Forces Shaping Research Articles

Feedback, Response, and Learner Development: A Sociocultural Approach to Corrective Feedback in Second Language Writing

Error correction has been one of the central themes in accounting for potential gains in second language (L2) writing. While a wide range of empirical studies focused on the effects of written corrective feedback (WCF) on learners’ writing outcomes, few of them have specifically examined the feedback process, or its potential role as a shaping force in learner development. Underpinned by a sociocultural framework of L2 acquisition, the present study examines learner development as mutually mediated by teacher feedback and learner response during dyadic sessions of error correction. The socioculturally informed approach, dynamic corrective feedback (DCF), operates via dialogic, collaborative negotiation over errors between an expert and a novice, in which feedback is scaffolded and tailored toward learner competence. Data collected from three Chinese EFL learners’ written texts and writing tutorial sessions show that learner idiosyncrasies are evident in development trajectory, and that development is not always linear but recursive. It is suggested that teachers attend to individual needs and abilities when providing feedback so as to facilitate sustainable development.

“Rede hit sofft”: John Audelay's Practice of Care

“Rede hit sofft”: John Audelay's Practice of Care

Experiment and smooth particle hydrodynamic modeling of single-grain diamond scribing of silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide (SiCf/SiC)

The smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is applied to model the single-grain diamond scribing of the silicon carbide fiber reinforced silicon carbide (SiCf/SiC). Experiments of diamond scribing on SiCf/SiC were performed with three parameters: fiber orientation, depth of cut, and speed of cut. The scribing force and 3D shape diamond tip was measured. The SPH simulation based on JH-2 material model of the SiCf and SiC matrix as well as the experimental modeling is performed. Comparison of SPH-predicted and experimentally measured force identifies parameters for the JH-2 work-material and SPH modeling of SiCf/SiC for accurate prediction of diamond scribing force.

Histories and Futures of Business in a Turbulent World

When it comes to events that have marked turning points in the relationship between global governance and business history, I have focused on the role of international crises to understand the forces shaping relations between firms, states, and global governance frameworks. Such an approach stems from the fact that I am primarily an historian of international relations, and much of my research and writing is concentrated on European and global history in the period from about 1880 to 1950. For me, the origins and course of the two world wars and the Cold War have been as important as crises of capitalism, such as the Great Depression.

Guest Editorial: Ecological knowledge co‐production and the contested imaginaries of development in Southeast Asia

Guest Editorial: Ecological knowledge co‐production and the contested imaginaries of development in Southeast Asia

The problem of the web: Can we prioritize both participatory practices and privacy?

This paper is a critical case study tracing the professional history of a self-professed open educator over more than two decades. It frames the narrative of an individual as a window on the broader arc of the field, from early open learning as a means of widening participation, through the rise of the participatory web at scale, to the current datafied and extractive infrastructure of higher education. It outlines how the field of online education has changed, as the web and the social and societal forces shaping use of the web have shifted. Through these lenses of change, the case study explores the dilemma facing open and participatory education at this juncture: that the current structure of the web threatens privacy, higher education governance structures, and the spirit of open, participatory sharing. The paper explores the problem of the web as one without direct solutions but does consider ways that educators might mitigate their open practice in more critical directions.

Nocturnal surveys of lined seahorses reveal increased densities and seasonal recruitment patterns.

Although the nighttime ecology of organisms remains understudied, nocturnal surveys play an integral part in assessing fish assemblages and the selective forces shaping them. Eleuthera (Bahamas) contains an unusual population of lined seahorses (Hippocampus erectus) in an anchialine lake, possessing morphological characteristics distinct from those found in the ocean. Population surveys for seahorses and their potential predators were conducted at midnight and midday during wet and dry seasons, with belt transects perpendicular to the shoreline that increased in depth away from shore. Nocturnal surveys uncovered seahorse densities 259% higher than daytime transects on average. Sex ratios were consistently male-biased, and the frequency of animals from different reproductive categories varied significantly by time of day, with gravid males observed around the clock but females and nongravid males observed more often at night. Spatial and seasonal recruitment was detected for the first time in this species, with an increase in juveniles detected in the shallow ends of transects during dry season surveys. Juvenile recruitment is poorly understood across syngnathid fishes, so the detection of early recruits at night has broad implications for this fish family. Seahorses from all reproductive categories were perched significantly higher in the water column during the night regardless of their depth or season. Predator densities followed a similar pattern with higher densities observed at night, indicating that elevated nocturnal perch height may be a response to predator presence. However, the selective agents driving these nocturnal behaviors have yet to be identified. Considering H.erectus is listed on the IUCN Red List as "Vulnerable," the increase in nocturnal population size and the detection of juveniles has crucial implications for understanding their ecology, recruitment, and conservation.

