Football Federation Research Articles

INVESTIGATING THE STATE OF AMBUSH MARKETING IN FOOTBALL AND WRESTLING

One of the modern ways of investing in sports and advertising is through sports. Along with financial backers, the ambush marketing phenomenon has been around for three decades. In Iran, one of the weaknesses is the lack of rules and weakness in the implementation of marketing laws. Football and wrestling are popular sports in Iran and have significant sponsors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the situation of ambush marketing in football and wrestling. The present study is of qualitative type. The statistical population includes 12 professionals: professors of sports marketing, media officials, the Football Federation, and football wrestling and financial support. Research tools are semi-structured interviews and research methods, content analysis and thematic analysis using Nvivo8 software. The research results showed that the term hidden marketing should be used instead of ambush marketing, and strict legislation and heavy financial penalties are required by lawmakers. Although major sporting events such as the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup are more common in Western countries, we can also use their methods and rules to protect the rights of sponsors and prevent ambush marketing.
 
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Comparison of Physical Condition Profiles of Elite and Non-Elite Youth Football Players

Performance of a football player in a competitive match is influenced by good physical condition in training, competing, or in everyday life. Comprehensive ability is the hope of all football coaches. The study was conducted to determine how the comparison of the physical condition profile of youth football players in the elite and non-elite categories at the provincial level football federation, especially in SSB in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.The research method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The subjects of this study were students or soccer athletes in elite and non-elite youth football players. The population that the researchers determined was elite and non-elite youth football players at football schools or football clubs in the DIY Province. The sampling technique was carried out by means of purposive random sampling. The instrument in this study used the MFT / Yoyo Intermitent Test, Vertical Jump Test, 30 meter Sprint Test, Illinois Test, and Sit And Reach.Based on the results of the study, it shows that the body mass index component with an average of 19.53 elite players and 19.78 non-elite players. Flexibility, elite players 34.40 and non elite players 31.14. The leg power of elite players is 45.52 and for non-elite players is 45.28. The speed component is 4.48 for elite and non-elite players, 4.95. For coordination, the elite players are 53.04 and the non-elite players are 51.20. The agility of the elite players is 18.68 and the non-elite players are 18.99. Meanwhile, the aerobic endurance for elite players was 39.85 and non-elite players were 37.97. So it can be concluded that the physical condition of soccer players which includes body mass index, flexibility, leg power, speed, coordination, agility and endurance, elite players show better results compared to non-elite players.

Soccer, the Saarland, and statehood: win, loss, and cultural reunification in post-war Europe

Football proved to be one of the few areas that fueled West Germany’s ambition to reintegrate Saarland into the fractured post-war republic. Denied participation with the German football federation in the wake of the Second World War, yet unwilling to don French colors, Saarland’s national football team (Saarländische Fußballnationalmannschaft) epitomised the uneasy space embodied by its citizens. Unable to compete in the 1950 World Cup – despite FIFA recognition – Saarland focused instead on dominating the lower French leagues and creating their own tournament. Despite two losses to eventual champions West Germany in the qualifying round of the 1954 World Cup, Saarland’s footballers and their supporters left no doubt as to their cultural and political desire to reunite with the nation that had been denied to them. Studying Saarland and its football team this way, this paper juxtaposes sport, politics, and nationalism within the context of post-WWII German history.

(Des)igualdad de género y fútbol. ¿Qué fue del Comité de RSC de la RFEF en el caso de la Supercopa en Arabia Saudí de 2020?

Este artículo analiza el recorrido que tuvo el denominado Comité de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol (RFEF). Se trata de un órgano consultivo constituido en 2019 y disuelto a mediados de 2020. Nos interesa conocer las acciones que llevó a cabo en ese periodo. Para ello, se interpretan los testimonios de entrevistas realizadas a algunos de los miembros externos que formaron parte del comité. Nos centramos en aquellas actuaciones en materia de igualdad de género y con esta intención se propone como caso paradigmático la celebración de la Super Copa de España en Arabia Saudí. Se trata de un acontecimiento controvertido, sobre el que el Comité planteó recomendaciones concretas.

