For Finite Element Analysis Research Articles

Design of Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Single Cantilever Beam for IoT applications and Micro-electronic devices

A few years back the power requirement of electronic devices was very high. But with the technological developments in the field of internet-based systems, the design of low-powered microelectronic devices, WSN and IoT devices became necessary. In these systems the size and the power requirement are low and in most situations the replacement of batteries is challenging. For these microelectronic and IoT devices the abundant energy harvester is very useful. Among different abundant energy resources, vibrational energy harvesting with piezoelectric cantilever beam energy harvesters is of interest. This research work presents the design and analysis of an energy harvester (EH) which contains a single piezoelectric cantilever beam that captures the vibrational energy of the suspension bridge. This approach ties the two things together by framing piezoelectric energy harvesting as a solution to the power challenges faced by low-powered devices, making the transition feel more natural and connected. The main challenge in the design was matching the resonance frequency of the bridge with a piezo EH which is around 2.5Hz to extract maximum power. To overcome this problem Eigen frequency analysis in COMSOL Multiphysics is done. The 3D geometry of single beam piezo EH is designed and analyzed in COMSOL Multiphysics solid works. In this research work a relationship is established between the geometrical parameters of the single beam piezo EH and Eigen frequency based on the first six Eigen frequency analyses in COMSOL Multiphysics. For fi nite element analysis(FEA) a piezo single beam harvester is vibrated by application of force which is equal to the vibrational force (0.98m/s<sup>2</sup>) in the suspension bridge. The force of (0.98 m/s²) is chosen because it avoids resonating with critical system components. The output from the harvester is achieved at a resonance frequency of 2.5Hz. The output from the piezo is very low 800 milli volts at 2.5Hz. The output results of piezo EH are also compared with a cantilever beam with a single-branch structure.

An experiment-modeling integrated approach to characterize friction between composites prepregs during preforming

During preforming of carbon fabric prepregs, multiple layers of composites will be deformed into parts with 3D geometry. Large relative sliding between different prepreg layers, especially when these layers have various initial stacking orientations, will significantly influence deformation of the prepregs and reorientation of the reinforcement yarns, greatly affecting performance of the final parts. However, it is challenging to correctly identify local environmental conditions, which can substantially change friction between prepregs, during preforming in closed molds. To tackle this issue, an innovative experiment-modeling integrated approach has been developed to iteratively characterize friction between prepregs under non-uniform conditions throughout the entire prepreg region and preforming process. This integrated characterization approach was supported by a self-developed tester to measure the coefficients of friction (CoFs) between prepregs under target preforming conditions, and a variable friction model with experimental data directly implemented using the bilinear Lagrange interpolation for finite element analysis (FEA) of preforming. Comparison between experimental and numerical modeling results regarding geometry and yarn angles of the single-dome benchmark samples from preforming indicates that the experiment-modeling integrated approach, supported by the reliable friction tester and the variable friction model, can effectively determine the complex friction conditions between prepregs during preforming, greatly improving accuracy of the process modeling at the end.

Experimental proposal of a 'HALO'-type security device in a FORMULA SAE 2024 type vehicle

This study conducts a numerical and experimental analysis of the use of a "Halo" device, inspired by Formula 1, within the Formula SAE competition. Several alternatives were developed to meet the regulatory requirements of Formula SAE, and the selected proposal was modeled in CATIA V5 using both surface and solid modeling techniques. The model underwent a structural analysis similar to the "Quasi-static Test 1" used for the Formula 1 "Halo," utilizing ANSYS Workbench 2023 R2 for finite element analysis (FEA). Additionally, physical tests were carried out to validate and compare the virtual results, with the aim of assessing the relevance and benefits of this safety device.

