Force Microscopy Research Articles

Synthesis and evaluation of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride based ionic liquid for acid corrosion inhibition of aluminum alloy: Empirical, DFT/MD-simulation and RSM modeling

The present research explores the synthesis of imidazolium based ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM][Cl]) and its application for the protection of aluminum alloy (AA) in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte using gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), response surface methodology (RSM), density functional theory (DFT) and MD-simulation respectively. The studied (IL) showed appreciable inhibition efficiencies of 84.21 % for gravimetric, 90 % for PDP and 87.10 % for the EIS at 0.80 g/L inhibitor concentration and 313 K, respectively. The results of EIS and PDP reveal the corrosion inhibition process is charge transfer controlled, and the studied IL acts as a mixed type inhibitor. The optimization result via RSM model gave an optimum prediction of 84.21 % at 0.8 g/L inhibitor concentration at 313 K. Adsorption of [BMIM][Cl] on the aluminum surface obeyed the Frumkin adsorption isotherm. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the formation of protective film of the inhibitor on the aluminum surface. Theoretical modeling were used to correlate the experimental results. The best fit of the theoretical models were functions of molecular structure and fractions of electron transferred from the inhibitor to the aluminum surface.

Surface Characterization of Current Dental Ceramics Using Scanning Electron Microscopic and Atomic Force Microscopic Techniques

Dental ceramics is a highly esthetic material and its surface properties can impact its roughness, bonding properties, as well as strength and wear. The aim of the study is to analyze the surface characteristics by the determination of the roughness parameters of three dental ceramics used in computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technique: lithium disilicate (LS2), zirconium oxide-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS), and zirconium oxide (ZrO2), prepared using two different processing techniques, polishing (self-glaze) and glazing with three different glazes. Both glass ceramics, pre-crystallized LS2 and crystallized ZLS, were cut into disks, and the surface was ground and polished. Crystallization was performed for LS2 samples, while ZrO2 samples were fabricated using CAD/CAM and sintered. Then, the glaze was applied and the samples were reheated as per the manufacturer’s instructions. The contact surface topographies of the tested ceramics were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the roughness parameters: average surface roughness (Ra), root-mean-square roughness (Rq), and surface area difference (SAD) were evaluated. Changes in the morphological characteristics of the tested ceramics were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the surface chemical composition was determined by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT—IR). In the spectroscopic analysis, a characteristic signal for ZrO2 was obtained for ZLS samples. A significant decrease in surface roughness was observed after glazing in all tested ceramics (p < 0.05). The abstract should be an objective representation of the article and it must not contain results that are not presented and substantiated in the main text and should not exaggerate the main conclusions.

Facile preparation of highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots for sensitive Fe3+ detection

Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The results of the transmission electron microscope and atomic force microscopy indicated that the average diameter and height of the homogeneously distributed N-GQDs were approximately 5 nm and less than 10 nm, respectively. The results of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful incorporation of the N element into GQDs. The aqueous solution of N-GQDs dispersed in water remained stable and homogeneous at room temperature for 3 months. N-GQDs had a higher fluorescence intensity than GQDs and presented low toxicity and the survival rate of cells (3T3-Swiss albino) was more than 85% in the cytotoxicity test. To better understand the luminescence mechanism, the band gaps of GQDs and N-GQDs were calculated using the density functional theory (DFT). The effect of the pH value on the fluorescence intensity of N-GQDs before and after the addition of Fe3+ ions was investigated. N-GQDs were applied to selectively detect Fe3+ ions, and the results exhibited a wide linear correlation between the fluorescence intensity and the Fe3+ concentration of 0–100 uM with a detection limit of 0.74 uM. This study provided a simple and efficient synthesis method and proved the ultra-high Fe3+ detection selectivity and sensitivity of N-GQDs, offering the experimental and theoretical basis for N-GQDs’ applications in biosensing, bioimaging, environmental monitoring, etc.

