Forbidden Words Research Articles

Periodic-Finite-Type Shift Spaces

We study the class of periodic-finite-type (PFT) shift spaces, which can be used to model time-varying constrained codes used in digital magnetic recording systems. A PFT shift is determined by a finite list of periodically forbidden words. We show that the class of PFT shifts properly contains all finite-type (FT) shifts, and the class of almost finite-type (AFT) shifts properly contains all PFT shifts. We establish several basic properties of PFT shift spaces of a given period <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$T$</tex> </formula> , and provide a characterization of such a shift in terms of properties of its Shannon cover (i.e., its unique minimal, deterministic, irreducible graph presentation). We present an algorithm that, given the Shannon cover <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\cal G}$</tex></formula> of an irreducible sofic shift <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$X$</tex> </formula> , decides whether or not <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$X$</tex> </formula> is PFT in time that is quadratic in the number of states of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\cal G}$</tex></formula> . From any periodic irreducible presentation of a given period, we define a periodic forbidden list, unique up to conjugacy (a circular permutation) for that period, that satisfies certain minimality properties. We show that an irreducible sofic shift is PFT if and only if the list corresponding to its Shannon cover <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\cal G}$</tex></formula> and its period is finite. Finally, we discuss methods for computing the capacity of a PFT shift from a periodic forbidden list, either by construction of a corresponding graph or in a combinatorial manner directly from the list itself.

ON THE VISUALIZATION OF STRINGS AND FRACTALS OF SOME FORBIDDEN WORDS

By using the frame representation method proposed by B. L. Hao et al. in 20001,2 and a method provided by P. Tino,3,4 we will devise the generalized graphical representation for the strings defined on an alphabet Σ = {0, 1, …, n - 1} with cardinal n but all these graphs are still shown in a unit square, and generate its corresponding struture tables automatically. In particular, the words defined on Σ are mapped into n-adic numbers so that the index set Ind(B) can be computed. Thus, the fractals of the forbidden words can be naturally constructed. It has already been known that for biological sequences, the circular codes can be applied to some special bacteria and their forbidden words are the 5-necklaces. In this paper, we notice that the fractals of the forbidden words are particularly useful to represent the circular codes for some biological sequences.

Parameter estimate from coupled map lattices based on symbolic vector dynamics

Symbolic dynamics, which partitions the infinite number of finite length trajectories into a finite number of trajectory sets, allows a simplified and "coarse-grained" description of the dynamics of a system with a limited number of symbols. In this paper, we further develop the symbolic vector dynamical estimation method in coupled map lattice (CML). We take the CML of Logistic map as an example, to show that the control parameters affect the dynamical characters of symbolic vector sequence. We study the ergodic property of CML by using the inverse function of CML. We give the symbolic vector dynamical description of the initial values, the forbidden words and the control parameters for studying pattern formation in CML. We also give a coupling coefficient estimation approach based on the ergodic property.

Heart Rate Variability during Simulated Hemorrhage with Lower Body Negative Pressure in High and Low Tolerant Subjects

Heart rate variability (HRV) decreases during hemorrhage, and has been proposed as a new vital sign to assess cardiovascular stability in trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if any of the HRV metrics could accurately distinguish between individuals with different tolerance to simulated hemorrhage. Specifically, we hypothesized that (1) HRV would be similar in low tolerant (LT) and high tolerant (HT) subjects at presyncope when both groups are on the verge of hemodynamic collapse; and (2) HRV could distinguish LT subjects at presyncope from hemodynamically stable HT subjects (i.e., at a submaximal level of hypovolemia). Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) was used as a model of hemorrhage in healthy human subjects, eliciting central hypovolemia to the point of presyncopal symptoms (onset of hemodynamic collapse). Subjects were classified as LT if presyncopal symptoms occurred during the −15 to −60 mmHg levels of LBNP, and HT if symptoms occurred after LBNP of −60 mmHg. A total of 20 HRV metrics were derived from R–R interval measurements at the time of presyncope, and at one level prior to presyncope (submax) in LT and HT groups. Only four HRV metrics (Long-range Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, Forbidden Words, Poincaré Plot Descriptor Ratio, and Fractal Dimensions by Curve Length) supported both hypotheses. These four HRV metrics were evaluated further for their ability to identify individual LT subjects at presyncope when compared to HT subjects at submax. Variability in individual LT and HT responses was so high that LT responses overlapped with HT responses by 85–97%. The sensitivity of these HRV metrics to distinguish between individual LT from HT subjects was 6–33%, and positive predictive values were 40–73%. These results indicate that while a small number of HRV metrics can accurately distinguish between LT and HT subjects using group mean data, individual HRV values are poor indicators of tolerance to hypovolemia.