Comprehensive Review on the Studies on Castellated Beam

The numerous studies on castellated beams, a kind of steel beam that is frequently employed in structural engineering due to its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and aesthetic appeal, are examined in this thorough literature review. Standard Ibeams are split and reassembled to form web apertures in castellated beams, which preserve structural strength while using less material. Important subjects covered in the paper include the structural performance of castellated beams under bending, shearing, and axial loads, among other loading situations. Important design considerations are also covered, such as how hole size, shape, and placement affect beam efficiency. Research on castellated beams' buckling properties, fatigue durability, and failure modes is reviewed, as are methods for improving their design to strike a compromise between cost and performance. Furthermore, the paper highlights advancements in computational methods, particularly the use of software for finite element analysis (FEA), such as Abaqus, which has emerged as a crucial tool for simulating the complex behaviours of castellated beams. The significance of experimental studies in confirming analytical models and expanding our understanding of castellated beam behavior in real-world scenarios is also included in the review. In order to keep up with the latest developments in castellated beam design and technology, engineers and researchers can benefit greatly from consulting this survey of the literature.

Additive Manufacturing with Cellulose‐Based Composites: Materials, Modeling, and Applications

AbstractRecent advances in large‐scale additive manufacturing (AM) with polymer‐based composites have enabled efficient production of high‐performance materials. Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) have emerged as bio‐based feedstocks due to their exceptional strength and sustainability. However, challenges such as hornification and poor dispersion in polymer matrices still limit large‐scale CNM–polymer composite manufacturing, requiring novel strategies. This review outlines an approach starting with atomic‐level simulations to link molecular composition to key parameters like bulk density, viscosity, and modulus. These simulations provide data for finite element analysis (FEA), which informs large‐scale experiments and reduces the need for extensive trials. The strategy explores how atomic interactions impact the morphology, adhesion, and mechanical properties of CNM‐based composites in AM processes. The review also discusses current developments in AM, along with predictions of mechanical and thermal properties for structural applications, packaging, flexible electronics, and hydrogel scaffolds. By integrating experimental findings with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and finite element modeling (FEM), valuable insights for material design, process optimization, and performance enhancement in CNM‐based AM are provided to address ongoing challenges.

Material model of medium-density fibreboard for simulations of static and dynamic mechanical response

ABSTRACT Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) is one of many varieties of wood-based composites. The goal of this work was to build reliable, orthotropic elastic and elasto-plastic material models of MDF for finite element analysis (FEA). The models were validated by experimental modal analysis and three-point bending static testing. Four thicknesses of MDF were examined – 12, 18, 25 and 38 mm – and their vertical density profile (VDP) was measured to reveal their density distribution. Compression and shear tests were performed to determine elastic and plastic material parameters. The stereoscopic 3D-DIC method was used to determine the deformations during the static tests. The first bending frequency and damping were measured. The accuracy of the dynamic and static material models achieved 1.3–9.7% agreement with experimental modal analysis and 4.1–13.4% for the elasto-plastic response. The set of validated elasto-plastic material constants could be used for the further numerical study of MDF panels with thickness between 12 and 38 mm.

A modified Johnson-Cook constitutive model of Inconel 690 weld overlay taking into account the strain rate softening effect

Precise material constitutive models are essential for finite element (FE) cutting simulation and analytical calculations of cutting mechanics. In this work, a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) equipment was employed to investigate the dynamic mechanical behavior of Inconel 690 weld overlay with a wide range of temperatures (20℃, 200℃, 400℃, 600℃, and 800℃) and strain rates (5000s-1, 7500s-1, 10,000s-1, and 12,500s-1). Based on the material flow characteristics at different loading conditions, a modified Johnson-Cook (JC) constitutive model was established, which takes into account the strain rate softening effect at high strain rates and the softening behavior induced by the competition between work hardening and dynamic recovery at large strains. Compared with the original JC constitutive model, the modified constitutive model can provide a closer correspondence between the predicted flow stresses and experimental data. The modified material constitutive model was introduced into FE simulation for orthogonal cutting of Inconel 690 weld overlay. The results indicate that the average prediction errors for the main cutting force and thrust force are 6.38% and 11.38%, respectively, validating the applicability and reliability of the modified JC constitutive model for cutting simulation applications. This study can provide a mechanical foundation for FE analysis in high-speed cutting of Inconel 690 weld overlay, which is conducive to optimizing cutting parameters, reducing machining costs, and enhancing production efficiency in practical industrial manufacturing.

