Football Sports Research Articles

Tel Ra Productions: The Unknown Story of a Philadelphia Production Company That Captured Americans’s Passion for Sports on Film in the Post-WWII Era

During commercial television’s early years, the nation’s four networks initially featured an extensive offering of sports programming on prime-time schedules. The networks then replaced sports with entertainment programs in these prime slots, relegating sports to weekends. Independent sports producers saw this deemphasis of athletics as an opportunity. Philadelphia-based Tel Ra Productions emerged as the leading producer of syndicated sports programming, beginning in the late 1940s. Its primary program was TeleSports Digest, a thirty-minute weekly show that featured a variety of sporting events. The program comprised the most extensive offerings of sports available, featuring some of the most valuable American sports properties, including NFL football, college basketball, professional baseball, and non-traditional sports, and unique competitive activities. Ultimately, Tel Ra Productions became the most prolific producer of US sports films from 1948 to 1966, appealing to the country’s seemingly limitless appetite for athletics.

A08: Effects of Participation in Sports Clubs Activity on College Students’ Perceived Stress and Well-Being

Purpose: Mandated social distancing to prevent the spread of COVID-19 pandemic has brought more anxiety and stress to college students. The primary purpose of this study was to examine whether college students' participation in sports club activities can reduce anxiety and stress. The secondary purpose was to compare the effects of different types of sport clubs. Methods: The sample consisted of 242 college students (143 males; mean age=22.63 years old) in an academically prestigious university. They were voluntarily enrolled in either team sports clubs, such as volleyball, football, baseball, and softball, etc. (n=96), or individual sports clubs, such as squash, cycling, mountaineering, etc. (n=146). They responded to validated scales to assess perceived stress (Sheldon Cohen, 1983) and well-being (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2009). Self-compiled questionnaires on motivation to join sports clubs and basic information on club organization activities were collected. All surveys were conducted in October 2021. Results: A considerable proportion of students (34.7%) participated in sports clubs to reduce academic pressure. Most of them (72.26%) have already recognized the physical and mental health benefits of physical activity. Significant decreases were observed for perceived stress in both groups: team sports group (ΔM = -0.76, p < 0.01), and individual sports group (ΔM= -0.77, p < 0.01). A significant increase in well-being was observed in two types of courses led by the team sports group (ΔM=1.55, p < 0.01) followed by the individual sports group (ΔM=1.34, p < 0.01). Individual sports clubs have a more pronounced effect on reducing negative emotions than team sports clubs (ΔM = -2.01, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Participation in both team sports clubs and individual sports clubs reduced perceived stress and increased well-being. Individual sports clubs had more decreases in negative emotions compared to team sports clubs.

Enhanced Soccer Training Simulation Using Progressive Wasserstein GAN and Termite Life Cycle Optimization in Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality (VR) offers the possibility of creating engaging and intensive training programs to enhance sports performance. Football, a widely popular sport worldwide, attracts millions of spectators. However, the physical demands and risks inherent in the game necessitate the creation of a training environment immune to external influences, minimizing sports-related injuries while enhancing player immersion. Existing training methods are affected by external factors like, weather, injuries, and space limitations, hindering effectiveness and skill development. To overcome these issues, in this research, enhanced soccer training simulation using Progressive Wasserstein GAN and Termite Life Cycle Optimization in Virtual Reality (PWGAN-TLCOA-ST-VRT) are proposed. This study begins by analyzing the fundamental features of computer-generated soccer training techniques and introduces the implementation of VRT in football training via PWGAN technology. The goal is to develop virtual systems resilient to external factors and provide theoretical support for the expansion of virtual football sports software. By overcoming constraints like, weather, player injuries, space limitations, and financial constraints, the proposed approach aims to enhance training effectiveness, teaching techniques, and football skill development. Software tools like Poser 8.0, 3Ds MAX and EON Studio are introduced for system development. Evaluation of the proposed PWGAN-TLCOA-ST-VRT method is examined using performance metrics including, precision, accuracy, F1-score, recall, specificity, error rate, computation time, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. The proposed PWGAN-TLCOA-ST-VRT technique achieves significant improvements compared to existing approaches like, Analysis of the application of virtual reality technology in football training (AI-ST-VRT), Cortex VR: Immersive analysis and training of cognitive executive functions of soccer players using VR and machine learning, Predict the value of football players using FIFA video game data and machine learning techniques (MLR-ST-VRT)