Generalizations of the Goulden–Jackson cluster method

We give several modifications of the Goulden–Jackson cluster method for finding generating functions for words avoiding a given set of forbidden words. Our modifications include functions which can take into account various ‘weights’ on words, including single letter probability distributions, double letter (i.e. pairwise) probability distributions, and triple letter probability distributions. We also describe an alternative, recursive approach to finding such generating functions. We describe Maple implementations of the various modifications. The accompanying Maple package is available at the website for this paper.

반 전역 정렬을 이용한 온라인 게임 변형 욕설 필터링 시스템

온라인 게임에서의 언어폭력 문제는 매우 심각하지만 그에 대한 효과적인 정책이나 기술적인 방법은 부족한 상황이다. 온라인 게임 서비스 업체에서는 금칙어 리스트를 작성하여 Swear Filter를 이용한 고정된 형식의 문자열 검색 방식을 통해 문제를 해결하려고 하고 있으나 사용자들은 다양한 방법으로 욕설을 조합 또는 변형시켜 기존의 필터링을 회피하고 있다. 특히 한글은 욕설의 변형이 매우 쉬운 특성을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에는 한글에 기초한 변형 욕설을 효율적으로 탐색하여 걸러내는 알고리즘을 제시한다. 이 알고리즘의 주된 특징은 변형 욕설의 표준형 변환과 자소단위의 반 전체 정렬(semi-global alignment), 이다. 실험 결과 저자들이 다양한 인터넷 게임 환경에서 직접 수집한 다종의 욕설 단어들에 대하여 약 90%의 우수한 필터링 성능을 보였다. Currently the verbal abuse in text message over on-line game is so serious. However we do not have any effective policy or technical tools yet. Till now in order to cope with this problem, the online game service providers have accumulated a set of forbidden words and applied this list on the textual word used in on-line game, which is called 'Swear filter'. But young on-line game players easily avoid this filtering method by coining another words which is not kept in the list. Especially Korean is very easy to make new variations of a vulgar word. In this paper, we propose one smart filtering algorithm to identify newly coined profanities. Important features of our method include the canonical form transformation of coined profanities, semi-global alignment between in the level of consonant and vowel units. For experiment, we have collected more than 1000 newly coined vulgar words in on-line gaming sites and tested these word against our methods. where our system have successfully filtered more than 90% of those newly coined vulgar words.

License of the Doe

License of the Doe Sonia Manzano Someone gives a thumbs down someone pierces his trident in thedetached cornea ofdestiny The earthdoes not shake no volcano erupts these are not the lastdays of any city inparticular but Ihave toget to the sea before the fireswallows me From the shore with a rag coveringmy shamelessness I let the sea set sail without taking me along. I take the libertyto refuse the friedchicken and the mashed potatoes of this last supper I do warm-up exercises I grab electricwires My heart sopping wet I rejectany tonsured consolation and any pardon thatcomes insultingly ill-timed I only accept theflutteringof thehawk tied tomy arm theflutteringof shewho speaks is strictly my own business I take the libertytoplace early dawn before the sluggish night I take a stand and choke onmy words I takemy pulse and declare myself alive I takemyself by forceand steal what remains of me each time Idie Translation from theSpanish ByAlexis Levitin& Fernando Iturburu Alexis Levitin's translations have appeared in well over two hundred magazines, including Partisan Review, Kenyon Review, APR, New Letters, Ms. magazine, and Prairie Schooner. His twenty-five books in translation include Clarice Lispector's Soulstorm and Eugenio de Andrade's Forbidden Words (both from New Directions). Inthe last three yearshe has shifted hisfocustoworking with modern and contemporary Ecuadorean poets. Fernando Iturburu isa poet, fictionwriter, and critic from Guayaquil, Ecuador. He teaches Spanish at Plattsburgh State College inNew York. His collections of poetry include El Camino tornado and Contra simismo. Other work includes a collection of detective stories, El Cholo Cepeda, investigador privado; a book of personal essays or cr?nicas; and a collection of cultural criticism. July-August 2009 i45 ...