ViscoNet: A lightweight FEA surrogate model for polymer nanocomposites viscoelastic response prediction

Polymer-based nanocomposites (PNCs) are formed by dispersing nanoparticles (NPs) within a polymer matrix, which creates polymer interphase regions that drive property enhancement. However, data-driven PNC design is challenging due to limited data. To address the challenge, we present ViscoNet, a surrogate model for finite element analysis (FEA) simulations of PNC viscoelastic (VE) response. ViscoNet leverages pre-training and finetuning to accelerate predicting VE response of a new PNC system. By predicting the entire VE response, ViscoNet surpasses previous scalar-based surrogate models for FEA simulation, offering better fidelity and efficiency. We explore ViscoNet's effectiveness through generalization tasks, both within thermoplastics and from thermoplastics to thermosets, reporting a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of < 5 % for rubbery modulus and < 1 % for glassy modulus in all cases and 1.22 % on tan δ peak height prediction. With only 500 FEA simulations for finetuning, ViscoNet can generate over 20k VE responses within 2 min with 1 CPU, compared to 97 days with 4 CPUs via FEA simulations.

Comprehensive Study of EPDM Rubber Properties: Temperature-Dependent Stiffness, Tensile Behavior and FEA Calibration

Abstract This work examines the temperature-dependent stiffness of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) rubber using tensile testing and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). Additionally, it provides an appropriate model for Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The tensile tests indicate that EPDM has high rigidity and minimal elongation at −40°C, intermediate characteristics at 23°C, and a decrease in stiffness with rising temperature, up to 80°C. Nevertheless, a sudden rise in rigidity is seen at a temperature of 125°C, which may be ascribed to the strengthening influence of carbon black. The DMA findings confirm this pattern, demonstrating an upward trend in storage modulus and stiffness as temperature increases. At the same time, tan delta and loss modulus fall, suggesting a reduction in viscoelastic damping. The calibration of the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model, using the Arruda-Boyce, Yeoh 3D, and Mooney-Rivlin 5-parameter models, determines that the Arruda-Boyce model is the most precise in accurately replicating the experimental data. The results indicate that the improved resistance to heat and increased rigidity of EPDM at high temperatures are affected by its material composition. However, more investigation is required to have a comprehensive understanding of the underlying processes.

Lesion Size Location Dependency on Maximum Pressure in Osteochondral Defects: Experiments and Finite-Element Analysis.

Osteochondral defects (OCDs) in the knee joint have significant clinical implications, particularly regarding contact pressures and pressure distribution. Understanding how these factors are influenced by defect size and location is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of defect size and location on contact pressures and pressure distribution in the knee joint. It was hypothesized that an increase in defect size would result in elevated contact pressures and alterations in pressure distribution, with specific variations related to defect location. Descriptive laboratory study. The study utilized 6 cadaveric knees, including the patella and fibula, subjected to controlled compressive loading for measuring contact pressures. Simultaneously, computed tomography-based models were created for finite-element analysis (FEA) to investigate the impact of varying defect sizes and locations on contact pressures and pressure distribution in the knee joint, excluding the patellofemoral joint. The study employed analysis of variance to assess contact pressure and defect size association. Comparison between medial and lateral femoral condyles at full extension and 30° flexion angle was performed, followed by post hoc testing. Fisher exact test analyzed peak pressure point location and defect size, categorizing them into medial and lateral. An increase in defect size corresponded with heightened contact pressures on both medial and lateral femoral condyles at full extension (P = .013 for medial and P = .024 for lateral). However, this correlation did not yield significant differences at 30° of flexion (P = .674 for medial and P = .333 for lateral). During mechanical testing, the highest pressures occurred near 5 mm defect dimensions. FEAs showed a significant increase in pressure and circumferential-edge stress with 7-mm defects. Peak contact pressure points shifted laterally with more significant defects. Our study demonstrated the impact of defect size, location, and alignment on knee joint contact pressures. Intervening promptly with defects exceeding 3 mm is crucial, as significant stress levels manifest beyond this threshold. Significant increases in contact pressures were noted with larger defect sizes, particularly between 3 and 10 mm at full extension. Peak pressure points shifted with defect size increments, and alignment variations showed minimal stress variation at 30° compared with 0°. FEA validated increasing contact pressures up to 7 mm defect size, beyond which pressures stabilized or slightly decreased. A concentrated pressure distribution on the medial side was observed. These findings inform our understanding of the biomechanical implications of OCDs. In the field of sports medicine, this research offers valuable insights to clinicians and researchers, elucidating key factors influencing knee joint health and the potential consequences of OCDs.

