Forage Crop Production Research Articles

Differences among eighteen winter pea genotypes for forage and cover crop use in the southeastern United States

AbstractWinter pea (Pisum sativum L.) can be used as a forage and cover crop in the southeast and mid‐Atlantic United states; however, minimal effort has been devoted to optimize winter pea genetics for forage and cover crop production in these regions. Studies were conducted from 2015–2017 in Maryland and North Carolina screening 18 winter pea genotypes for forage and cover crop use. Winter pea genotypes were compared with widely grown crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth]. All legume genotypes were harvested across four timings. Legume winter hardiness, disease incidence, biomass production, quality, and N release were estimated. Winter hardiness was severe with many winter pea genotypes at the Maryland environments, which restricted winter pea biomass production. There was considerable variation for disease incidence among the winter pea genotypes depending on biotic stressors at each environment. At the North Carolina environments, several winter pea genotypes produced similar biomass to crimson clover and hairy vetch across harvest timings. At the Maryland environments, crimson clover and hairy vetch biomass exceeded winter pea biomass. The winter pea genotypes varied considerably for quality traits including protein, lignin, and cellulose. Relative forage value declined as biomass harvest was delayed and was generally higher with all winter pea genotypes than crimson clover or hairy vetch. These results show wide genetic variation in the winter pea genotypes screened for biomass and quality; this variation could be utilized in breeding efforts to enhance winter pea production in the region.

The productivity of forage crops as pasture in ex coal mining land during the rainy season

Due to the reduction in fertile land availability, ex coal-mining land can be used to produce animal feed plant (AFP). The objective of this study is to determine the productivity of grass for grazing areas planted in ex-coal mining land. Soil samples were chemically analyzed by the Soil Research Institute. The design used was a randomized block design (RBD), with plant varieties for treatment, namely B. humidicola (A), C. dactilon (B), P. notatum, (C) S. secundatum (D) and P. purpurium cv Mott (E). Plant grass each in plots measuring 5 x 7 m, and repeated three times with spacing of 0.5 x 0.5 m. The results showed that plant varieties had a significant effect (P <0.05) on the production of biomass (grams plot−1) and plant height (cm). The highest production and grass height were P. purpureum cv Mott with a production of 52,716.57 ± 6,366.12 g plot−1 and 104.26 ± 2.46 (cm). It is concluded that P. purpureum cv Mott has the potential to be developed as a pasture grass in ex-coal mining land.

Improvement of forage lands in Central Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia by using some integrated approaches

In an activity system aimed at creation of high-quality fodder base for animal agriculture, crop science plays the main role. It facilitates the increase in the productivity of forage crops, which guarantees the relevance of efficiency studies and the developed technologies for improving forage lands. The research was aimed at studying the impact of integrated approaches to improving forage lands in the Central Non-Black Earth Zone. The objectives of the research were as follows: to present a methodology for monitoring agricultural fields for the subsequent improvement of forage lands; to develop an efficient technology for improving forage lands using modern mechanization means; to study the productivity of different grass mixtures when implementing various options for soil cultivation. Based on the results of three years of theoretical and experimental research, a technological scheme for fodder land improvement (including technical processes) was compiled: monitoring of fields, preparation of grass mixtures and mineral fertilizers, preparation and tuning of machine-tractor aggregates, assessment of the yield of two-time grass cutting and secondary monitoring of fields. The proposed technology included several levelling technological operations (including levelling of hillocks), operations for the preparation of the seedbed and the seed material in the form of grass mixtures and mineral fertilizers and subsequent strip sowing. It has been established that when improving fodder lands as well as the quality of soil preparation, the prevalence of milling created more favorable conditions for increasing productivity of perennial grasses compared to disking.