DEA 모형을 이용한 효율성 기반 프로축구 구단의 경기력 평가

Purpose In sports, clubs or players must have the high level of athletic performance in order to gain public attention and love. This study evaluates the athletic performance of professional football clubs based on efficiency targeting 22 Korean professional football clubs in 2020(K-League 1, K-League 2). Methods A DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis) model is used to evaluate the athletic performance. Budget and number of players were selected as input variables, and victory points, difference in gains and losses, and ball possession were selected as output variables. Data was collected through the Korea Professional Football Federation, K-League data center, and sports data-related websites. Results As a result of evaluating the performance of each league based on efficiency using DEA model, Gangwon FC and Sangju Sangmu FC were selected as the best teams in K League 1, and Bucheon FC 1995 and Seoul E-Land FC in K League 2. In addition, as a result of evaluating the performance between all clubs, Suwon FC was evaluated as the best team and Incheon United FC as the club with the lowest performance. Conclusion Through this method, it will be possible to induce competition between professional soccer clubs and maximize their athletic performance.

La inversión económica en categorías menores y su impacto en el rendimiento del futbol peruano en competiciones internacionales.

La poca inversión en la preparación de las categorías menores por parte de los administradores es una de las causas de que el futbol peruano presentara un bajo rendimiento en los torneos internacionales durante los años 2015 y 2016 y repercusiones económicas negativas. El objetivo general fue determinar cómo la inversión económica en la preparación de las categorías menores influye en el rendimiento del futbol peruano en competiciones internacionales. En este sentido, la presente investigación (de carácter no exploratoria y de tipo correlacional) tiene como unidad de análisis el club de la primera división de la Federación Peruana de Futbol de donde se seleccionó una muestra asociada a las divisiones menores de cuatro clubs de Lima Metropolitana.

EXTRAJUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS IN RESOLUTION OF SPORTS DISPUTES

The article analyzes extrajudicial instances for resolving sports disputes, identifies their role and advantagesover courts. It is noted that in practice, sports relations cannot exist without disputes, and the latter can take placebetween athletes, on the one hand, and coaches, sports organizations, mediators, etc., on the other hand; betweenathletes (on both sides), or when an individual athlete is not a party to the dispute at all. It is established that the mostcommon disputes today are about objective judging, anti-doping, fair play.As a result of the analysis of literature sources, it was found that in all national federations of Ukraine orassociations (except the Football Federation) such specialized bodies, as a rule, do not exist. The executive bodiesof the federation are empowered to resolve disciplinary disputes, and the powers to review them on appeal arevested in higher governing bodies (for example, congresses, conferences, general meetings). This provokes situationswhere sports disputes are considered by federation leaders who do not have the appropriate legal education, or evenhave a legal education but do not have relevant experience in resolving such disputes, which negatively affects thequality of sports disputes, as often unfair decisions are made or those that contradict the regulations of internationalfederations in certain sports.The work of such an independent international arbitration body as the Court of Arbitration for Sport, which isauthorized to resolve sports or sports-related disputes, is analyzed. These disputes are divided into two groups; GroupI includes commercial disputes arising from contractual relations between professional clubs, between clubs andathletes, sports agents, disputes over the specifics of transfer activities, agreements on the transfer or distributionof television and other media rights, etc., and group II – disciplinary disputes considered by the Court of Arbitrationfor Sport as a court of the first instance or a court of appeal in the case of a dispute between national authorities.It is concluded that to protect the rights and legitimate interests of sports entities, there is an extensivesystem of national and international out-of-court bodies for resolving sports disputes. Despite this, Ukraine has anunderdeveloped system of such bodies, as only the football sphere has an effective mechanism for resolving sportsdisputes at the national level, and therefore there is a significant need to establish a Sports Arbitration Court underthe National Olympic Committee of Ukraine to protect the rights of other sports.