Aircraft Structural Assessments in Data-Limited Environments: A Validated FE Method

Aircraft operators often modify aircraft configurations, install new equipment, and alter airframes to accommodate this equipment, leading to operations in flight envelopes different from original design profile. These modifications necessitate airframe structural assessments, which typically require comprehensive aircraft design data, often unavailable to operators. This study aims to develop and validate a practical method for finite element analysis (FEA) of aircraft structures in the absence of this detailed design data. Focusing on a case study involving structural analysis of an aircraft wing, this study presents assumptions and idealizations used to develop 2.5D finite element (FE) model of the wing. Fidelity of this model is established by comparing FE analysis results with experimental data. Key validation metrics include reaction forces, load distribution at wing-fuselage attachments, and deformation at reference points on the wing under design load. Comparison between FE analysis and experimental results is carried out to substantiates accuracy of these geometric simplifications and idealizations of load-carrying behaviour of structural members. Therefore, practicality of these idealizations in absence of design data is demonstrated. This study offers a novel approach for structural assessments of aircraft without relying on proprietary design data. The validated method enhances capability of aircraft operators to perform effective structural analyses, thereby extending service life of aircraft with continued airworthiness.

Numerical and Experimental Validation for Connecting Nature with Architecture by Mimicking Cranium into a Shell Roof

This study focuses on a structural element bio-mimicked from the human cranium (HC) into a shell element. As the HC is effective in resisting intracranial pressure developed by the brain, a water tank was considered to use a bio-mimicked shape of a shell as a roof. An optimized numerical model was validated experimentally and compared with a conventional specimen. The structural behavior of the bio-mimicked specimen is similar and performs more efficiently than the conventional specimen in capacity ratio, crack formation, and load-carrying capacity. Methodology followed: A Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the HC was obtained in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format for finite element analysis (FEA). From the geometric parameters of the HC, the radius of the curvature-to-thickness ratio was derived for the shell. The span and thickness of the shell under two criteria were considered. The spherical and circular shell behaviors were found to be similar to those of the HC, whereas the elliptical shell behavior was not. We studied the shape effect of the HC with the conventional slab and found that the HC shape has an impact on the behavior and is the most efficient. A bio-mimicked mono column was considered as a supporting column for the water tank and analyzed. Overall, adopting this bio-mimicking of the HC into the shell roof connects nature with sustainable architecture.

Biomechanical Analysis of Orthodontic Miniscrew-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion on Dental and Bone Tissues: A Finite-Element Study

Abstract This study aims to delineate the biomechanical responses in both soft and hard tissues, alongside the interactions within the surrounding bone of a human skull subjected to clinical loadings generated by a miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) device. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of a 20-year-old female skull were segmented. The skull bones were meticulously modeled to reconstruct a comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) model for finite-element analysis (FEA). A displacement of 0.125 mm was applied on each side (0.25 mm total) of the MARPE device to simulate one complete turn of the jackscrew. The outcomes revealed that the miniscrews experienced a maximum equivalent von Mises stress of 264.91 MPa. Notably, the separation of the midpalatal suture exhibited a quasi-parallel deformation with an average displacement of 0.247 mm and a standard deviation of 0.006,67 mm. The ratio of the rotational angle to the lateral displacement of the zygomaticomaxillary complex was 0.6436 degree/mm. No fracture of miniscrews was observed during the activation of one turn per day.

Finite element analysis of meniscus contact mechanical behavior based on kinematic simulation of abnormal gait

The meniscus plays a crucial role in the proper functioning of the knee joint, and when it becomes damaged, partial removal or replacement is necessary to restore proper function. Understanding the stress and deformation of the meniscus during various movements is essential for developing effective materials for meniscus repair. However, accurately estimating the contact mechanics of the knee joint can be challenging due to its complex shape and the dynamic changes it undergoes during movement. To address this issue, the open-source software SCONE can be used to establish a kinematics model that monitors the different states of the knee joint during human motion and obtains relevant gait kinematics data. To evaluate the stress and deformation of the meniscus during normal human movement, values of different states in the movement gait can be selected for finite element analysis (FEA) of the knee joint. This analysis enables researchers to assess changes in the meniscus. To evaluate meniscus damage, it is necessary to obtain changes in its mechanical behavior during abnormal movements. This information can serve as a reference for designing and optimizing the mechanical performance of materials used in meniscus repair and replacement.