Biotechnological preparation of sewage and livestock manure from livestock farms for the needs of horticulture

Ensuring food security of the state provides for obtaining high yields of agricultural crops and the development of livestock facilities. The aim of the investigation is to develop an accelerated biotechnological preparation of sewage and livestock manure from livestock farms for irrigation of pastures and fertilization of fields for forage crops. Closed-loop systems for products output on pig farms and cattle farms using biotechnology for the preparation of livestock manure for irrigation of fields in the production of forage crops have been developed. The biotechnology of accelerated preparation of sewage and liquid livestock manure is based on the principles of their mechanical separation into fractions with the subsequent preparation of liquid concentrated organic fertilizers using nutraceuticals, which speed up the processes of their preparation in a much shorter time than using traditional technologies. A closed-loop system for products output on sheep and pig farms and cattle farms using biotechnology is proposed. The basis of biotechnology in the processing of solid livestock manure is the principle of accelerated components composting using nutraceuticals. The implementation of accelerated preparation system of sewage and livestock manure for irrigation of pastures and fertilization of fields for forage crops contributed to an increase in their yield up to 20.54%. At the same time, the milk yield per forage cow increased by 8.47-14.20%; average daily weight gain - by 13.30–47.73%.

Mitigation of the Typhoon Risk on the Forage Crop Production in the Southern Kyushu Japan by Introducing Multiple Cropping System

Mitigation of the Typhoon Risk on the Forage Crop Production in the Southern Kyushu Japan by Introducing Multiple Cropping System

Technological Approaches to Reducing Climate Risk of Typhoon in Forage Crop Production

Technological Approaches to Reducing Climate Risk of Typhoon in Forage Crop Production

Вплив зміни структури посівних площ кормових культур на забезпечення скотарства кормами

The article presents the results of research on the state of production of major forage crops in Ukraine and in its south (on the example of the Nikolaev region) for the period 2000-2020. Changes in the structure of sown areas, reduction of sown areas, which is due to a decrease in the number of cattle are noted. The rate of providing the feed unit with digestible protein has been improved, and the supply of animals with feed has improved.

Assessment of photosynthetic productivity of new perennial forage crops in forest-steppe conditions of Western Siberia

The article presents the results of six years of experience in comparative evaluation of perennial forage crops (Sida hermaphrodita Rusby., Silphium perfoliatum L., Polygonum divaricatun L., Polygonum weyrichii Fr. Schmidt, Helianthus tuberosus L., Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.), Symphytum asperum Lep., Urtica dioica L., Isatis tinctoria L., Rumex tianschanicus L. × Rumex patientia L.) on parameters of photosynthetic activity and dry matter yield in the forest-steppe conditions of Western Siberia. These crops are characterized by environmental plasticity, longevity (up to 25 years), high productivity (30-100 t/ha of green mass). And they have a versatile economic use. The experiment’s purpose is to assess the potential of crop cultivation and recommend species for inclusion in the regional cropping system. It was found that the largest area indicators of the assimilable apparatus (131.4-149.3 thousand m2 / ha) and photosynthetic potential (4.5–4.6 million m2 day/ha) were in S. hermaphrodita and S. perfoliatum crops, which exceeded the maize values by 1.2–2.4 times. A significant increase in leaf area in these crops contributed to a 23% decrease in net photosynthesis productivity compared to maize. By collecting dry matter for two mowings, these crops surpassed maize by 65-85% with a relatively high indicator of EER PAR (1.2 - 1.4%).

МЕЛИОРАТИВНЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ И ЦИФРОВАЯ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ КАК МЕХАНИЗМ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ РЕСУРСОМ

The purpose of the study is to establish an analytical relationship between the irrigation norm and the sum of positive temperatures which will allow optimizing and rationalizing the use of natural resource potential without affecting the productivity of forage crops. There is established that the dynamics of soil moisture during the vegetation season on the meadow-alluvial soils of the Aral Sea region and sierozem soils of the south of Kazakhstan with the sum of positive temperatures is greater than 10°C.To justify the period of vegetation irrigation according to the indicators of the sum of effective temperatures,field studies were conducted and the materials obtained were analyzed. In addition, the establishment of pre-irrigation antecedent soil moisture based on preliminary calculations allows you to stabilize the microclimate of the irrigated area and increase the gross crop yield, save irrigation water. On cotton crops, irrigation must be carried out when the sum of the effective temperatures is 500…550°C, 800…850°C,1100-1150°C and 1400°C from the beginning of sowing. At the same time, the excess yield control of raw cotton in production conditions is about 4.9 c/ha. On forage crops, watering should be carried out according to the accumulation of the sum of effective temperatures of 400°C, subsequent watering every 200°C-250°C.It follows from the calculations that the maize irrigation season should start from the second decade of May and end in late June with a watering rate of 650 to 800 m3/ha. Carrying out irrigation in accordance with the sum of positive temperatures allows you to save up to 2-3 watering with a total irrigation rate of 1400 to 2400 m3/ha. and increases the gross yield of agricultural crops.