The Organization of Football in Cyprus: History and Politics

This paper employs the history and politics of football looking at discussions about Cyprus’ national identity, the relationship between the Greek-Cypriot state and its self-declared Turkish-Cypriot counterpart, and the possibility of reunification. It explores these issues from both sides of the divide, something rarely undertaken in Cyprus, and within a wider European perspective, by comparing it briefly with the modern football histories of Ireland, Spain and Bosnia & Herzegovina. Football and its inherent developments reflect not only the political rivalries in the world of Greek-Cypriot football, but also the encounters between Greek-Cypriots and Turkish-Cypriots. The history of Cypriot football has no similar precedent in the selected European space. In Ireland, the peace process has not ended historic civil society divisions, while football agents with opposing political ideologies across the Greek and Turkish divide in Cyprus have been able to overcome their differences, political elites on one side of the border have prevented unification. In Spain’s Catalonia, while the football-fed movement for independence, yet to materialize, remains subject to approval by Spain’s institutions, the independence of the de facto Turkish-Cypriot state would require the approval of the governments of the Republic of Cyprus, Greece, Turkey, and Britain. Finally, while FIFA and UEFA have successfully dictated the terms for the final admission of Bosnia & Herzegovina’s football Federation into their membership, they have failed to repeat this achievement in the Cypriot case.

Development of a system of performance targets for a professional football club

The football business is of interest to researchers and investors as a potentially promising area for the development of management theory and investment respectively. One of the important issues in this context is performance management of professional football clubs. In this paper authors propose the criteria characterizing the effectiveness of a football club and build up a system of target indicators (KPI) aimed at quantitatively measuring of the strategic directions of development. The system of balanced scorecards is taken as a basis and includes four blocks: sporting achievements, financial indicators, negotiations with fans, effective management. The assessment criteria were selected based on scientific research in the field of sports management, and the assessment system was tested on the example of three football clubs: PFC CSKA (Russia), Olympique Lyon (France) and Copenhagen (Denmark). The proposals offered in this study can be used by professional football clubs and football federations in building up their development strategies and for the purposes of operational management to improve performance and create unique competitive advantages. Other kinds of team sports can also apply the proposed system of indicators.

Playing Non-Professional Football in COVID-19 Time: A Narrative Review of Recommendations, Considerations, and Best Practices.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 resulted in widespread interruption of team sports training and competitions. Our aim was to review the recommendations and best practices in return to play in non-professional football after activity lockdown. The authors searched two electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science) to extract studies published before September 15 2020. Twenty studies explained recommendations, considerations, or best practices in return to play in football, and all of them were clustered into three groups: (1) training load management (n = 10), (2) medical recommendations (n = 9), and (3) recovery related issues (n = 5). The way to establish a progression in training process should be based on training load management and managing the number of stimuli per time. Following the studies, this training process should be divided into three phases: phase 1—physical distancing should be maintained; phases 2 and 3—group training should start. Medical considerations were clustered into different groups: general, pre- and post- training, during training, education, planning to return to competition, and suggestions for post confinement weeks. In particular, social issues, strict hygiene questions, and continuous PCR testing should be considered in return to play over football season. Finally, since a correlation has been found between high-intensive training loads and immunoglobulin A, nutritional and lifestyle recovery strategies should be performed. Moreover, since immunosuppression has been related to congested schedules (<72 h between matches), football federations should avoid this situation.

SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in a Cohort of Asymptomatic RT-PCR Negative Croatian First League Football Players

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic the Croatian Football Federation has launched a new model of pre-season systematic examination of football players, emphasizing the diagnosis of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and preventing further spread among the players. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG antibodies in the cohort of asymptomatic and SARS-CoV-2 PCR negative professional football players in the Croatian First Football League by using a commercial ELISA antibody assay in the paired serum samples taken 2 months apart.

