Footwear Dermatitis Research Articles

Allergic contact dermatitis to footwear in Thailand: Prevalence, clinical characteristics and common allergens.

Footwear contact allergy is caused by exposure to allergens in shoes. The prevalence and common allergens vary by region and time due to differences in customs and lifestyle. To determine the clinical characteristics and common allergens of patients with footwear-related allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) who attended Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, between 2001 and 2020. The medical records of 247 patients with clinically suspected footwear dermatitis who underwent patch testing were reviewed. The prevalence of ACD to footwear was 1.8%. Females were predominant (71.6%). The three most common allergens were carba mix (7.7%), mercapto mix (6.9%) and potassium dichromate (6.9%). According to the allergens found, rubber (14.2%), adhesives (7.7%) and leathers (6.9%) were the three most common groups. Dorsal-limited skin lesions were significantly associated with footwear ACD. Rubber and leather allergens were still the most common culprit allergens. Dermatologists should keep up-to-date on common allergens in footwear and emerging allergens to include in patch test series.

Patch test results of 276 cases with footwear dermatitis - A retrospective study from a tertiary care centre in South India

Background:Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a major cause for foot wear dermatitis. Patch testing is the standard investigation for diagnosis of ACD. Identification of the causative allergen and avoidance of the same is the most important for patient management.Aims:This study was conducted to find the common allergens in footwear, causing ACD, by retrospective analysis of the data of patients who had undergone patch testing with footwear series (FWS), approved by the Contact and Occupational Dermatoses Forum of India.Materials and Methods:A total of 276 cases with footwear dermatitis who underwent patch test with FWS using Finn chamber method were studied. Statistical analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 24. Data was described using frequency and percentages. P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.Results:In this study 101 (36.5%) patients had positive patch test to at least one allergen. Among this, 43 (15.6%) were positive for single allergen only and 58 (21.01%) patients had positive patch test reactions to multiple allergens. The most common allergens with positive patch test were black rubber mix, mercapto benzo thiazole, and thiuram mix. Patients with either a positive or negative patch test had no statistically significant difference in the history of atopy. The limitations of this study include the lack of patch testing with the patient's own footwears and lack of follow-up after informing patients regarding allergen avoidance.Conclusions:Patch test must be done for all foot eczema cases for early identification of the causative allergen and also to provide suitable alternatives.

Foot eczema and footwear dermatitis: Role of patch test using Indian standard series and footwear series

Context: Foot eczema is a common complaint encountered in dermatology outpatient department. Footwear dermatitis forms an important exogenous cause of foot eczema. Patch testing helps in identifying possible allergens causing footwear dermatitis. Aims: This study aims to study the clinical profile of foot eczema and to evaluate patch test results in these patients. Subjects and Method: Fifty patients with foot eczema were included in the study and underwent patch testing with Indian standard series and footwear series. Patch test results were read as per International Contact Dermatitis Research Group guidelines. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive data are given as mean standard deviation. Differences between patients were assessed by unpaired “t”-test and frequency of parameters by the Chi-square test. Linear regression analysis was used, and correlation coefficients were calculated by Pearson's method. P

Dermatitis of the Foot: Epidemiologic and Clinical Features in 389 Children.

Footwear dermatitis is a form of contact dermatitis resulting from exposure to shoes. There have been only small studies regarding foot contact dermatitis in children. The present study was undertaken to define the prevalence and epidemiologic and clinical features of shoe dermatitis in children. A retrospective study was undertaken of all children referred for patch testing between 1996 and 2015. Children with dermatitis limited to the feet were selected. We collected data from 389 children younger than 16 years, 52 of whom (13.4%) were referred with dermatitis exclusively on the feet. Diagnosis after patch testing was allergic contact dermatitis in 23 children (44.2%), atopic eczema in 12 (23.1%), juvenile plantar dermatosis in 8 (15.4%), dyshidrotic eczema in 6 (11.5%), irritant contact dermatitis in 2 (3.8%), and tinea pedis in 1 (1.9%). The most frequent allergens were potassium dichromate, thimerosal, cobalt chloride, mercapto mix, colophonium, mercury, and nickel(II) sulfate. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by footwear is a common cause of foot dermatitis in children. Children with foot dermatitis should be referred for patch testing when an allergic origin is suspected.

Patch Testing in Patients with Suspected Footwear Dermatitis: A Retrospective Study.