Breeding of comb-wheatgrass (Agropyron pectiniforme Roem. et Schult.) for arid conditions of the steppe zone

In the context of the progressive trend of climate aridization of the main agricultural regions in the forest-steppe and steppe zones, the problem of increasing and stabilizing the high productivity of forage crops is becoming more acute. Perennial grasses are the most affordable and stable source of cheap plant feed, and a means of preserving soil fertility during intensive farming, which has an anthropogenic negative impact on agricultural ecosystems. Perennial grasses play a special role as a biological means of counteracting the degradation of biological, water and physical and agrochemical properties of soils, the processes of their dehumidification and erosion. In arid climatic conditions, the most effective species of perennial bluegrass grasses is the comb-wheatgrass or broad-spiked wheatgrass (Agropyron pectiniforme Roem. et Schult.). This crop is resistant to extremely stressful conditions for cultivation in arid conditions, high production potential for the production of various types of voluminous feed. The limiting factor for the effective economic use of the comb-wheatgrass is the insufficient number of zoned varieties. At the Voronezh Experimental Station for perennial grasses, active breeding work is underway to develop new varieties of comb-wheatgrass. The results of the assessment of the source material in the collection nursery are presented. The best specimens for the creation of complex hybrid populations for the formation of the polycross nursery have been identified.

Совместное действие минеральных удобрений и клевера лугового на продуктивность кормовых культур в севооборотах Прибайкалья

Совместное действие минеральных удобрений и клевера лугового на продуктивность кормовых культур в севооборотах Прибайкалья

Primary seed production of fodder crops

In recent years, for a number of reasons, there has been a decrease in attention to seed production of many forage crops for seed reproduction. Many varieties have lost their yield, resistance to diseases and various unfavorable climatic conditions, for which it is necessary to carry out regular work on the primary seed production of varieties. In our studies, work was carried out on primary seed production on the varieties of fodder beet “Uzbekistan-83”, corn “Uzbekistan-2018”, oats “Uzbek broadleaf” and triticale varieties “Silver Prague”. This article presents the results of primary seed production on forage crops of the above varieties.

Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals the Genetic Architecture of Seed Vigor in Oats.

Seed vigor is crucial for crop early establishment in the field and is particularly important for forage crop production. Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a nutritious food crop and also a valuable forage crop. However, little is known about the genetics of seed vigor in oats. To investigate seed vigor-related traits and their genetic architecture in oats, we developed an easy-to-implement image-based phenotyping pipeline and applied it to 650 elite oat lines from the Collaborative Oat Research Enterprise (CORE). Root number, root surface area, and shoot length were measured in two replicates. Variables such as growth rate were derived. Using a genome-wide association (GWA) approach, we identified 34 and 16 unique loci associated with root traits and shoot traits, respectively, which corresponded to 41 and 16 unique SNPs at a false discovery rate < 0.1. Nine root-associated loci were organized into four sets of homeologous regions, while nine shoot-associated loci were organized into three sets of homeologous regions. The context sequences of five trait-associated markers matched to the sequences of rice, Brachypodium and maize (E-value < 10−10), including three markers matched to known gene models with potential involvement in seed vigor. These were a glucuronosyltransferase, a mitochondrial carrier protein domain containing protein, and an iron-sulfur cluster protein. This study presents the first GWA study on oat seed vigor and data of this study can provide guidelines and foundation for further investigations.