Effect of weight and age on respiratory complexity in premature neonates

Very low-birth-weight premature infants often suffer from a variety of respiratory problems, including respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), hypopnea and periodic breathing, and apnea. These conditions are likely related to immaturity of the respiratory centers; yet how respiratory rhythms originating from these centers, including their complexity, relate to demographic measures of prematurity remains largely unknown. In 39 neonates with mild RDS (22 males, 28 +/- 2 wk gestational age, 1,036 +/- 234 g body wt), we derived the univariate association between complexity of two respiratory rhythms [respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (Vt)] and postmenstrual age, gestational age, postnatal age, and weight at time of study. RR and Vt rhythm complexities were assessed using approximate entropy, sample entropy, base scale entropy, and forbidden words entropy estimated for 300 consecutive breaths determined from respiratory inductance plethysmography, irrespective of breathing effort rate or amplitude, collected during sleep while the neonates were exposed to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (4-6 cmH(2)O). RR and Vt exhibited increased complexity with increased maturity, but only in terms of base scale entropy and forbidden words entropy, which are based on pattern matching, rather than approximate entropy and sample entropy, which are based on conditional probabilities. Specifically, RR complexity as measured by forbidden word entropy increased with increasing weight (r = 0.502), postconceptional age (r = 0.423), and gestational age (r = 0.493). As measured by base scale entropy, RR complexity increased with increasing weight (r = 0.488) and postconceptional age (r = 0.390). Vt complexity, measured by base scale entropy, was greater with increased postnatal age (r = 0.428). Our results indicate that respiratory rhythms become more complex with increasing levels of maturity, as indicated by increased weight and several age parameters. This emphasizes the importance of the later weeks of gestation in the maturation of respiratory centers in the brain and suggests a promising use of entropy measures in exploring respiratory maturation in infants.

Review of Allan &amp; Burridge (2006): Forbidden words: Taboo and the censoring of language

Review of Allan &amp; Burridge (2006): Forbidden words: Taboo and the censoring of language

Chemistry Taboo: An Active Learning Game for the General Chemistry Classroom

Using games in the chemistry classroom can provide engaging and alternative methods of instruction, promoting active learning that enlivens lectures and recitations. This paper presents an effective and entertaining way to teach and reinforce central chemistry concepts, by adapting the board game Taboo with chemical terms for the keywords. Students take turns playing the role of the giver, who describes chemical terms for teammates to guess, although the giver must do this without using the term itself or additional words listed on the card as or forbidden words. The object of the game is for givers to have their teammates guess as many keywords as possible in the allotted time without accruing penalties for using the three or four taboo words listed on each card. The details of the game are outlined and example Chemistry Taboo cards are provided. This game could be integrated at any point in the curriculum, and is an effective and entertaining way to teach and reinforce central chemistry concepts and to review for exams.

Linguistic interdiction: Its status quaestionis and possible future research lines

In spite of the fact that the censoring of language carries out some unavoidable functions for social life, the topic of forbidden words has scarcely been studied. This paper focuses, on the one hand, on how linguistic censorship is present in any society, including our contemporary society – and on how it affects the most varied aspects of everyday life. And, in addition, this paper suggests some possible lines of research which should be carried out in order to develop the results obtained in the most recent publications on the topic.

Yugoslavia, an ‘Almost Forbidden Word’ Cultural policy in times of nationalism—interview with Dubravka Ugresic

In the 1990s wars in former Yugoslavia many intellectuals, including writers, artists, and scholars, supported nationalist right-wing regimes and promoted narratives of national exceptionalism to justify relevant political decisions and cultural policies. The intellectuals who opposed these regimes were frequently silenced (censored and/or assassinated) and many of them eventually left the country. The following interview features the renowned writer Dubravka Ugresic, who analyzes Croatia's cultural and political climate at the outset of the war and explains how her opposition to the wartime Croatian regime led to her public ostracism and subsequent decision to emigrate to the Netherlands. Emphasizing the role that nationalist intellectuals played in altering former Yugoslav cultural policies, Ugresic discusses the politics of language, literature, and literary canon in the new states that emerged from Yugoslavia's violent dismemberment. Ugresic also reflects on how the new politics of ethnic identity affects international book markets in terms of publishing decisions, distribution of literature, and classification of writers according to national affiliation. In this process, Ugresic notes, Yugoslavia itself has become an “almost forbidden word,” and its nurturing of multiethnic and supranational literature and culture has been supplanted by narrowly nationalist cultural policies.

Finite automata for testing composition-based reconstructibility of sequences

Symbolic sequences uniquely reconstructible from all their substrings of length k compose a regular factorial language. We thoroughly characterize this language by its minimal forbidden words, and explicitly build up a deterministic finite automaton that accepts it. This provides an efficient on-line algorithm for testing the unique reconstructibility of the sequences.

Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language, by Keith Allan and Kate Burridge

<i>Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language</i>, by <scp>Keith Allan and Kate Burridge</scp>

Fractals of forbidden words and approximating their box dimensions

This paper provides the construction of the fractals defined by more than two forbidden words. Some properties of the table structure in the Hao’s frame representation are emphasized because they are the key to drawing the fractals. The recurrence formula are not only used in the enumeration, but also applied to derive the characteristic equations. Furthermore, a more efficient method of approximating their box dimensions is presented.