Towards Sustainable Smart Cities: Exploring the Synergy of Blockchain and Edge Intelligence - A Review and Outlook

The evolution of smart cities represents a pivotal transformation in urban development, driven by the integration of cutting-edge technologies. Among these, blockchain and edge intelligence have emerged as pivotal forces shaping the future of smart cities. This paper presents a comprehensive review and outlook on the potential synergy between blockchain and edge intelligence, highlighting their transformative impact on sustainable smart city development. In our analysis, we delve into the key components and technologies associated with smart cities, emphasizing their goals of sustainability, efficiency, and improved quality of life. We introduce the concepts of blockchain and edge intelligence, elucidating their applications across various industries and urban domains. Moreover, we identify gaps in the existing literature and underscore the critical need for further research in the synergy of these technologies in smart cities. Our exploration extends to the significance of the study, emphasizing the timeliness of this research amidst growing interest in sustainable smart cities. We discuss the potential benefits and implications of this technological convergence for urban planning, technology adoption, and sustainability. This paper envisions smart cities that prioritize sustainability, circular economies, and data privacy, while fostering innovation and collaboration among public and private stakeholders. As we look to the future, we anticipate that this convergence will pave the way for more resilient, sustainable, and inclusive smart cities, and we outline potential areas for further research and development in this exciting field.

Editorial - Digital innovation – A driving force of change

In the contemporary landscape, the phrase “digital innovation” has become synonymous with transformation, revolutionizing the way individuals, businesses, and societies operate. The integration of digital technologies into various facets of our lives has not only accelerated the pace of change but has also emerged as a powerful driving force shaping the future. Digital innovation, at its core, refers to the application of digital technologies to create new or significantly improved processes, products, or services. The relentless evolution of technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and data analytics has unleashed a wave of transformative possibilities across diverse sectors. One of the key attributes of digital innovation is its inherent ability to disrupt traditional models, fostering a dynamic environment that rewards adaptability and forward-thinking. In recent years, innovation, especially innovation in technology has received great attention in business as a strategic way for resilience. Monge and Soriano (2023), after reviewing 119 articles published in the WOS over the period 2018-April 2022, provide the most complete and up-to-date review of digitalization from a global perspective, summarizing the current state of knowledge within an integrated framework. Ndesaulwa and Kikula (2016) have considered technological innovation as a major force in economic growth and are focused on some of the most distinctive features of innovation in the highly industrialized economies of the OECD area. Although the innovation is seen as a driver for economic growth, it is not certain if digitalization and other innovations will lead to full employment or to a long-term mass unemployment (Arsic, 2020). This author adds that “the employment will depend on the speed of adjustment of education system to technological changes and labor market requirements, as well as on the possibilities for vocational education and change in qualifications”.

Blowin' in the wind: Dispersal of Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus in the West Mediterranean basin.

The movement of organisms is a central process in ecology and evolution, and understanding the selective forces shaping the spatial structure of populations is essential to conservation. Known as a trans-Saharan migrant capable of long-distance flights, the Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus' dispersal remains poorly known. We started a ringing scheme in 2008, the first of its kind in North Africa, and ringed 1121 fledglings over 10 years, of which 265 (23.6%) were resighted. Circular statistics and finite mixture models of natal dispersal indicated: (1) a strong West/Northwest-East/Southeast flight orientation; (2) Glossy Ibis colonies from North Africa and Southern Europe (particularly on the Iberian Peninsula) are closely linked through partial exchanges of juvenile and immature birds; (3) unlike birds from Eastern Europe, North African Glossy Ibis disperse to but do not seem to undergo regular round-trip migration to the Sahel; (4) young adults (>2-years-old) have a higher probability of dispersing further than individuals in their first calendar year (<1-year-old); and (5) dispersal distance is not influenced by sex or morphometric traits. Together, these results enhance our knowledge of the dispersal and metapopulation dynamics of Glossy Ibis, revealing large-scale connectivity between the Iberian Peninsula and Algeria, likely driven by the spatial heterogeneity of the landscape in these two regions and the prevailing winds in the Western Mediterranean.