Влияние длительного применения удобрений на продуктивность и качество кормовых культур в условиях Севера

В условиях Республики Коми в полевом стационарном опыте на дерново-подзолистой легкосуглинистой почве изучена эффективность различных доз органических и минеральных удобрений, а также совместного их применения. Исследования проводили в 1978–2019 годах на опытных полях Института агробиотехнологий ФИЦ Коми НЦ УрО РАН. Целью проводимых исследований было изучение влияния комплексного применения удобрений на продуктивность и качество кормовых культур в шестипольном севообороте. Кормовой севооборот имел следующее чередование культур: картофель, викоовсяная смесь с подсевом многолетних трав, многолетние травы 1 г.п., многолетние травы 2 г.п., викоовсяная смесь, картофель. В результате научных исследований (более 40 лет) установлено, что наиболее эффективной была органоминеральная система удобрений, особенно при внесении 80 т/га торфонавозного компоста (ТНК) и минеральных удобрений. Многолетние исследования показали, что наиболее значительные урожаи кормовых культур (в среднем за три ротации) получены при использовании 80 т/га ТНК и NPK: однолетних трав — 4,4 т/га; многолетних трав — 6,2 и картофеля — 7,1 т/га сухого вещества высокого качества. Содержание сухого вещества в клубнях картофеля в вариантах с NPK составило 18,0–18,8%, на органическом фоне — 18,4–18,9 и при комплексном применении удобрений — 17,1–17,7; в контроле — 19,6%. Количество крахмала в картофеле незначительно различалось по вариантам опыта и равнялось 12,6–13,1%. Содержание нитратов не превышало ПДК (250 мг/кг сырой массы). Количество сухого вещества в однолетних и многолетних травах изменялось незначительно и составляло 19,0–19,8 и 25,0–26,8% соответственно. Установлено, что удобрения способствовали повышению содержания сырого протеина в однолетних и многолетних травах до 13,1–15,0% (в контроле — 11,2%) и 8,8–10,6 % (в контроле — 8,1%) соответственно. The impact of various rates of organic and mineral fertilizers was analyzed in the Komi Republic on sod-podzolic soil with low loam content. The research took place at the Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology in 1978–2019. The goal was to test forage crop productivity and quality under fertilization and six-field crop rotation. Crop rotation happened as follows: potatoes, vetch-oat mixture overseeded by perennial grasses, first-year perennial grasses, second-year perennial grasses, vetch-oat mixture, potatoes. For 40 years the combination of mineral and organic fertilizers was the most effective. The highest yields for three rotations were observed under the application of 80 t ha-1 of peat-manure compost and NPK: annual grasses produced 4.4 t ha-1; perennial grasses — 6.2, and potatoes — 7.1 t ha-1 of high-quality dry matter (DM). Potato tubers accumulated 18.0–18.8% of DM under NPK application, 18.4–18.9 — under organic nutrition, 17.1–17.7 — when using complex fertilization, and 19.6% — in the control. Starch content varied within 12.6–13.1% in potatoes. Nitrate content did not exceed the maximum acceptable concentration (250 mg/kg of raw mass). DM concentrations amounted to 19.0–19.8 and 25.0–26.8% in annual and perennial grasses, respectively. Fertilization increased crude protein amount in annual and perennial grasses up to 13.1–15.0% (versus 11.2% in the control) and 8.8–10.6 % (versus 8.1%), respectively.

Herbicide application improved weed control and yield in Bajra Napier Hybrid

Weeds impair the production and quality of forage crops. A research was performed to assess the PE application of oxadiargyl and sequential application of oxadiargyl PE fb 2,4-D POE for weed control, microbial and enzymatic activity, and yield in Bajra Napier hybrid (BN hybrid; Pennisetum glaucum × Pennisetum purpureum). Weed density, microbial count, dehydrogenase (DHA) activity and yield data were recorded during 2015 and 2016 rainy season. The data from this study indicated dominant weed flora of the experimental site was Commelina benghalensis (13%), Echinochloa colona (28%), Cyperus rotundus (30%) and other weeds (29%). Plots treated with oxadiargyl preemergence (PE) had lower density and biomass of Echinochloa colona, Cyperus rotundus and total weeds at 25 days after planting (DAP); similar trend was also observed at 50 DAP. However, lower density of Commelina benghalensis and other weeds were recorded in oxadiargyl PE fb 2,4-D POE treated plots compared to oxadiargyl PE at 50 DAP, due to ability of 2,4-D on controlling broadleaved weeds. A similar green fodder (GF) and dry fodder (DF) yield was recorded in oxadiargyl PE and oxadiargyl PE fb 2,4-D POE. Weed control treatment evaluation indices including weed control efficiency (WCE), herbicide efficiency index (HEI) and weed index (WI) also showed no difference among herbicide treatments with respect to total weed control and crop yield. Weed management in BN hybrid either using oxadiargyl PE or oxadiargyl PE fb 2,4-D POE provide an effective weed control and better yield.

