combat Fitness Test tests on a sample of air defense personnel in the Ukrainian Ground Forces.&#x0D; Material and methods. The respondents to this study were 271 air defense servicemen of the ground forces aged 18 to 40 years (73 cadets of the Ivan Kozhedub Kharkiv National Air Force University and 198 military personnel). The structural validity was evaluated using a confirmatory factor analysis.&#x0D; Results. Compliance was achieved with the two-factor model obtained in the course of exploratory factor analysis, as evidenced by the following indixes: χ2 (8, Critical N = 465.29) = 10.43; χ2 / df = 1.303; Non-Normed Fit Index = 0.98; Normed Fit Index = 0.97; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.035 (90 Percent Confidence Interval for Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = (0.0; 0.088), Comparative Fit Index = 0.99. In addition, all factor loadings were statistically significant at the p &lt; 0.01 level, that indicates that these two factors were well designed at every stage. Correlation between factors was weak, which confirms the discriminant validity of the test. The significant correlation found between the items and the overall test score confirmed the validity of the test.&#x0D; Conclusions. It was found that Army Combat Fitness Test is a suitable tool for evaluating the physical fitness condition of air defense personnel into the Ground Forces. The dilemmas about the possible use of Army Combat Fitness Test for all age groups of military personnel regardless of gender require further study.

The Lethal Range Testing of Effective 80mm Air to Ground Warhead

The air force is the most important weapon during wars and battles. Through it, armies can control and isolate enemy territory, carry out their own operations and missions, allow for the increased bombing, tactical air support for ground forces, parachuting, airdrops, and the passage of cargo planes. Countries are working to enhance their air force by increasing the number of their aircraft and providing them with the latest modern technologies in monitoring targets, accurate and efficient missiles. This paper will present a completely new design of 80 mm controlled fragmentation warhead for air to surface missile has been designed and tested, the results of the experiment showed a good performance for tactical characteristics such as lethal range which is about 19 meters.

The Israeli navy vs. Hamas and Hezbollah

ABSTRACT The Israeli navy prepares to confront Arab non-state actors, mostly Hamas and Hezbollah. Hezbollah might attack Israel’s sea lanes in the Mediterranean Sea, while both Hamas and Hezbollah might strike Israel’s natural gas rigs and the Israeli coastline, where most of the Jewish state’s population and infrastructure are located. The Israeli navy will support ground forces by gathering intelligence and by striking targets. Yet, the Israeli navy does not have significant firepower so the IAF will assist in this matter. The Israeli navy also lacks the ability to conduct vast amphibious operations. The IDF can invest in this field sicne such a maneuver can be a game changer.

Robert Erskine — the first archiater and creator of military medicine and military medical education in Russia

This study aimed to analyze many archival published documents and contemporary testimonies at the beginning of the 18th century, which reflects little-known facts of medicine history. The creation history of military medicine in Saint Petersburg, an integral part of the military history of Russia, was presented against the background of the most important events of the Northern War against Sweden (17001721) and military reform. The role of Robert Erskine (16771718), the reformer of Russian medicine, the head of the entire military medical service of Russia since 1706, the first Russian archiater, Surgeon in Ordinary to the King, and loyal companion and friend of Peter I was carefully studied, as he played a crucial role in establishing military medicine and medical education in Russia, mainly in Saint Petersburg. R. Erskine, who had encyclopedic-level knowledge, was also the creator and head of the Kunstkamera, the first public natural science museum in Russia (1714). The report of the head of the Moscow hospital on Yauza, Doctor N.L. Bidloo, to the Holy Synod (1722) with description and analysis of the most important facts of the Russian medicine history was also studied. Detailed documents on the number of sick and wounded people in Saint Petersburg since 1708 were presented. Not only military hospitals but also medical students in the military capital of Russia before 1715, had been documented. The documentary lists of Navy doctors from Saint Petersburg and lists of medical students who stayed in Saint Petersburg at the Navy Hospital, with the indication of the salary by articles (categories) for 1710, as well as documents on the number of sick and wounded people of the ground forces for 1712 and 1713 (Russian State Archives of the Navy), were presented. The medical staff lists of the Russian army for 1711 were examined. The absence of a large specialized medical complex at Vyborg side and insufficient suitable hospitals of any medical units located in wooden barracks at other territories cannot be proof of the absence of any hospitals until 1715 or medical schools until 1733. Ignorance of the military history of Russia can lead to numerous mistakes by historians who are interested in military medicine.