Property Regulation Principle in Mn‐Doped BF–BT Ceramics: Competitive Control of Domain Switching By Defect Dipoles and Domain Configuration

AbstractMn‐doping is reported to be an effective strategy to obtain better electrical property in bismuth ferrite‐barium titanate (BF‐BT)‐based ceramics, while the property regulation principle and its potential physical mechanism is still poorly understood. For disclose the veil of Mn‐doping enhancing properties, the typical material system BF‐BT–xMnO2mol% is designed and the effects of Mn‐doping on multilevel structures and external fields stimulated electrical properties are deeply investigated. Mn‐doping induced structure disorder and defect dipoles lead to the formation of nanodomain and the variation of local structure, contributing to intrinsic enhancement of polarization. Especially, electrical properties under different electric and temperature fields reveal that there is a competitive control of domain switching by defects and domain configuration, which is also verified by domain writing technology and switching spectroscopy piezore‐sponse force microscopy. That is, the defect dipoles have pinning effect on domain to hinder domain switching, leading to smaller polarization and indistinctive electrostrain at low fields. While the nanodomain reduces intrinsic coercive field and promotes domain switching, generating much larger polarization and electrostrain at high fields. lt is believed the decoding of domain switching behavior controlled by defect and domain can provide a paradigm to understand the property evolution in chemically modified BF‐BT.

Synthesis and inhibitive behavior of new thiazolyl-pyrazole derivative at low carbon steel/ HCl interface: Electrochemical, morphology and theoretical investigations

The electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were studied for corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel (L-cs) in HCl (0.5 Molar) utilizing new ethyl 4-(5-acetyl-4-amino-3-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoate (EATPB) inhibitor. The surface characterization via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) were used to support the adsorption properties of (EATPB). Experiments demonstrated that when the concentration of (EATPB) increases, the inhibition efficiency increases, peaking at (89 %) at 30 °C. The (PDP) data suggested that (EATPB) is (a mixed type) inhibitor and the impedance technique revealed that the resistance of charge transfer (Rct) increased as the concentration of (EATPB) increased. The adsorption mode of (EATPB) on L-cs surface is a mixture between physical and chemical adsorption, ΔGads is (-39.2 kJ mol−1) at 30 °C, and belongs to the Langmuir isotherm. Surface analysis of L-cs by SEM and AFM was established the creation of protective organic film covering the L-cs surface. The active centers of the (EATPB) responsible for the adsorption, as well as their probable mechanism of interaction with the L-cs surface, were determined using theoretical analyses at the density functional theory (DFT) level. In this study, a new (EATPB) was synthesized laboratory, and was proved using spectroscopic tools for example FTIR, 1H- NMR and 13C- NMR.

Magneto-Electric-Optical Coupling in Multiferroic BiFeO3 -Based Films.

Manipulating ferroic orders and realizing their coupling in multiferroics at room temperature are promising for designing future multifunctional devices. Single external stimulation has been extensively proved to demonstrate the ability of ferroelastic switching in multiferroic oxides, which is crucial to bridge the ferroelectricity and magnetism. However, it is still challenging to directly realize multi-field-driven magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroic oxides as potential multifunctional electrical devices. Here, novel magneto-electric-optical coupling in multiferroic BiFeO3 -based thin films at room temperature mediated by deterministic ferroelastic switching using piezoresponse/magnetic force microscopy and aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy are shown. Reversible photoinduced ferroelastic switching exhibiting magnetoelectric responses is confirmed in BiFeO3 -based films, which works at flexible strain states. This work directly demonstrates room-temperature magneto-electric-optical coupling in multiferroic films, which provides a framework for designing potential multi-field-driven magnetoelectric devices such as energy conservation memories.

A corrosion mechanism of NbC/α-C:H films for metallic bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cell cathode based on percolation model

A series of NbC/α-C:H films were prepared through arc ion plating for the protection of metallic bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Phase characterizations show that NbC grains were randomly embedded into the α-C:H matrix and their size and content increased with the decreasing of C2H2 flow rate. Results from the kelvin probe force microscope (KPFM) and conductive atomic force microscope (CAFM) presented a uniform surface potential distribution but significant local conductivity differences. DFT calculations and potentiostatic polarization tests indicated that dissolution of NbC grains were preferred in PEMFC cathode environment due to preferential adsorption of corrosive media. On the basis of theoretical calculations and experimental results, a corrosion mechanism was presented based on percolation model to better understand the corrosion process of NbC/α-C:H films in PEMFC cathode.