Socioeconomic Factors and Sustainable Forage Crops Production in Turkey Aegean Region: A Multivariate Modeling

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics on sustainable forage crop production after forage crop subsidies. One of the innovative aspects of the study is the simultaneous modeling of alfalfa, silage corn and vetch production efficiency. For this, the multivariate linear regression model was used. In this way, the effect of socioeconomic characteristics on production is more clearly demonstrated by taking into account the dependency structure between forage crop production. For the study, 487 farmers in the Aegean region, where fodder crops can be produced throughout the year, were interviewed face-to-face and data were collected through a questionnaire. According to the results obtained, it was determined that the width of the land had a positive effect on the increase in alfalfa, silage corn, and vetch production. The number of animals was found to have a positive effect on alfalfa and silage maize production growth. The production of alfalfa was higher in rural farmers, and vetch production was higher in urban farmers. Farmers who do not have non-agricultural income focused on vetch production, and farmers with non-agricultural income focused on alfalfa production. It was seen that the majority of the farmers participating in the study were primary school graduates and lived in rural areas. In general, a significant increase was observed in the production of silage corn, vetch, and alfalfa, respectively. After the subsidies, it was concluded that this increase in the production of silage corn, vetch, and alfalfa was not at a level to meet the amount of forage crops needed by animal husbandry.

Review of the Current Forage Production, Supply, and Quality Measure Standard in South Korea

Cattle feeding in South Korea has been heavily dependent on domestically produced rice straw and imported grain. Around 42% of domestically produced rice straw is utilized for forage, and the remainder is recycled to restore soil fertility. Approximately 35% of round baleages were made with rice straw. However, higher quality hay is desired over rice straw. Due to increasing stockpiles of rice, there has been an economic burden on the government to store the surplus; therefore production of annual forage crops in rice fields has been further promoted in recent years. Hay import from the USA currently constitutes more than 80% of total imported hays. The main imported hays are alfalfa (Medicago sativa), timothy (Phleum pretense), and tall fescue (Festica arundinacea). The estimated forage required for cattle feeding was approximately 5.4 million MT in 2016. Domestically produced forage sates only 43% of that value, while low quality rice straw and imported hay covered the rest of demand by 33% and 20%, respectively. As utilization of domestically produced forage is more desirable for forage-based cattle production, long-term strategies have been necessary to promote domestic production of high quality baleage. One such strategy has been utilizing the fertile soil and abundance of fallow rice fields of western region of S. Korea to produce forage crops. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is the most successfully produced winter annual in the region and is approximately 56% of the total winter annual forage production. Forage sorghums (Sorghum bicolor), sorghum × sudangrass hybrids, and hybrid corn (Zea mays) produce a substantial amount of warm-season forage during summer. Produced forage has been largely stored through baleage due to heavy dew and frequent rains and has been evaluated according to S. Korea’s newly implemented baleage commodity evaluation system. The system weighs 50% of its total grading points on moisture content because of its importance in deliverable DM content and desirable baleage fermentation; this has proved to be an effective method. Although further improvement is required for the future of forage production in South Korea, the current government-led forage production in rice fields has been able to alleviate some of the country’s shortage for quality hay.