Islamic Theology in the Turkish Republic. By Philip Dorroll

Islamic Theology in the Turkish Republic begins with a statement of origins: “Modern Turkish theology seeks to answer the question: what does it mean to believe in the One God in the context of modernity?” (17). A striking question considering the nearly century-long assumption that the Republic of Turkey represents a paradigmatic example of successful secularization in the so-called Muslim world. Instead, Philip Dorroll asks what it would mean to tell the history of modern Turkey from the perspective of its theological developments rather than from its ostensible marginalization and suppression of religion in public and political life. Moreover, Islamic Theology offers a cogent example of how to write about twentieth-century Turkish Islam in the wake of critiques of secularization by showing that Kemalism and secularism (which are often conflated to imply a single coterminous project) were not the only explanatory forces shaping Turkish discourses about religion. Islamic Theology provides an overview of the genesis, development, reformulation, and institutionalization of Sunni “systematic theology,” or kalām, within higher educational structures of the modern Turkish state. This constitutes an important intervention into the field of Ottoman-Turkish and Islamic studies. Although much has been written in Turkish about ilahiyat faculties, or faculties of divinity, Dorroll’s work contributes to a small but growing body of literature on the topic in the field of Turkish Islamic studies in English. Whereas most other studies have been primarily historical in focus, addressing nineteenth- and early twentieth-century debates about Islamic reform, Muslim modernism, the fall of the Caliphate, and the rise of Islamism, Dorroll tells a different story of Islamic theology’s development while remaining focused on the content and style of theological argumentation, an oft-ignored element in Republican historiography. In this way, the actual arguments of Turkish theologians take on a renewed relevance as contemporary thinkers working through the legacies of modernity (materialism, positivism, liberal humanism, etc.) and their various critiques, both theological and sociological. Ultimately, Dorroll argues that modern Turkish theology takes shape at the nexus of three interrelated traditions of thought that continue to impact it today: “1) the legacy of Sunni Ottoman systematic theology (kalām); 2) late nineteenth-and early-twentieth century Islamic modernism; and 3) late Ottoman and early Republican Turkish sociological theory” (17, 42). These three strands thus constitute the discursive “problem-space,” to borrow from the anthropologist David Scott, in which modern Turkish theology took form.

Theories of International Relations and the Fluidity of the International Political System

The international political system continues to undergo varying degrees of permutation which often beckon the need to (re)appraise, contest, revise and reposition hitherto existing theories of international relations with a view to achieving relative precision in the analysis of global events. Recent developments in the international political system resonate and validate the fluidity and evolving nature of theories of international relations as tools required to describe, explain, analyse and predict global trends. This study underscores the place and role of prevailing global forces in shaping the nature, direction and character of theories of international relations. It demonstrated ways in which centripetal and centrifugal subtleties of the international system orchestrate new political thoughts and search for more apposite theoretical frameworks necessary to capture the exigencies of emerging world realties. Secondary data and descriptive method of analyses were used in the study. The study showed that regardless of the usefulness of theories of international relations in creating relevant links necessary to explain observable scenarios in the global arena, their importance resides largely in their capacity to reasonably account for global actions, behaviours and events irrespective of differences in historical time boundaries as well as variations in geographies. In conclusion, the study stressed the susceptibility of theories of international relations to vagaries of an ever-evolving international system majorly characterized by trends in peace and war, cooperation and conflicts, conflictual national foreign policy objectives as well as general interest of states and non-state actors.

Victorian Women Writers and the Other Germany: Cross-Cultural Freedoms and Female Opportunity

Victorian Women Writers and the Other Germany: Cross-Cultural Freedoms and Female Opportunity

Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura).