(Invited) In-Situ Observation of Electrodeposition Processes By High Speed Scanning Probe Microscope

Electrodeposition is important technology for developing the novel functional materials such as MEMS. In nanotechnology term, the metal deposition is one of the hot topics since it can control the surface structure precisely and easily. Generally, in metal electrodeposition, an adatom deposited on the electrode diffuses and reaches a step or kink before forming a crystal. In the process, the solvents and additives adsorbed on the surface are often incorporated into the deposits. Since they works as an impurity in the film, they induce the crystal defects and surface defects, which may cause the performance degradation of the produces. Because each processes occur at high speeds and on the atomic scale, the deposition mechanism is difficult to understand. The methods for observing the nucleation have been developed in various ways. With the invention of the scanning probe microscope (SPM) in the 1980’s, we could directly observe the nanostructure. It has been applied to the electrodeposition in aqueous solution. However, since SPM usually takes some time to observe the surface, it is very difficult to catch the dynamic process such as the nucleation and growth of the deposits. Therefore, I believe that the high-speed SPM is the promising solution of both temporal and special problems. There are two types of SPM: scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). In the former type, there is a video rate STM (Video STM) that can capture up to 30 frames per second. Furthermore, the spatial resolution can reach the atomic scale. For example, the Bi kink growth along the step is reported and Pb surface diffusion on the Cu surface is clarified [1-3]. However, since the tunneling current flows continuously between the probe and the substrate during the measurement, it is necessary to sufficiently consider the effects on electrochemical reactions. Although the resolution of the high-speed scanning AFM (HS-AFM) is inferior to that of the STM, the influence of the probe can be less. Therefore, in addition to the nucleation phenomenon during Cu electrodeposition (Fig. 1-A) [4], we have observed the weak adsorption of PEG polymer that is known as the major additives during the electrodeposition (Fig.1-B). By taking the advantage of the low contact pressure of the probe, the transient behavior of nucleation and growth of electrolytic nanobubbles can be observed. In this presentation, the dynamic variations of the electrolytic nucleation & growth by using a high-speed SPM will be presented. References H. Matsushima et al., Faraday Discuss., 193 (2016) 171.A. Taranovskyy et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 14 (2012) 10579.S. Guezo et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 115 (2011) 19336.T. Yoshioka et al., Electrochim. Acta, 302 (2019) 422. Figure 1

Synthesis of phenylbenzotriazole derivative stabilized silver nanoparticles for chromium (III) detection in tap water

A selective and sensitive colorimetric method was developed for the detection of chromium (III) in tap water using phenylbenzotriazole (PBT) derivative functionalized silver nanoparticles (PBT-AgNPs). The PBT functionalized nanoparticles were synthesized at room temperature by reducing with sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Zetasizer, Fourier Transformer InfraRed (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The elevated temperature, pH and higher ionic strength of electrolyte had insignificant effect on stability of the nanoparticles. The PBT-AgNPs were then tested as a probe and were found highly sensitive to the presence of Cr (III) and showed excellent selectivity in the presence of other interfering metals ions. The Jobs plot confirmed the binding ratio between the nanoparticles and Cr (III) to be 1:2. The Surface Plasmonic Resonance (SPR) band quenching as function of concentration showed good linear response (R2 = 0.9992) with limit of detection of 0.2 µM. The PBT-AgNPs were also applied as sensing probe for determination of Cr (III) in tap water samples. These experimental finding showed the supramolecular stabilized silver nanoparticles as a simple, selective, and easy alternative for detection of Cr (III).

