PURPOSE: Maximal strength training (MST), performed with heavy loads (~90% of one repetition maximum; 1RM) and few repetitions (4-5), yields large improvements in efferent neural drive and skeletal muscle force generating capacity. However, it is elusive how MST-induced neural adaptations may translate to muscular factors regulating excitation-contraction coupling. MEHODS: Sixteen healthy young males (24±4 years) were randomized to MST 3 times per week for 8 weeks (n=8), or a control group (CG; n=8). Measurements were taken of 1RM and rate of force development (RFD), and evoked potentials recordings (V-wave and H-reflex normalized to M-wave (M) in musculus soleus) applied to assess efferent neural drive to maximally contracting skeletal muscle. Biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis and analyzed by western blot and mRNA isolation to investigate the protein expression of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and mRNA expression of SERCA1 and SERCA2, myostatin, MuRF1 and Ryanodine receptor (RyR1). RESULTS: 1RM (17±9%; p<0.05) and early (0-100ms), late (100-200ms) and maximal RFD increased (31-53%; p<0.01) in the MST group, accompanied by increased maximal V-M wave ratio (9±14%; p<0.05), with no change in H-reflex to M-wave ratio. No changes were observed in the CG. No pre- to post-training differences were found in mRNA or protein expressions in either group (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: MST increased efferent neural drive to maximally contracting skeletal muscle, and resulted in improved force generating capacity. The neural adaptations were not reflected in key muscular factors involved in excitation-contraction coupling, indicating that responses to high intensity strength training may predominantly be governed by neural adaptations.