An analytical study of the influencing factors facing the work of football sports academies in Maysan governorate

An analytical study of the influencing factors facing the work of football sports academies in Maysan governorate

Enhancing goalkeeper reaction speed in football: The impact of ball launcher training in physical training methods

The football goalkeeper position arguably represents a unique role in team sports. This research aimed to increase the reaction speed of football goalkeepers using a ball launcher. The research method was experimental using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research was conducted by applying reaction speed training using a ball launcher to measure and found out the results of the data obtained by researchers using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The research sample consisted of 20 students of the Department of Sports Coaching Education at Universitas Negeri Medan who specialised as football goalkeepers. The instrument used in data collection techniques was the Nelson Foot Reaction. The data analysis technique used was a t-test with a significance level of 0.05. The research results concluded that there was a significant effect of training using a ball launcher on the reaction speed of the goalkeeper. The results can be used as a basis for developing more effective and innovative training methods in the sport of football. In addition, the findings can provide guidance for coaches and researchers in developing relevant and efficient training methods. This study also opens the door for further research to explore the impact of reaction speed in actual match situations, which may yield further insights into the development of quality goalkeeping athletes.

Integration of Social Values Through Sport

Social values are views/rules adopted in human life that are considered good or bad, right or wrong, and beautiful or not beautiful. Social values are used as a way to be able to respect yourself and also other people around you. The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in the results of developing social values through sports activities. The sports activities in question are individual sports (athletics) and team sports (football). The method used in this research is an experiment with a multiple treatment and control design with pretest-posttest. Researchers made an instrument called the social values scale for sport. This study took a sample of students who were carrying out athletic and football learning. There are 4 groups, each group consisting of 30 students. The sample was divided into four groups consisting of 1) intentionally structuring athletics, 2) non-intentionally structuring athletics, 3) intentionally structuring football, and 4) non-intentionally structuring football. In this study, it was found that there was a significant difference in results between the learning groups (athletics and football) intentionally structuring on improving social values or by obtaining a p-value <0.001, which means that there really is a significant difference in the group compared to the learning group (athletics and football) non-intentionally structuring. So, it can be concluded that athletic and football sports activities are a good means to shape social values through intentional structuring. This has an influence on improving outcomes since they not only gain strong talents, but they also ideally develop social values as a provision for our young generation to continue to participate in this globalized competition. Keywords: Integration; social values; sports individual; sports team.

Characterizing Cerebrovascular Pathologies in Brain Donors Exposed to Repetitive Head Impacts

AbstractBackgroundRepetitive head impacts (RHI) from American style football (ASF) and other contact sports are a known risk factor for the neurodegenerative disease chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). RHI can also lead to mixed neuropathologies that uniquely contribute to clinical symptoms. Here, we compared various types of vascular and white matter pathologies between brain donors with and without exposure to RHI from different types of contact and collision sports (CCS).MethodsThe sample included 79 deceased male ASF players (RHI‐ASF) and 49 deceased male non‐ASF CCS athletes (RHI‐CCS) from the UNITE brain bank. Each RHI group had a comparison group that included similar aged (+/‐ 5 years) male brain donors without RHI from the Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Framingham Heart Study brain banks. The modified Ischemic Injury Scale (mIIS) served as a global indicator of vascular and white matter pathologies and is a sum of hippocampal sclerosis, infarct/lacune, microinfarct, microbleeds, laminar necrosis, arteriolosclerosis, atherosclerosis of Circle of Willis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and white matter rarefaction. Dementia diagnoses were made during consensus conferences. Linear or logistic regression compared the RHI vs non‐RHI groups on the mIIS and its subcomponents. Logistic regression models examined the association between mIIS and dementia. Models were adjusted for age.Results Table 1 shows sample characteristics. The RHI‐CCS group was comprised of boxers, amateur wrestlers, and ice hockey, soccer, rugby, and lacrosse players. 94 decedents had CTE, all of whom were in an RHI exposed group. Of the mIIS components, arteriolosclerosis was the most common across all groups. White matter rarefaction was also the most frequent mIIS component for both RHI groups, but not for non‐RHI groups. Compared to their respective controls, RHI‐ASF and RHI‐CCS were associated with higher mIIS scores (Table 2). Higher mIIS scores corresponded to increased odds for having dementia in both the RHI‐ASF and RHI‐CCS groups (Table 2). White matter rarefaction best discriminated both RHI groups from non‐RHI; atherosclerosis also discriminated RHI‐CCS group (Table 3).ConclusionThese results support vascular and white matter pathologies, specifically white matter rarefaction, as prominent and clinically relevant sequelae of RHI from CCS.