On the linguistic construal of social relations at an online general assembly of the Hungarian Football Federation

A koronavírus-járvány miatt bevezetett intézkedések következtében a közösségi tevékenységek nagy része az online térbe került át, ennek következtében pedig egyes kommunikációs gyakorlatok, rítusok is átértékelődtek. A tanulmány célja annak elemzése, hogy az MLSZ online küldöttgyűlésén hogyan valósul meg a társas viszonyok nyelvi alakítása. Az elemzés a teljes rögzített anyagot feldolgozva esettanulmányként mutatja be, hogy milyen sajátosságok jellemzőek az online videókonferencia keretében megtartott formális és nyilvános esemény nyelvi szerveződésére, illetve hogy az újszerű kommunikációs helyzet hogyan járul hozzá a nyelvi és nem nyelvi rítusok működéséhez. Az értelmezés a kommunikáció rituális felfogására épül, az elemzés a társas viszonyok szerveződését az attitűddeixis legfőbb műveleteinek, azaz a megszólításoknak, üdvözléseknek, személyemlítéseknek az elemzése révén tárja fel.

FUTBOL ENDÜSTRİSİ İLE BÖLGESEL KALKINMANIN SAĞLANMASI: SİİRT İLİ ÖRNEĞİ

Since football became an industrial sector, production of items related with football raised. Nowadays football marked has created a rise of income and it created common denominator with the other sectors, however it is a reason for other sport related branches to go further in a fundamentally right direction. Study explains; the assessment of the place of “Siirt’s football potential” in the city’s economy, with lead of the connection between industrial football and regional development. The aim of the study is to be an example for; Turkish Football Federation, Youth and Sports Ministry, universities and some governmental offices’ future football plans.

How are fans teams’ consumption behaviors impacted by their federations’ innovativeness perceived organizational legitimacy

Fans’ consumption intentions towards their favourite teams’ products and services are essential outcome variables for sport federations and clubs. However, the factors that could affect these outcomes are not yet clear. This study analyzes how the fandom level and the innovativeness’s perceived organizational legitimacy impact their fans’ consumption intentions. Data was collected in Costa Rica by using a structured questionnaire. The results show that consumption intentions behaviour are partially mediated by the innovativeness perceived organizational legitimacy. Moreover, the multimedia consumption intention is moderated by normative interpersonal influence. Specifically, fans use the National Football team as a tool for their self-identity; while judgements made towards the National Football Federation’s innovation’ capacity to open new markets, regulate their consumption intentions. Hence, federations should create innovative legitimacy policies to ensure fans’ consumption intentions. These findings contribute to Social Identity and Social Judgement Theories showing how they are intertwined in a sport context.

CONSTATATIVE STUDY ON THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL TRAINING OF U19 JUNIOR FOOTBALLERS IN ROMANIA

In this research we aimed to assess the level of general and specific physical preparation of U19 (under 19 years) juniors’ football game ascertaining experiment was undertaken. To this end, we organized and ran from March to September 2018 preliminary experiment. Evaluation of physical training for juniors U19 was as physical tests established by the Romanian Football Federation, applied junior national teams. Thus, these physical tests were applied to a number of 196 athletes, juniors 17-18 years in Romania and the two teams expected ingredients for inclusion in pedagogical experiment basis. Results and discussion arising from this study are included in this paper

Injury profile of a soccer player training center: An epidemiological study

Objective: To carry out an epidemiological analysis characterizing the type and location of the injury, severity based on recovery time, game position, and injury for hours of exposure. Methods: Data collection was carried out in the sub 15, sub 17, and sub 20 categories and verified records made by the medical team of the club, which was trained to use the F-MARC form (a form of the medical research center of the International Football Federation - FIFA) at the beginning of the season. To perform the data analysis, the GraphPad Prism software was used. All variables were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results: In relation to the 129 athletes monitored during the season, 62 athletes presented some injury during the season, presenting 42.2 injuries for every 1000 hours of play, the Sub 15 category was the one with the highest incidence of injury, followed by the Sub17 and U20. The average time of leave after injury was 3.65 ± 4.2 weeks, the Defenders were the ones with the highest injury rate. There were 27 articular injuries (43.54%), 25 muscle injuries (40.32%), 9 bone injuries (15.41%), and one pathological injury (1.61%), and the most affected regions were ankle and knee. Conclusion: It is concluded that the moment of the game is the moment when the greatest number of injuries occurs, having a greater incidence in the athletes of the category Sub 15, the Defenders suffered more injuries and the Lower Limbs were more affected, mainly by articular traumas.