Mechanical characterization of multi-layered lipid nanoparticles using high-resolution AFM force spectroscopy

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been widely used in drug delivery systems. Their physicochemical properties play a substantial role in the pharmaceutical functions and therapeutic efficacy of encapsulated drugs. Although, numerous previous studies have examined the optimal physicochemical properties for drug delivery, the role of LNP mechanical compliance has not yet been established, owing to limitations imposed by their small size, extreme softness, and complex structures. The aim of this study was to delineate the true topography and the map of elastic moduli of LNPs by analyzing atomic force microscope (AFM) force spectroscopic data based on the modified Hertz model considering the asymptotic approach. Results reveal a hard core-soft shell structure of LNPs. Additionally, the elastic moduli of the core of LNPs are modulated from 176 kPa to 599 kPa through the addition of crosslinked alginate. However, a consistent elastic modulus (∼128 kPa) of outer shells is maintained regardless of core composition. In addition, Transwell assay show that, compared to rigid LNPs, those with soft properties exhibit enhanced permeation. This finding, which delineates the true topography and elastic moduli of LNPs, suggest an alternative for resolving the long-standing issues in AFM force spectroscopic studies.

Effects of indium composition on the surface morphological and optical properties of InGaN/GaN heterostructures

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the effects of indium composition on surface morphology and optical properties of indium gallium nitride on gallium nitride (InGaN/GaN) heterostructures.Design/methodology/approachThe InGaN/GaN heterostructures were grown on flat sapphire substrates using a metal-organic chemical vapour deposition reactor with a trimethylindium flow rate of 368 sccm. The indium composition of the InGaN epilayers was controlled by applying different substrate temperatures. The surface morphology and topography were observed using field emission scanning electron microscope (F.E.I. Nova NanoSEM 450) and atomic force microscopy (Bruker Dimension Edge) with a scanning area of 10 µm × 10 µm, respectively. The compositional analysis was done by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis. Finally, the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer (Agilent Technology Cary Series UV-Vis-near-infrared spectrometer) was measured from 200 nm to 1500 nm to investigate the optical properties of the samples.FindingsThe InGaN/GaN thin films have been successfully grown at three different substrate temperatures. The indium composition reduced as the temperature increased. At 760 C, the highest indium composition was obtained, 21.17%. This result was acquired from the simulation fitting of ω−2θ scan on (0002) plane using LEPTOS software by Bruker D8 Discover. The InGaN/GaN shows significantly different surface morphologies and topographies as the indium composition increases. The thickness of InGaN epilayers of the structure was ∼300 nm estimated from the field emission scanning electron microscopy. The energy bandgap of the InGaN was 2.54 eV – 2.79 eV measured by UV-Vis measurements.Originality/valueIt can be seen from this work that changes in substrate temperature can affect the indium composition. From all the results obtained, this work can be helpful towards efficiency improvement in solar cell applications.

Water developable non-chemically amplified photoresist for electron beam and extreme ultraviolet lithography

Background: Non-chemically amplified resist (n-CAR) shows great potential as a unique lithographic material because it avoids some disadvantages of CAR, such as post-exposure instability and acid diffusion. Furthermore, since toxic and flammable developers are widely used in semiconductor manufacturing, the implementation of innovative environmentally friendly water-developable photoresists is of interest. Aim: A unique n-CAR, which could be developed with an environmentally friendly developer, was prepared for electron beam (e-beam) lithography (EBL) and extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). Approach: A polymer containing radiation/photosensitive sulfonium triflate group (PSSF) was synthesized and characterized by infrared, H1 NMR, and gel permeation chromatography. The lithography performance of the PSSF photoresist was evaluated by EBL and EUVL. The patterns were analyzed with scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. Results: The PSSF photoresist can be used in EBL and EUVL. Post-exposure bake had no significant effect on the resolution of photoresist. Development in water should be kept at an appropriate time of 30 s to obtain the repeatable and high-resolution patterns. It shows a similar sensitivity to polymethyl methacrylate but higher contrast. Conclusions: The PSSF acts as n-CAR, and 20 nm line patterns and 35 nm 1:1 line/space patterns were achieved in EBL and EUVL, respectively. It can be developed in pure water with high contrast (γ = 5.49).

Effect of nano‐Fe3O4 on normal force of magnetorheological fluid

AbstractIn this paper, a kind of magnetorheological fluid, containing nano‐Fe3O4, was prepared in order to study the influence of nano‐Fe3O4 content on its normal force characteristics. Firstly, the microscopic force model is constructed and the microscopic static analysis is carried out. Secondly, the force of the magnetic chain under impacted is simulated by using the numerical simulation method of ANSYS finite element analysis and a plate‐to‐plate shear test system is established. The results show that the normal force of the magnetic chain is enhanced by the supporting force of the nano iron powder embedded in the magnetic chain. At the same magnetic induction intensity, the normal force of the magnetorheological fluid gradually increases with the increase of the mass fraction of nano‐particles. When the mass fraction of the nanoparticles is 7 %, the normal force reaches the maximum.