Computing the topological entropy of shifts

AbstractDifferent characterizations of classes of shift dynamical systems via labeled digraphs, languages, and sets of forbidden words are investigated. The corresponding naming systems are analyzed according to reducibility and particularly with regard to the computability of the topological entropy relative to the presented naming systems. It turns out that all examined natural representations separate into two equivalence classes and that the topological entropy is not computable in general with respect to the defined natural representations. However, if a specific labeled digraph representation – namely primitive, right‐resolving labeled digraphs – of some class of shifts is considered, namely the shifts having the specification property, then the topological entropy gets computable. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Languages with mismatches

In this paper we study some combinatorial properties of a class of languages that represent sets of words occurring in a text S up to some errors. More precisely, we consider sets of words that occur in a text S with k mismatches in any window of size r . The study of this class of languages mainly focuses both on a parameter, called repetition index, and on the set of the minimal forbidden words of the language of factors of S with errors. The repetition index of a string S is defined as the smallest integer such that all strings of this length occur at most in a unique position of the text S up to errors. We prove that there is a strong relation between the repetition index of S and the maximal length of the minimal forbidden words of the language of factors of S with errors. Moreover, the repetition index plays an important role in the construction of an indexing data structure. More precisely, given a text S over a fixed alphabet, we build a data structure for approximate string matching having average size O ( | S | ⋅ log k + 1 | S | ) and answering queries in time O ( | x | + | o c c ( x ) | ) for any word x , where occ is the list of all occurrences of x in S up to errors.

Forbidden Speech/Controlled Speech: Some Observations on the Role of the Word in Rouch's Films

This work is about commentary and dialogue in Jean Rouch's ethnographic filming, mainly in his ethnofictions. It includes two parts. The first is an article on the role of speech in Rouch's films; the second is an interview with Rouch on the same subject. This was conducted and recorded by me in 1995 at the Café Bullier in Montparnasse, where Rouch used to have breakfeast every morning. When I met Rouch between two doors I told him that I intended to write a paper about language in his films. He called out, apparently without paying attention, “Ah! the speech taboo.” As nothing is never said by chance, it seemed to me that this jest deserved some attention: the forbidden words…which ones, forbidden by whom, how and why?

Comparison of methods for editing of ectopic beats in measurements of short‐term non‐linear heart rate dynamics

Non-linear heart rate (HR) dynamics characterizes the fractal properties and complexity of the variations in HR. Ventricular and supraventricular ectopic beats might introduce a mathematical artefact to the analyses on sinus rhythm. We therefore evaluated the effects of different editing practices for ectopic beats such that 753 40-min ECG recordings were (i) not edited for the ectopic beats, or the ectopic beats were edited with (ii) an interpolation or with (iii) a deletion method before the analyses of non-linear HR dynamics. The non-linear HR dynamics analyses included detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), approximate entropy, symbolic dynamics (SymDyn), fractal dimension and return map (RM). We found that the short-term scaling exponent (alpha1) of DFA, forbidden words of SymDyn and RM were sensitive measurements to the ectopic beats and there were strong correlations between these measurements and the number of ectopic beats. In addition, the unedited ectopic beats significantly lowered the stability of these measurements. However, the editing either with interpolation or deletion method corrected the measurements for the bias caused by the ectopic beats. On the contrary, the entropy measurements were not as sensitive to the ectopic beats. In conclusion, the ectopic beats affect the non-linear HR dynamics of sinus rhythm differently, causing a more marked bias in fractal than in complexity measurements of non-linear HR dynamics. This erroneous effect of ectopic beats can be corrected with a proper editing of these measurements. Therefore, there is an obvious need for standardized editing practices for ectopic beats before the analysis of non-linear HR dynamics.

Kayoko IWAUCHI (2006). L'agression verbale en japonais : Disputes télévisées et forum de plaintes d'enfants. 1 vol., 363 pages, 1 corpus, 203 pages. Paris : École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Directeur de recherche: Mme Irène TAMBA.

This thesis researches the linguistic characteristics of verba agression in Japanese. A survey carried out among adolescents has revealed taboos that block any direct description of forbidden words during an argument. Two corpora have been chosen to get rounf this difficulty : a series of 11 arguments and an internet forum where children complain about having been victimised by words. The analysis of the first corpus has allowed the identification of opposed principles of their enunciative organisation : the argument revolves around the speacker who tries to dominate and crush his opponent. The principale appears at the level of the structure of the interaction, the lexical and syntactical characteristics. This domination of the speacker oppose the rules of ordinary language, entailing defiance effects. The analysis of the second corpus illustrates the point of view of the victims of hurtful words by revealing their secret emotive reactions. These express themselves through the use of negative affect verbs and the alternating use of past and non-past tenses, when the mention of these hurtful words reveals always painful personal experiences.