Amazonian lowland rainforests epitomize, as few other biomes, the terrestrial and freshwater biological diversity of our planet. We provide here a comprehensive description of the larval anurans of Central Amazonia, and their natural history. We base our analyses on fieldwork conducted in six terra-firme rainforest and two várzea floodplain sites during ~60 months between 1990 and 2013, complemented with an examination of museum specimens and a review of published literature. Ninety-nine species of anurans are known to occur in Central Amazonia. Of these, 84 species (85%) have a free-swimming exotrophic larva, six species (6%) have a terrestrial endotrophic larva, one species has a terrestrial exotrophic larva (1%) and another seven species (7%) have direct development of eggs into froglets. The life cycle of one species (1%) remains unknown. We formally describe and illustrate the larval stage of 68 species (i.e., 75% of the species with a known larval stage), five of them previously unkown and nineteen never described for Central Amazonia. We compile, review and update information on species natural history including reproductive modes, habitat use, phenology, and species interactions including diet, predators, competitors and parasites. Finally, we assessed the ecomorphological diversity in the region by the application of a system inspired in Altig & Johnston (1989), later updated by Altig & McDiarmid (1999), which recognizes tadpole guilds based on a combination of morphological and natural history data. Basic scientific information presented in this monograph provide the essential background for further studies on the ecological and evolutionary forces shaping anuran Amazonian assemblages, and their conservation.

Comprehensive research on the distribution of HLA-DRB1 in Chinese populations.

By presenting antigen peptides, HLA-DRB1 plays an important role in the immune system. However, the allele frequency of HLA-DRB1 exon 2 across China has not been comprehensively studied, especially in minority populations. We sampled 3757 individuals from 59 population. The HLA-DRB1 region from 212 to 463 bp (NM_002124.4 exon 2) in each population was sequenced by Sanger sequencing and genotyped via SBTengine® software, and the allele frequency was calculated by GenAlEx 6.5. Eighty-two DRB1 alleles were identified. The expected heterozygosity of DRB1 was lower in the south than in the north, which was inconsistent with the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA results. The Mantel test and nonparametric correlation analysis showed that the correlations of the genetic distance with geographical distance and of DRB1 allele frequencies with latitude weakened after the southern and northern groups were considered separately. Principal coordinate analysis showed that populations speaking the same languages were not codistributed. Compared with other genetic markers, the distribution of DRB1 seems less affected by geographic distance and ethnic origin. Local factors such as gene flow with neighbouring populations, geographic isolation or natural selection are important forces shaping the DRB1 gene pool of local populations.

Synthesis, Dynamis, Praxis: Critical Theory’s ongoing search for a concept of society

From its beginning, Critical Theory aimed to explore the laws governing social life as a formational totality and the forces shaping and driving its historical evolution. So the attempt to develop a comprehensive conception of ‘society’ encompassing both its structural as well as its cultural components can be considered one of the defining hallmarks of Critical Theory through all its theoretical and generational variations. But what, then, is Critical Theory’s conception of society? To answer this question, the authors make use of a three-tiered heuristic model distinguishing synthesis (what is society?), dynamis (what are the driving forces of social change?) and praxis ((how) can social change be motivated or influenced by social actors?). In this way, they are able to reconstruct not only the divergences and controversies between the different versions and approaches in Critical Theory across the four generations of authors writing in this tradition, but also four core points of convergence which can serve to differentiate between Critical Theory in the Frankfurt School tradition and other critical theories. These four points, we suggest, should be seen to form the backbone of any valid conception of society in contemporary Critical Theory.

Active control experiments on a Levy cable dome

The traditional structure can only rely on the original design scheme to passively resist the changes in the external environment. Once the structure is damaged, it will bring heavy losses to the society. This paper introduces a Levy form cable dome, which can change its shape and internal force by changing the length of the active members to improve its adaptability to current loading conditions. The structure was composed of 2 hoop cables, 17 compressed struts, the central strut was designed to function as an actuator, and the internal force optimization control effect of the structure was investigated through experiments and numerical simulations. Firstly, the internal force optimization control model of the structure was established, and the optimal actuation amount of the actuator was obtained through the intelligent algorithm solutions. Then a detailed internal force active control experiment was carried out on the cable dome, including the actuator actuation and actuation recovery process. Results showed that, after actuation, the internal force of each component reduced significantly, among which, the internal force of the outer hoop cable had the smallest reduction, about 15.00%, and the internal force of each ridge cable had the largest reduction, around 50.00%. The internal force of each component increased with the actuation recovery of the actuator, and recovered to more than 90% of its initial prestress, indicating the accuracy of the designed actuation control system. The change trend of the experimental data is in good agreement with the simulation results, which verifies the correctness of the numerical calculation and the feasibility of the internal force optimization active control test of the structure under external loads by adjusting the length of its members.