Youth sport 2.0? The development of eSports in Norway from 2016 to 2019

ABSTRACT Digital technology has deeply impacted the ways in which youth play and consume sport as part of their leisure activities. Central to this topic is the rise of new virtually played sports: eSports. eSports has taken the global youth sportscape by storm – so much so that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) are looking to capitalise on its popularity as part of the organisation’s work to make the Olympic Games more attractive to youth. The aim of the current study is to explore the development and expansion of eSports in Norway from 2016 to 2019. This is done through a qualitative content analysis of 102 media texts. The findings reveal a tendency towards eSports gradually being integrated in the Norwegian sports model by local sports clubs. Our material also reveals a shifting trend towards acceptance of eSports as ‘real’ sports. This is particularly evident through the introduction of eSports in the school system and eSerien – a national professional FIFA league organised by the Norwegian Football Federation (NFF). Furthermore, the texts included in the sample also illustrates how some groups of people express resistance towards the growth of eSports in Norway.

COVID-19, indications for professional football teams and referees training resumption.

These indications were drawn up by the Federal Medical-Scientific Commission (FIGC Commission), supplemented for the necessary time by some experts on the subject; currently they are intended to grant the highest achievable guarantee level to protect the health of players, referees and all professionals involved in case of resumption of collective training (Document dated 18 April 2020). They were designed to minimize the risk of contagion were thus based on the fact that during that phase of SARS-COV-2 virus pandemic (COVID-19) and in the absence of an effective vaccine, the zero-contagion risk did not exist and does not exist to date. Those guidelines have been updated on the basis of ongoing medical-scientific evidence, taking into account the indications given by the Technical-Scientific Committee and the opinion of the Italian Football Federation representatives, during a meeting that took place on May 7 and was transmitted to FIGC on May 11, 2020; these indications are to be considered stringent and binding for the purposes of sport training resumption.

Video analysis of concussion mechanisms and immediate management in French men's professional football (soccer) from 2015 to 2019.

In this study, the concussion mechanisms were analyzed in male professional competition football, with the main objective to specify the frequency of head-to-head impact, and immediate management of the concussed players was described in order to check its compliance with the recommendations of football's governing bodies. Based on continuously recorded data from the French Football Federation (FFF), a retrospective database of all reported concussions during matches in the 1st and 2nd French Male leagues was generated comprising seasons 2015/16-2018/19. Injury mechanisms, playing action, immediate medical assessment and management of concussed players, and foul play-referee's decision, were analyzed from video recordings. In total, 41 concussions were reported (incidence rate of 0.44/1000 hours of match exposure [95% CI: 0.40 to 0.49]) of which 36 were identified and analyzed on video sequences. The commonest playing action leading to concussion was aerial challenge (61%), and the main mechanism was head-to-head impact (47%). Following the head impact, 28% of concussed players were not medically assessed on pitch and 53% returned to play the same match. Head-to-head impact was not associated with systematic medical assessment, nor with foul play. In conclusion, the main cause of concussions involved head-to-head impact occurring when two players challenge for heading the ball in the air. The detection of potential concussive head impacts and the immediate management of players possibly concussed during matches remain insufficient according to the international recommendations. Some rules changes, with particular vigilance in case of head-to-head impact, should be discussed.

Between marginalisation and integration: practising deaf sports in interwar Romania

The emergence and the development of deaf sports represent a neglected topic by historians. The importance of this topic consists on highlighting of the efforts for the integration of the deaf people into sports movement and society as a whole into certain period of time. The aim of this article is to take into the light the ways in which deaf sports appeared in interwar Romania and the different difficulties which this initiative encountered. In this manner, there are emphasized the creation of the ‘Deaf-and-Dumb Cultural and Sports Club’ in Bucharest (1934), the fruitless endeavors of Vasile Dimitriu-Leorda for admission of deaf football teams in the competitions organized by the Romanian Football Federation, the creation of Romania’s deaf national team (1938), and, also, Romania’s participation in the 1939 Stockholm Summer Deaflympics.