Exploring perceptions of performance support team effectiveness in elite sport

ABSTRACT Elite sport organisations are increasingly recruiting diverse and sophisticated performance support teams in an attempt to optimise athlete health and performance. These multiteam systems are commonly comprised of sport medicine and sport science personnel (e.g. physiotherapists, sport scientists, strength and conditioning coaches, nutritionists, psychologists), yet the effectiveness of such teams is reliant upon more than the mere aggregate of the assembled expertise. Whilst the multidimensional nature of team effectiveness has been investigated in other domains, such research pertaining to performance support teams in elite sport is sparse. A qualitative method of enquiry was used to explore performance support team effectiveness across a range of elite sports. Four online focus groups consisting of a total of 18 participants working in English Premier League Football, Formula One, and Olympic Sports (summer and winter) were conducted, and reflexive thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data. Four overarching themes were generated which are deemed to be associated with performance support team effectiveness: team structure (composition, geographic dispersion, hierarchical arrangement, and leadership), team member attributes (role proficiency, open mindedness, adaptability, and humility), shared mental model (shared objectives, role understanding, and contextual awareness), and social capital (trust, respect, cohesion, and communication). This study provides a greater understanding of performance support team effectiveness in elite sport which has conceivable implications for future research and also professional practice.

Motion recognition method of college football teaching based on convolution of spatio-temporal graph

In the past decade, people’s life is getting better and better, and the attention to sports competition is also increasing. In the current information age, sports and athletes’ data are very important, especially team football. In college, football coaches can use the data to analyze the situation of college football players and opposing players to better specify the corresponding tactics to win the game. However, at present, most of the data results need to be manually recorded and counted on the spot or after the game. In the process of statistics, Zhou Jing will inevitably have omissions and other problems. For this problem, a method based on space-time graph convolution. In the process, machine vision and motion recognition methods are combined, and the joint movements of different football players are extracted through the pose estimation method to obtain motion recognition results. To ented the methods on the KTH dataset. The results showed that the football motion recognition using the research method reached 98% on the dataset, which significantly improved the accuracy of nearly 5% over the existing state-of-the-art methods. At the same time, the accuracy rate of football movements was less than 5%. This means that the research method can effectively identify football sports, and can be widely used in other fields, and promote the development of human movement recognition in human-computer interaction and smart city and other fields.

Numerical Evaluation Using the Finite Element Method on Frontal Craniocervical Impact Directed at Intervertebral Disc Wear

Traumatic cervical pathology is an injury that emerges due to trauma or being subjected to constant impact loading, affecting the ligaments, muscles, bones, and spinal cord. In contact sports (the practice of American football, karate, boxing, and motor sports, among others), the reporting of this type of injury is very common. Therefore, it is imperative to have preventive measures so players do not suffer from such injuries, since bad practices or accidents can put their lives at risk. This research evaluated cervical and skull biomechanical responses during a frontal impact, taking into consideration injury caused by wear on the intervertebral disc. Intervertebral disc wear is a degenerative condition that affects human mobility; it is common in people who practice contact sports and it can influence the response of the cervical system to an impact load. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the effects caused by impact loading and strains generated throughout the bone structure (composed of the skull and the cervical spine). The numerical evaluation was developed using the finite element method and the construction of the biomodel from computational axial tomography. In addition, the numerical simulation allowed us to observe how the intervertebral disc’s wear affected the cervical region’s biomechanical response. In addition, a comparison could be made between a healthy system and a disc that had suffered wear. Finally, the analysis provided information valuable to understanding how an impact, force-related injury can be affected and enabled us to propose better physiotherapeutic procedures.