水稲作・飼料畑作・野菜作を組み合わせた中山間複合経営モデルの策定 ―整数計画法による経営面積拡大と所得拡大の両立可能性の検証―

水稲作・飼料畑作・野菜作を組み合わせた中山間複合経営モデルの策定 ―整数計画法による経営面積拡大と所得拡大の両立可能性の検証―

Trade‐offs between forage crop productivity and soil nutrients for different ages of alfalfa grassland

AbstractObtaining sustainable high yield and suitable soil nutrient management is crucial for cultivate alfalfa grassland. However, the information on the trade‐offs between soil nutrient and productivity of alfalfa grassland following long‐term cultivation under intensive agricultural management is scare. Six alfalfa grasslands of different ages under a highly intensive agricultural management system were chosen for this study. It was shown that long‐term planting of alfalfa reduced soil nutrients overall. In the 0–100, 100–200, and 200–300 cm layers, the highest values of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (TN), and soil total phosphorus (TP) content were observed in one‐year‐old alfalfa grassland. SOC, TN, and TP contents in each 100 cm soil layers linearly declined with increasing stand age, and decreasing rates of SOC and TN (4.31 and 0.03 g kg−1 yr−1) in the 0–100 cm layer were higher than other two soil layers. The SOC storage (SOCS) and TN storage (TNS) in 0–20 cm soil were significantly higher than other soil profiles in six alfalfa grasslands of different ages. SOCS and TNS in 0–100 cm, especially in upper 40 cm soil, decreased over time until the fourth year, and gradually increased in the fifth and sixth years. While in the third and fourth years, productivity reached peak value (3.13 and 3.12 t ha−1), and then reduced. Correlation analysis showed productivity was significantly negatively correlated with SOCS and TNS in 0–100 cm soil depth. The decline in soil nutrients affected alfalfa growth and then feedback its productivity, and the optimal stand age of alfalfa grasslands should not be longer than 6 years for the limitation of soil nutrient, especially SOC storage. To acquire sustainable high productivity of artificial alfalfa grassland, our study suggested that more organic and nitrogen/phosphorus fertilizers should be applied to the upper soil layer beginning in the third year after planting.

KOP Bölgesinde Hayvancılığın Durumu ve Yem Kaynakları ile Kaba Yem Yeterliliğinin Belirlenmesi

KOP bölgesi; Aksaray, Karaman, Konya, Niğde, Nevşehir, Yozgat, Kırıkkale ve Kırşehir illerini kapsamaktadır. KOP bölgesi 95.580 km²'lik alanla Türkiye yüzölçümünün yaklaşık %12,3‘ünü, nüfusunun ise 4.515.046 kişi ile %5,4‘ünü ve tarım alanlarının %12,3‘ünü oluşturmaktadır. KOP Bölgesi Türkiye çayır mera varlığının %13,1‘ini, yem bitkileri ekim alanının %4‘ünü ve yem bitkileri üretim bakımından %15,8‘ini karşılamaktadır. KOP bölgesinde yetiştirilen 2.150.920 baş büyükbaş hayvan sayısı ile Türkiye büyükbaş hayvan varlığında %11,8 ve 5.431.031 baş küçükbaş hayvan varlığı ile %10,9 paya sahiptir. KOP bölgesinde üretilen toplam 3.032.086 ton süt üretimi ile de Türkiye süt üretiminde %13,2‘lik katkı sağlamaktadır. Türkiye toplam kırmızı et üretimin %11,9‘unu KOP bölgesi karşılamaktadır. KOP bölgesindeki 8 ilde hayvancılık ve yem bitkileri üretiminin önemli bir yeri vardır. Bu çalışmada, KOP illerindeki hayvancılık, mera ve yem bitkileri yetiştiriciliğinin mevcut durumu değerlendirilerek bölge ve ülke kalkınmasına etkileri incelenmiştir. KOP bölgesinde 1.608.530 ton kaba yem açığı olduğundan yem bitkileri üretimi artırılmalıdır. KOP idaresi Başkanlığınca bölgede hayvansal üretimin artırılması için modern tekniklerin yaygınlaştırılması ve hayvancılık altyapısının geliştirilmesine yönelik çalışmalar sürdürülmeli ve yeni projelerle hayvancılık faaliyetleri desteklenmeye devam edilmelidir.