Background:Footwear dermatitis represents a common but often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed condition. Patch testing aids in its confirmation and identification of the offending allergen.Aims:This study aimed to find the frequency of positive patch test reactions in cases with suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to footwear, as well as the common responsible allergens.Materials and Methods:This is a retrospective record based study of 37 patients, with suspected ACD to footwear, who underwent patch testing with Indian standard series and Indian footwear series from July 2012 to July 2015.Results:The majority of patients (45.94%) belonged to the age group of 20–40 years. Dorsal aspects of feet (81.08%) and soles (18.92%) were the common sites involved. Patch test was positive in 18.92% patients. The most common causative allergens were hydroquinone monobenzylether (8.11%) and 4-aminoazobenzene (5.41%).Conclusion:Common chemicals implicated in ACD were rubber, rubber additives, and dyes. The principal culprit allergens were hydroquinone monobenzylether and 4-aminoazobenzene.

Allergological Study in 83 Cases of Footwear Dermatitis

Allergological Study in 83 Cases of Footwear Dermatitis

Shoe Allergens: Retrospective Analysis of Cross-Sectional Data from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 2001-2004

Chemicals used in leather tanning, rubber processing, and/or adhesives are the most often-cited culprits in footwear dermatitis. Patch testing patients with suspected shoe dermatitis is essential for diagnosis and management. The four goals for this study were to (1) determine the frequency of allergens associated with a shoe source in North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) patients with footwear allergic contact dermatitis; (2) compare these results to allergen frequencies from other published studies; (3) quantify the number of shoe-related reactions that were not identified with the NACDG standard series; and (4) identify relevant allergens not included on the NACDG standard series, based on data from other published studies. The NACDG patch-tested 10,061 patients between 2001 and 2004. Data were retrospectively analyzed by (1) allergen source coded as "shoe," (2) site of dermatitis as "feet," and (3) diagnosis of "allergic contact dermatitis." Among the 109 NACDG patients with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) of the foot and a shoe source of allergens, p-tertiary butylphenol formaldehyde resin, an adhesive, was the most common allergen, accounting for 24.7% of positive patch-test results, followed by potassium dichromate (17.5%) and carba mix (11.7%). When the data were examined according to groups of allergens, rubber chemicals (40.4%) were the most frequent allergens, followed by adhesives (32.5%), and leather components (20.1%). When data from published studies were pooled, potassium dichromate (31.5%) was the most frequent allergen, followed by p-tertiary butylphenol formaldehyde resin (17.1%) and cobalt chloride (12.9%). NACDG patients were statistically more likely to have positive patch-test reactions to p-tertiary butylphenol formaldehyde resin and statistically less likely to have a positive patch-test reaction to potassium dichromate than patients represented in pooled data from past studies. Nineteen (17.4%) of the 109 NACDG patients with ACD of the foot and a shoe source of allergens were identified as having a shoe source of a relevant allergen not included in the NACDG standard series. In NACDG patients, the most common individual shoe allergen was p-tertiary butylphenol formaldehyde resin. As a group, rubber chemicals were most common, a finding consistent with those of other studies.

Epidemio-allergological study in 155 cases of footwear dermatitis

Footwear dermatitis represents a distinct and common group among all types of contact dermatitis cases seen in India. This ailment, however, often remains undiagnosed, misdiagnosed or empirically diagnosed without pinpointing the contributory allergens. This study was undertaken to detect the epidemio-allergological pattern of footwear dermatitis in India. A total number of 155 cases with footwear dermatitis were evaluated from July 2005 to June 2006, by detailed history and clinical examination. They were patch tested using Indian Standard Battery (ISB) approved by the Contact and Occupational Dermatoses Forum of India (CODFI) with pre- and post patch-test counseling. The proportion of footwear dermatitis was 24.22% (n=155) among a total of 640 patients patch tested during that period. Females [61.93% (n=96)] were commonly affected than males [38.06% (n=59)]. The ages ranged from 8 to 75 years. The age group that predominantly involved was the fifth decade [24.52% (n=38)]. Occupationwise housewives were most commonly involved [47.48 (n=66)]. Contributory allergens in order of frequency were: potassium dichromate, 45.8% (n=71); cobalt chloride, 38.06% (n=59); paraphenylenediamine, 32.25% (n=50); epoxy resin, 20% (n=31); black rubber mix, 20% (n=31); nickel sulfate, 14.83% (n=23); mercaptobenzothiazole, 12.9% (n=20); colophony, 11.6% (n=18); thiuram mix, 10.32 % (n=16); p-tert-butyl-formaldehyde resin, 9.67% (n=15); and formaldehyde, 4.5% (n=7). Among the different categories of footwear allergens, the highest positivity was shown by leather and leather-related chemicals in 61.9% cases (n=96). Footwear dermatitis, a common dermatosis, is mostly caused by leather processing chemicals, metal buckles, black dyes of shoes and socks, adhesives, plastic, rubber shoes and polishing agents in order of frequency.