Case manipulation of football match score by the referee in the framework of fulfilling sports purposes

The manipulation of football match scores in Indonesia is familiar and continues to increase. The settlement of the case in the judge's decision was based on two criminal acts, namely the crime of fraud (Article 378 of the Criminal Code) and bribery (UU No. 11 of 1980). It is stated in several judge's decisions, including in Judge's Decision No.31/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Smd and Judge's Decision No.48/Pid.Sus/2019/PN BNR. Manipulation of match scores as an attempt to violate the goals of the sport of football. This research aims to verify cases of match score manipulation by referees in realizing sports goals. The results of the discussion prove that the two judges' decisions that classify match score manipulation In the two judges' decisions that classify match score manipulation cases as fraud and bribery, there is the fulfillment of the elements in both of these crimes. In contrast, the subject of the violation is the referee who leads the match, which requires Integrity and leadership character. Then the goal of a soccer match is to support the embodiment of the formation of national values and character. Then when a referee is involved in a match score manipulation case, it means he has generally failed the goals of the sport.

Analysis of the Anxiety Level Among the Players of Serpong City FC In Facing the 2023/2024 Indonesian Liga 3 Competition

The sport of football is a branch of sports that has gained a lot of enthusiasts and competitors aiming to become high-achieving players. Therefore, players must train their mental resilience from an early age in order to be able to manage anxiety when facing a competition. This study falls under the category of a survey with a quantitative descriptive approach, using a questionnaire as the data collection tool. The focus of this research is to investigate the anxiety levels of players before facing the competition in the 2023/2024 Liga 3. There were 22 players selected as samples for this study. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire designed to measure the players' anxiety levels, utilizing the Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) as a sports anxiety instrument. The implementation phase involved providing instructions to the sample regarding the process of filling out the questionnaire regarding the profile of anxiety levels in players, and then collecting the data by distributing the questionnaire to the players. The results of this study showed that the anxiety levels of the Serpong City FC players for the 2023/2024 season before competing in the Liga 3 Indonesia 2023/2024 were as follows: 7 respondents (32%) experienced low anxiety levels with an average score of 15.14, 10 respondents (50%) experienced moderate anxiety levels with an average score of 19.5, and 5 respondents (22%) experienced high anxiety levels with an average score of 25.4. This provides insight to the coach and officials that they should focus on training the mental resilience of the players and help find solutions to the anxiety issues experienced by the Serpong City FC players, especially those participating in the Liga 3 competition for the first time. It also raises the question of whether the anxiety is intrinsic or extrinsic. Based on the results obtained, it can be interpreted that the anxiety levels of the Serpong City FC players for the 2023/2024 season fall into the moderate category, with an average score of 18.9.

Investigating social media-based brand communities engagement’s motives and evangelistic tendencies for football sport’s fans

This study aims to investigate variables that motive brand community engagement. Moreover, explore the mediating role of brand evangelism between brand community engagement and brand defense. The data was collected using quantitative research through an online questionnaire-based survey from 217 active members of certain social media brand communities (SMBCs) which are Facebook and Whatsapp. I chose them because they provide similar functionality. The data was analyzed by using regression analysis. Facebook; for example, adopting instant messaging (IM) features similar to those found in Whatsapp however, the two tools of social media provide different social practices, resulting in different user experiences with the same functionality. Thus, the current research adapted these two tools to add richness to data collection. Respondents are a variety of university students and more than 50 different occupations. The data was analyzed by using multiple regression analysis. The research findings provide a comprehensive analysis of user perceptions and engagement within an entertainment platform across eight dimensions. Users generally hold favorable opinions of the platform, with high ratings for entertainment and information, while self-discovery offers opportunities for improvement. Reliability analysis indicates strong internal consistency among measured items, enhancing data trustworthiness. The correlation matrix underscores significant relationships among dimensions, highlighting their interconnectedness. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett's Test supports data suitability. Communalities reveal variable significance through PCA. Regression analysis demonstrates the model's effectiveness in explaining engagement variance. Additionally, mediation analysis emphasizes the direct effects of engagement on brand defense, and the indirect one via brand evangelism, contributing to a deeper understanding of user experiences on the platform.