Investigation on Fracture Behavior of Electroslag Welding Joint with High-Performance Steel

This study aimed to investigate fracture behavior of electroslag welding (ESW) joint with 590-N/mm2 class steel using numerical analysis, covering a range of material scales in the structural level. The extended Mohr–Coulomb (EMC) fracture criterion was employed for finite element analysis (FEA). Uniaxial tensile test and three-point bending test were conducted to analyze the fracture behavior from the material scale and calibrate the fracture criterion. The test specimens consisted of the base metal, heat-affected-zone metal, and welding metal obtained from an ESW joint with a 590 N/mm2 class steel. Subsequently, FEA was conducted for a biaxial tensile test to investigate fracture behavior at a structural scale and verify the feasibility and accuracy of the calibrated fracture criterion. The comparison between the results from the FEA and test suggests that the FEA based on the EMC fracture criterion can accurately predict fracture behavior but tends to overestimate the bearing capacity. Thereafter, the effect of axial force on column was quantitatively investigated. The results suggest that the existence of tensile axial force at column decreases the ductility of ESW joint and shifts the fracture locus from the welding metal to heat-affected zone. However, the force has minimal influence on the pop-in load. Finally, the feasibility of applying the current Japanese specifications designated for the 490 N/mm2 class steel for the 590 N/mm2 class steel was examined. The results indicate that the provision can serve as a safe and reliable guideline for the 590 N/mm2 class steel as well.

An experimental and numerical study on two-way RC slabs with openings strengthened by ferrocement technique

This study investigates the impact of creating a central square opening on reinforced concrete slabs and assesses the strengthening process using ferrocement layers. The investigated key parameters were the opening sizes, type, number, and extension length (outside the opening sides) of steel mesh layers used to strengthen the tested slabs. The experimental program included the preparation and testing of twelve two-way reinforced concrete slabs with identical dimensions, thickness, and reinforcement, but were different with respect to opening sizes and strengthening schemes. Four slabs acted as control specimens without strengthening; one was solid; the other three had different opening sizes; and the other eight slabs were strengthened using a ferrocement layer of 2 cm thickness applied on the bottom of the slab around the openings with various reinforcement schemes which included the number, type, and extension length (outside the opening) of steel mesh. All slabs were supported along the four sides with a clear span of 1 m in both directions and tested under four-point loading. The test results demonstrate that creating an opening in the slab decreases the ultimate load by 21.5 %, 31.9 %, and 40.7 % for opening dimensions (15, 25, and 35 cm), respectively. Using the ferrocement strengthening method helps to increase slabs’ flexural load-carrying capacities and reduce crack propagation from opening corners. The study found that strengthening specimens with opening sizes of 15, 25, and 35 cm increased their flexural load-carrying capacities by 26 %, 33 %, and 34 %, respectively. The expanded steel mesh type also resulted in a higher ultimate load by 6–7 % than the welded mesh type. When the length of the strengthening ferrocement layers was doubled, the ultimate load went up by 6–7 %. Increasing steel mesh layer numbers from 1 to 4 increased the ultimate load by 25 % to 40 % compared to the corresponding un-strengthened slab with an opening. The maximum load of a slab with an opening was achieved by applying a 2 cm thickness of ferrocement layer reinforced with expanded metal mesh, with extension lengths equal to the opening's length. The study utilizes commercial software ABAQUS for finite element analysis (FEA) to validate the experimental results, resulting in a great agreement between the analysis and the experimental findings.

Design of Two-Wheeler Hybrid Electric Vehicle using MATLAB-Simulink

Abstract: This report presents the design and structural analysis of a go-kart using PTC Creo for CAD modelling and ANSYS for finite element analysis (FEA). The aim is to develop a low-cost, comfortable, and durable go-kart with an optimized frame design. The study involves the application of design principles and advanced simulation tools to ensure the go-kart meets safety and performance standards. The best frame design was identified through iterative testing and analysis, focusing on weight distribution, material selection, and structural integrity. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the design procedure and good strength for a Roll cage. This project emphasizes on the practical and engineering applications of the subjects Vehicle Dynamics and Automotive Technology.