Mechanical Polarization Switching in Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Thin Film.

HfO2-based films with high compatibility with Si and complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) have been widely explored in recent years. In addition to ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity, flexoelectricity, the coupling between polarization and a strain gradient, is rarely reported in HfO2-based films. Here, we demonstrate that the mechanically written out-of-plane domains are obtained in 10 nm Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) ferroelectric film at room temperature by generating the stress gradient via the tip of an atomic force microscope. The results of scanning Kelvin force microscopy (SKPM) exclude the possibility of flexoelectric-like mechanisms and prove that charge injection could be avoided by mechanical writing and thus reveal the true polarization state, promoting wider flexoelectric applications and ultrahigh-density storage of HZO thin films.

Dielectric, piezoelectric and magnetic behavior of CoFe2O4/BNT–BT0.08 monolayer thin films composites

We report in this paper on the monolayer composites thin films that have the magnetic spinel CoFe2O4 and the piezoelectric perovskite BNT-BT0.08 as constituent phases. Composite thin films of CoFe2O4 and BNT-BT0.08, with molar ratios of 0.5:1, 1:1 and 1.5:1, have been deposited by spin coating method from a sol precursor, mixture type, of CoFe2O4 and BNT-BT0.08. The monolayer thin films, deposited on Si/SiO2/TiO2/Pt substrate, were characterized using selected methods, such as: X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy/piezoelectric force microscopy, dielectric spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. X-ray diffraction demonstrated the two phases: cubic CoFe2O4 and rhombohedral BNT-BT0.08. Furthermore, the Si/SiO2/TiO2/Pt/BNT-BT0.08/CoFe2O4 monolayers show a simultaneous enhancement of both the magnetization and coercivity with the increase of the magnetic phase, accompanied by a decrease of the dielectric constant. The obtained results reveal that the investigated monolayer structures present superior properties compared to those of bilayer composites.

Experimental Study on Gas Flow in a Rough Microchannel

The shape and relative roughness of a rough surface have an important influence on microscale flow and heat transfer. In this study, a rectangular silicon microchannel (0.8 mm width and 11.9 μm height) with a large width-depth ratio is fabricated by the MEMS micromachining process. The silicon surface of the microchannel and the two-dimensional rough contours of the glass surface are measured, and the fractal dimensions taken as the only quantitative parameter of the surface morphology are calculated. The three-dimensional morphology of the silicon surface is measured by a confocal laser microscope and atomic force microscope. On this basis, a microscale gas flow performance test system is designed and built, and the flow characteristics of nitrogen and helium in rough silicon microchannel are experimentally studied. The experimental results show that the rough profiles of the silicon surface and the glass surface have possessed self-affine characteristics. Both nitrogen and helium show a certain degree of boundary slip when they flow in a microchannel. The degree of slip of helium flow is larger than that of nitrogen flow, which verifies the rarefied effect of microscale gas flow.

Fabrication of flexible ternary polymer blends comprising polypyrrole, polyvinylalcohol, and poly(4‐styrenesulfonic acid): Study of structural, morphological, and dielectric properties

AbstractA new ternary polymer blend was synthesized and characterized in the present work. A series of ternary polymer blends comprising water soluble polypyrrole, polyvinyl alcohol, and poly(4‐styrenesulfonic acid) were prepared by solution casting method. The structural, electrical, and thermal properties of prepared ternary blends were investigated. X‐ray diffraction studies indicated the semicrystalline nature of the polymer blends and chemically interacted polymer chain were revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectra. The morphological phase transformations were observed from scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy images. Thermogravimetric analysis explained the thermal degradation process. The ternary blends also possess excellent mechanical stability observed through force versus extension plot. The dielectric constant value of ternary blends was obtained in the range of 600–800 at low frequency range. The highest conductivity obtained was between 10−1 to 10−3 S cm−1 for ternary blends at higher frequency range. The overall results explains the charge transportation and relaxation process in the ternary blends due to presence of an electric field. The excellent dielectric constant values of ternary blends will be efficient for various electronics applications.