The Effect of Command Teaching Style and Training On the Dribbling Skills of Students of SMPN 4 Polewali

This study aims to examine the effectiveness comparison of the commando teaching style with the practice teaching style on the subject matter of dribbling in the sport of football. The research method used in this study was experimental research which was conducted in 10 meetings to see the significance of the two treatments. This research was conducted at SMPN 4 Polewali with participants in this study being students who were willing to follow all research procedures. Through this sampling, the number of samples in this study amounted to 40 students. The instrument used in this study was a dribbling ability test. The results showed that the commando teaching style was better than the practice teaching style in football dribbling subjects.

The Rising of Indonesia Soccer that Contribute to National Income: The Multiplier Effects

The rising of national football achievements of the Indonesian National Team can be seen from winning the gold medal in the football branch at the Asean sporting events. Indonesia is also trusted by the world football organization FIFA to conduct the U17 world championship in October 2023. Economic growth of Indonesia (as the G 20 countries) in 2022 is 5.3% will stimulate other sectors including the most popular sport, namely football. Football, as a popular sport in Indonesia, contributes to state revenue. The multiplier effects have risen as the sports activities of the creative economy sector are conducted. That sector has become the basis for the establishment of sports businesses as the main integral part of the development of the sports industry. In the field of sports, several things can be indicated as a multiplier effect for state revenue, namely: 1.Sport performance, 2.Sport Production, 3.Sport Promotion. Football sport will circulate money that comes from ticket sales, transportation for spectators watching football, sales of food and drinks, merchandise from clubs participating in competitions, advertising in stadiums and on the shirts of teams participating in football, as well as advertisements on television, and sponsors who play the competition. This study conduct qualitative method in investigating the multiplier effects results from the rising of Soccer Competition that contribute to the increasing income and economy growth.

Program Evaluation of the Student Sports Education Center (PPLP) for West Sumatra Province Football

The problem in this study is the weak support and attention to coaching the West Sumatra PPLP football branch, still less than expected is still not optimal. So that the expected achievements and coaching of PPLP football have not been achieved. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the coaching and training program of PPLP for West Sumatra football. The method in this study uses a qualitative descriptive approach using the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) method. This research data was obtained through observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the study were found in terms of context that the coaching process and also the training program process that had been implemented were in accordance with what was expected to have run with the vision and mission. In terms of input, it is still not maximal, it can be seen that the athlete rerukmen still does not involve psychologists and sports doctors, facilities and infrastructure are still not optimal, and the funds / budget allocated have run according to the rules but are still not optimal. Process Aspect in program implementation Evaluation and minotoring activities are running and carried out well, the implementation of the training program has gone well as expected, Communication / socialization of the program with athletes is quite maximal. In terms of Product achievement target West Sumatra Football The achievement of West Sumatra pplp athletes in the sport of football has reached the target and is optimal in coaching efforts and also the breeding of athletes can be seen the achievements that have been achieved by west Sumatra pplp football athletes.

Similarity measures of double-valued neutrosophic sets based on cotangent function and applications to football players’ competitive ability evaluation

At present, China’s football sports are relatively backward in training theory and practice. If you want to break out of Asia and enter the world, and gain a firm foothold in the international football arena, you must use a scientific and realistic attitude, absorb the successful experience of advanced football countries, reflect on our training concepts and practices, and deeply study the training laws of football, in order to find a way suitable for our development. Athletes’ competitive ability is the core issue of sports training. The failure of our football level is directly related to our systematic understanding of athletes’ competitive ability. This problem has led to the separation of our training practice from the actual competition, making training unable to meet the needs of the competition. Only by solving this problem, can we improve the level of football in China. The football players’ competitive ability evaluation is affirmed as multiple attribute decision making (MADM). In such paper, motivated by the idea of cotangent similarity measure (CSM), the CSMs are extended to DVNSs and four CSMs are created under DVNSs. Then, two weighted CSMs are built for MADM under DVNSs. Finally, a numerical example for Football players’ competitive ability evaluation is affirmed and some comparative algorithms are produced to affirm the built method.