절삭 시뮬레이션에 사용되는 구성방정식 종류별 절삭력 예측

The constitutive equation shows the difference in the predicted result value related to cutting according to the coefficient value and type. Therefore, in this study, the cutting force and chip shape obtained from the cutting test for each cutting condition were applied as standards. And the simulation results applying the constitutive equation were compared. The constitutive equations used in this study are the Power-Law, Johnson-Cook, and S-K constitutive equations. Since the Power-Law constitutive equation is basically applied to the cutting simulation, it was used as the internal material property, and the Johnson-Cook constitutive equation and the S-K constitutive equation determined the coefficient value and performed simulation as a user property. As a result, it was confirmed that the tangential force and chip shape prediction in the cutting force and chip shape prediction of AAl7075 material were valid through simulation using the S-K constitutive equation.

Psychological safety and emergency department team performance: A mixed-methods study.

Team culture underpins team performance. Psychological safety - 'a shared belief held by members of a team that the team is safe for interpersonal risk taking' - is a critical component of team culture for high-performing teams across contexts. However, psychological safety in ED teams has not been well explored. We aimed to explore this core teamwork concept in the ED. This was a sequential mixed-methods study of nursing and medical staff at a large tertiary care ED in Australia from October 2020 to March 2021. First, participants completed the 'Team Learning and Psychological Safety Survey' and a narrative questionnaire. These findings informed semi-structured interviews. We determined median psychological safety and compared results across role and length of time working in the department. Qualitative results were analysed using a deductive thematic analysis using a previously generated framework for enablers of psychological safety at the individual, team and organisational levels. The survey was completed by 72/410 participants and 19 interviews were conducted. The median psychological safety score was 37/49 (IQR 13). Psychological safety was not experienced universally, with nurses and new staff experiencing lower levels. Individual, team and organisational factors impacted psychological safety. The primary force shaping psychological safety was familiarity with colleagues and leaders. Familiarity of team members and leaders was critical to the development of psychological safety within the ED. Fostering familiarity should be a focus for frontline leadership each shift and a priority in broader departmental decisions for those seeking to enhance the psychological safety of their teams.

Unequal Reproduction Early in a Social Transition: Insights from Invasive Wasps.

AbstractIn eusocial insects, nestmate queens can differ in their reproductive output, causing asymmetries in the distribution of mutual benefits. However, little is known about how reproductive success is partitioned in incipiently polygynous species, which would provide clues about the evolutionary forces shaping the emergence of polygyny. Here, we leverage a recent transition from predominantly single-queen (monogyne) to multiple-queen (polygyne) colonies in an invasive yellowjacket species to investigate whether queens in incipiently polygyne colonies invest equally in reproductive effort or vary in their relative investment in each caste. We excavated nine polygyne Vespula pensylvanica colonies in Hawaii and used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing to infer the parentage of worker, male, and gyne (daughter queen) pupae from each nest comb. In four colonies with at least eight gyne pupae, a single queen produced most or all gynes. These queens had no male offspring and few worker offspring, suggesting that a subset of nestmate queens might exploit the collective benefits of newly polygyne societies. In contrast to most queens, gyne producers had offspring distributed nonrandomly across nest combs. Nestmate queens generally exhibited low relatedness levels. Our results suggest that rapid, ecologically driven transitions to polygyny among unrelated queens may, at their onset, be vulnerable to reproductive asymmetries that are likely evolutionarily unstable. More broadly, this study contributes to the understanding of social evolution by uncovering asymmetric partitioning of reproduction in a population with newly evolved polygyny and raises questions about the future trajectories of introduced populations.