Efficient electrochemical sensor for trace detection of sulfamethazine in spring water: Use of novel nanocomposite material coated with Ag or Au nanoparticles

Sulfamethazine (SMZ), a persistent antibiotic, is often detected in water bodies including drinking water sources at low levels. Hence, it is a global interest to develop sensitive and selective sensors for its trace and on-site detection. The present study entails the novel synthesis of nanocomposites precursor to the bentonite and silane. The nanocomposites were coated with Ag and Au nanoparticles which were prepared by a greener route utilizing natural phytochemicals. The nanocomposite materials are systematically characterized by Fourier transform infra-red, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and atomic force microscope analyses. The TEM analysis showed that small-sized Ag and Au nanoparticles were spherical in shape and evenly distributed over the nanocomposite materials. Further, the nanocomposite materials were intended to be utilized indigenously in the fabrication of micro-electrodes for the detection of trace SMZ using the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The cyclic voltammetric studies indicated that SMZ would be oxidized at ca. 0.12 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and the process is found irreversible in nature since no reduction peak appeared in the reverse scan. The optimized conditions for determination of SMZ were found to be pH 4.0, deposition potential of −1.2 V (vs Ag/AgCl), and deposition time of 180 s. Further, the limit of detection of the method based on the nanocomposite solid was determined to be 0.097 µM. Lastly, the method was employed for quantifying SMZ in spring water; a reasonably high recovery could be achieved.

Fabrication and pH Sensing Characteristics Measurement of Back Gate ZnO Thin Film Planar FET

Here in we demonstrate the design of a low-cost zinc oxide (ZnO) thin-film planar transistor-based pH sensor controlled by the bottom gate fabricated by a fairly simple fabrication approach. The performance of the fabricated device is evaluated by electrical as well as surface characterization. The surface morphology is analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and it shows surface properties that are essential required device to function as a pH sensor. The fabricated thin-film FET comprises Zinc Oxide (ZnO) as a channel layer of length 6 μ m and thickness 200 nm, Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) as a passivation layer, and Aluminum (Al) as a contact layer. The effect on pH sensitivity for varied channel lengths (6 μ m, 12 μ m, and 15 μ m) is also examined and optimum results have been achieved at channel length = 6 μ m. The change in threshold voltage (△Vth) & change in current ( $\triangle I_{\max \limits }$ ) are used as a sensing metrics to analyze the sensing performance of the device. The device shows excellent pH sensitivity in terms of average current and average voltage sensitivity 120.97 mA/pH and 97.85 mv/pH respectively at pH ranging from 3.2 to 11.1 with best pH stability (linearity) for pH value 4 to 10. The voltage sensitivity is higher than the Nernstian value (59 mv/pH) at room temperature.

Newly synthesized quaternary ammonium bis-cationic surfactant utilized for mitigation of carbon steel acidic corrosion; theoretical and experimental investigations

New quaternary ammonium bis-cationic surfactant namly; 4,4′-(((1Z,5Z)-pentane-1,5-diylidene)bis(azaneylylidene))bis(1-dodecyl-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-ium bromide (QABCS) was synthesized and characterized via various spectral techniques. Surface tension measurements were performed for the investigation of surface-active parameters. QABCS's effectiveness as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel (CS) in 1.0 M HCl was evaluated using a variety of techniques. Inhibition potency progresses via rising QABCS dose while decreases with the temperature increasing. QABCS boosts the impedance of CS corrosion via 94.67% at 1 × 10−3 M. In addition, QABCS adsorption is consistent with Langmuir dsorption isotherm model. QABCS regards a mixed-type inhibitor. The explanation of density-functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo (MC) findings shows that the QABCS compound has a high adsorption potential on CS surface due to active centers in the QABCS' molecular structure. According to the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) findings, QABCS creates a shielding layer over carbon steel substrate. Theoretical discussions, as well as SEM and AFM findings, are compatible with laboratory corrosion assessment studies.