O.5.1-7 Travel patterns and CO2 emissions of recreational league play in football and handball in Germany - an explorative study

Abstract Purpose Recreational sports are commonly recommended for their health-enhancing effects. But broadening the perspective on planetary health raises the question of how they impact the environment. While there is a body of evidence on the impacts of professional sports on planetary health, there is currently a lack of studies investigating the sustainability of grassroots level sports, in particular team sports in recreational leagues. This study set out to explore travel patterns in different recreational leagues in the sports of football and handball in Germany. Methods We derived data including club location and game schedules for amateur football and handball teams in the region of Erlangen, Germany, from official websites of sport federations. Using google maps, we calculated the travel distances for every match-up in season 2022/23 and highlighted the distribution of teams in divisions by mapping. Results Even on a low recreational level, significant travel distances are accrued by teams over a season. In general, playing in a more competitive league results in longer travel distances for football teams. On average, women teams cover longer travel distances compared to men’s teams. Playing handball results in more travel compared to playing football. The current set-up of divisions can be improved to limit travel distances. Conclusions Despite some limitations (e.g., number of included divisions or difficulty translating the distances into CO2 emissions), this investigation sheds light on the environmental impact of recreational league play. The sheer number of sports teams suggests the importance of investigating recreational league play and supporting sport federations to optimize game schedules to limit travel emissions. Funding Source The study was not funded.

Analysis of the physical condition of soccer athletes through the yo-yo test: a survey study on preparation for the provincial sports week

Background and Study Aim. Activities carried out for a long time must have a good foundation of VO2max (maximum oxygen volume). Exercise with the right prescription and in no time will increase your VO2max ability. Characteristics of the sport of football which has a long duration of time and a wide field. Based on this, the VO2max ability of football players should be high. The purpose of this study was to see the ability of the maximum oxygen volume of football sports which are conducting training camps in preparation for the provincial sports week. Materials and Methods . This study uses a quantitative approach through survey methods. Where in the research there were tests and measurements to find out the level of VO2max ability. The subjects in this study were the Gabsis football club which was preparing for the provincial sports week (PORPOV). The sampling technique in this study used saturated sampling so that all athletes were sampled, namely 25 soccer athletes. The test instrument used was the yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 1. Furthermore, the data obtained in the field was analyzed using descriptive statistics assisted by the Microsoft Excel 2019 application. Results. Based on the research results, the VO2max level is 32% in the below average category. Furthermore, there are 48% in the average category, and 20% in the good category. Based on these findings, the average VO2max ability of soccer athletes is in the sufficient category. Conclusions. The average categorization of Club Gabsis players is still relatively low based on the results of the VO2max ability test. However, it is important to note that the limitations of this study are the players' uncontrolled dietary consumption and their age, both of which must be taken into account by researchers. It can also find information on the impact of athlete nutrition on endurance abilities. Keywords: Physical Condition , VO2max , Football

Injury prevention in ladies Gaelic football referees: Understanding the barriers, facilitators, and preferences of referees

ObjectivesThe injury prevalence in Gaelic games refereeing is high, however few are adopting injury prevention programmes. This study aims to identify the barriers and facilitators to injury prevention strategy success and determine Ladies Gaelic Football referees’ preferences for injury prevention strategies and education. DesignSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 Ladies Gaelic Football referees (10 men, 1 woman). Two were club level, two were provincial level and 7 were national level referees. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and reflexive thematic analysis was completed. This analysis involved examining the data repeatedly and gradually developing sub-themes, themes, and categories related to each core concept. ResultsThe barriers to injury prevention success included negative attitudes, accessibility issues, lack of education, the state of refereeing and undesirable injury prevention strategy characteristics. Injury prevention promotion, suitable strategy characteristics and open communication were believed to facilitate success. Referees gave their preferences for injury prevention programmes, strategy logistics, and stakeholder roles along with their preferred topics, delivery, educators, characteristics, rollout, and timing for injury prevention education. ConclusionsReducing referee injury is critical to the success of Ladies Gaelic Football and other community sports. Governing bodies must develop and support injury prevention programmes and education for referees. These should be designed according to referees’ preferences and consider the barriers and facilitators referees have identified to maximise adoption.