Patch testing experience with 1000 patients

Patch testing is a definitive tool for diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). It reveals the prevalence and trends of contact sensitization in the community, thereby paving the way for better standard series. There is paucity of large series of patch-tested patients from India. To report the 9-year patch-test data from a single general dermatology centre in North India. Consecutive patients presenting with signs/symptoms of suspected ACD were patch tested from May 1997 to April 2006. The Indian Standard Series was used. Parthenium was tested only in selected patients and cetrimide and chloroxylenol were added to the series. In total, records of 1000 patients (566 male, 434 female) were analyzed, yielding 1155 positive reactions in 590 (59%) patients. Footwear dermatitis was the commonest suspected diagnosis, followed by ACD to medicaments, cosmetic dermatitis and plant dermatitis. Out of the allergens that were tested in all the patients, positivity to nickel was the commonest (12.9%), followed by potassium dichromate (11.1%) neomycin (7%), mercaptobenzthiazole (6.6%), nitrofurazone (6%), colophony (5.7%), fragrance mix (5.5%) and cobalt chloride (5.4%). However, parthenium was the commonest allergen based on the proportion of patients tested with it (14.5%). In men, potassium dichromate (30%) was the commonest sensitizer and in women, nickel (43%) was the commonest to show patch-test positivity. Our study revealed higher prevalence of footwear and medicament dermatitis in comparison to existing data. Allergy to antiseptics is significant in our patients. Further collaborative studies involving patients from other parts of India are required to have an overall view of ACD in India.

Eccema alérgico de contacto por calzado

Abstract.—We have reviewed cases of allergic contact dermatitis from shoes seen at the Hospital 12 de Octubre over the last 2 years; we have analysed personal history, clinics and positive results to different allergens; we also compared our result with other series. Materials and method: We review patients with possible footwear dermatitis seen at our hospital between January 1999 and March 2001. Results: allergic contact dermatitis from shoes have been suspected in 41 patients, 11 men and 7 women, between 16 and 64 years old. A 78% of patients have atopy. The most frequent clinic presentation was eccematous pattern with 89%. The responsible allergen was chromo in 83% cases. We want to mention the little contribution of the specific battery for shoes, only in one patient would have not known one responsible allergen if we had used only standard battery.

Footwear dermatitis.

We conducted a study to determine the prevalence and clinical patterns of footwear dermatitis, patch testing 50 patients with suspected footwear dermatitis and 30 controls with 22 allergens of a shoe series (Chemotechnique Diagnostics AB, Malmö, Sweden). The overall prevalence among contact dermatitis cases was 11.7%. The dorsa of the feet and toes were the commonest sites involved. 70% of patients showed sensitivity to footwear allergen(s), as opposed to 6.67% of controls. Potassium dichromate and colophony were the commonest sensitizers. Other sensitizers were the rubber accelerators 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and diphenylguanidine (DPG) and a dye p-aminoazobenzene. Of the 23 patients patch tested with pieces or scrapings of footwear, only 3 showed positive reactions. We recommend that there should be primary and secondary footwear screening series to detect the responsible allergens, with the ultimate objective of providing correct nonallergenic footwear for our patients, with the help of manufacturers and research institutes.

Sensitivity to topical medicaments among suspected cases of footwear dermatitis

Contact DermatitisVolume 28, Issue 1 p. 44-45 Sensitivity to topical medicaments among suspected cases of footwear dermatitis M. Saha, M. Saha Department of Skin and STD, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal - 576 119, Karnataka, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorC. R. Srinias, C. R. Srinias Department of Skin and STD, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal - 576 119, Karnataka, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorS. D. Shenoi, S. D. Shenoi Department of Skin and STD, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal - 576 119, Karnataka, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorC. Balachandran, C. Balachandran Department of Skin and STD, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal - 576 119, Karnataka, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorSandhya Acharya, Sandhya Acharya Department of Skin and STD, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal - 576 119, Karnataka, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author M. Saha, M. Saha Department of Skin and STD, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal - 576 119, Karnataka, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorC. R. Srinias, C. R. Srinias Department of Skin and STD, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal - 576 119, Karnataka, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorS. D. Shenoi, S. D. Shenoi Department of Skin and STD, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal - 576 119, Karnataka, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorC. Balachandran, C. Balachandran Department of Skin and STD, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal - 576 119, Karnataka, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorSandhya Acharya, Sandhya Acharya Department of Skin and STD, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal - 576 119, Karnataka, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1993 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03331.xCitations: 11AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume28, Issue1January 1993Pages 44-45 RelatedInformation

Footwear dermatitis in northern India

Footwear dermatitis in northern India