Study on the optimal elastic modulus of flexible blades for right heart assist device supporting patients with single-ventricle physiologies.

Patients with single-ventricle physiologies continue to experience insufficient circulatory power after undergoing palliative surgeries. This paper proposed a right heart assist device equipped with flexible blades to provide circulatory assistance for these patients. The optimal elastic modulus of the flexible blades was investigated through numerical simulation. A one-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation was employed to study the deformation of flexible blades during rotation and its impact on device performance. The process began with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to calculate the blood pressure rise and the pressure on the blades' surface. Subsequently, these pressure data were exported for finite element analysis (FEA) to compute the deformation of the blades. The fluid domain was then recreated based on the deformed blades' shape. Iterative CFD and FEA simulations were performed until both the blood pressure rise and the blades' shape stabilized. The blood pressure rise, hemolysis risk, and thrombosis risk corresponding to blades with different elastic moduli were exhaustively evaluated to determine the optimal elastic modulus. Except for the case at 8,000 rpm with a blade elastic modulus of 40 MPa, the pressure rise associated with flexible blades within the studied range (rotational speeds of 4,000 rpm and 8,000 rpm, elastic modulus between 10 MPa and 200 MPa) was lower than that of rigid blades. It was observed that the pressure rise corresponding to flexible blades increased as the elastic modulus increased. Additionally, no significant difference was found in the hemolysis risk and thrombus risk between flexible blades of various elastic moduli and rigid blades. Except for one specific case, deformation of the flexible blades within the studied range led to a decrease in the impeller's functionality. Notably, rotational speed had a more significant impact on hemolysis risk and thrombus risk compared to blade deformation. After a comprehensive analysis of blade compressibility, blood pressure rise, hemolysis risk, and thrombus risk, the optimal elastic modulus for the flexible blades was determined to be between 40 MPa and 50 MPa.

Calibration of micromechanical fracture model parameters for Q355B steel and ER50–6 welds

To calibrate the micromechanical fracture model of Q355B steel and ER50–6 welds, 46 specimens of five types were subjected to monotonic tensile tests. The material constitutive model employed for finite element analysis (FEA) is determined by the Swift-Voce model, which leads to FEA results that closely align with the experimental test results. The parameters of the void growth model (VGM) and the stress-weighted damage model (SWDM) were calibrated, and the VUSDFLD user subroutine was written based on the two models to predict the fracture of each specimen. The prediction results show that the VGM model has good accuracy in the case of high-stress triaxiality. However, the prediction error of the VGM model is relatively large for shear specimens with low-stress triaxiality and significant changes in the Lode angle parameters. In contrast, the SWDM model with Lode angle parameters can predict the fracture of specimens under different stress states more accurately.

The mechanics of prestress and elastic recovery resulting from dimple formation in steel sheets: Comprehensive numerical and experimental studies

Residual stress is rarely considered as an initial condition for Finite Element Analysis (FEA), or used in the component design. A comprehensive numerical and experimental investigation into prestressed steel sheets is conducted. Residual stresses at specific locations were introduced into the steel sheets by dimple formation. FEA is used to simulate dynamic dimple forming of a mild steel disk due to a tool impact and detect the existence of prestress after dimple formation. A physical drop-hammer was used to form a range of dimple sizes in disks to experimentally validate the FEA predictions associated with dimple depth. Dimples were then created using a screw press and the prestress was measured by strain gauges beyond the zone of permanent out-of-plane deformation associated with a dimple. The experimental strain gauge measurements during dimple formation were found to be consistent with FEA predictions. The results demonstrated that the predicted and measured radial and tangentially projected stress components remain in steel sheets after forming a dimple. Furthermore, the predicted prestress was greater near to the dimple formation and occurred at higher magnitudes in the tangential direction than the radial direction. The highest prestress remaining in the disk was at the magnitude of the material’s ultimate tensile stress, predicted in the tangential direction at the edge of the dimple. The numerical and experimental results showed the three stages of prestress formation: the development of stresses during dimple formation, the elastic recovery after the dimple forming, and the final prestressed equilibrium state of the rimmed disk.