Football Events Research Articles

Echoes of the Tragedy: The Sport Memoir and the Representation of the 1950 World Cup

This article delves into the meaning of the 1950 World Cup, held in Brazil after a 12-year hiatus due to the Second World War and two decades after a South American country (Uruguay) had hosted the tournament. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the role of sport memoirs in the cementing of a collective imagination on the Brazilian National Team's defeat in 1950. Anchored on a triple dimension – organisational, tactical and technical – the analysis explores the way in which the loss of the title to the Uruguayan team was experienced by a number of actors – among them players, management personnel and fans – and set in writing by many generations of sports writers. Through the diachronic choice of works published by journalists (which include memoirs, news stories, biographies and autobiographies), the objective is to point to the congealing of a rhetoric made up of negative remarks associated to the football event, such as ‘trauma’, ‘drama’, ‘tragedy’ and even ‘catastrophe’. Contemporary historical perspective, which questions the deep-rooted opposition between memory and history will be turned so as to support the consideration of whether the former can in fact direct, or even shape, the latter's features.

Destination Management Organizations and Sports Events

AbstractThe article presents the operations undertaken by city-level organizations in connection with major sport events. The analysis focuses on three events: two related to football (i.e. the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, and 2008 UEFA European Football Championship in Austria and Switzerland) and the 2012 Olympic Games in London. The article consists of two basic parts. The first one contains theoretical considerations related to the issue, i.e. understanding of the concept of destination management organizations (DMOs) and their operations, including those connected with large sport events. The second part is an attempt to characterize activities performed by selected urban DMOs in order to promote and publicize large football events hosted by these cities. It has been demonstrated that specific entities undertake various operations in this area. The majority of these are connected with promotion, yet it is possible to also identify other types of activity (e.g. related to trainings).

Injury epidemiology studies for ACF Asian Cup championship

From its humble beginnings in 1956, the AFC Asian Cup has grown into the continent's biggest football event, one that stands proudly alongside any top level competition around the globe in terms of excitement, entertainment and organisation. Within the span of five decades, the AFC Asian Cup has encompassed the huge continent bringing together Asia's top national teams every four years in a fantastic feast of top-notch football. With the increasing of demands of the game in terms of medical and health care of players, football medicine has also expanded its roles in the changed of the rules of the game, improvement of equipments which are all back-up with the scientific based injury research program, prevention program to reduce injuries.

Ode to a “million dollar” question: does the future of football lie in the Middle East?

Purpose – This paper reflects on recent events in the global football landscape and their implications for the Middle East, especially in their ambitious aspiration to be the future destination of the sport. Design/methodology/approach – By drawing on a mixture of interviews, personal observation and a documentary analysis of scholarly papers on sports marketing in general and comparable “small-time” football leagues in England, the study takes on a qualitative approach. Findings – Even though the tiny Gulf state of Qatar has “controversially” won the hosting rights of the greatest football event in the world (i.e. FIFA 2022), the FIFA world ranking of the State puts it just within the top 100 global footballing nations (ranked no. 95 as at November 2011). Its sibling, the UAE, fares even worse. However both countries have made the most investments in the sport of football in recent years. Research limitations/implications – This paper does not place emphasis on futures studies per se, but does, in any ca...

Calidad percibida y satisfacción de los espectadores de fútbol

The main objective of this study is to determine the influence of service quality on satisfaction of football spectators, looking scarcely investigated in the literature. The results, from a sample of 700 spectators at a football club of the Spanish First Division, reveal three main conclusions: (i)the quality of service of a football event is determined by both tangibles — infrastructure — as intangible — quality and delivery of equipment, and management of the board; (ii)the quality of positively affects service satisfaction experienced by the viewer part associated with football event; (iii)in overall satisfaction directly influences partial satisfaction associated with specific aspects of the sporting event and indirectly the quality of services provided. The study concludes with the main contributions, limitations and future research.

Mass-gathering medicine: a descriptive analysis of a range of mass-gathering event types

ObjectiveTo identify and evaluate the volume, nature, and severity of patient presentations encountered by emergency medical services (EMS) at all mass-gathering events held at or near a southeastern US university. In addition, to compare the existing literature base (single mass-gathering event held in large urban population centers) with a broader variety of events varying in crowd size and locations. MethodsThis was a retrospective review of all EMS records from mass-gathering patient presentations (individual-patient cases) between October 24, 2009, and August 27, 2011. All patrons seen by event-based EMS were included. Events categories included the following: football, concerts, public exhibitions, and nonfootball athletic events. Event volumes were defined as follows: low (<1000 patrons), medium (between 1001 and 15 000 patrons), and large (>15 000 patrons). Case presentation-management categories included the following: trauma, medical, and support (minimal medical intervention required, eg, minor dressing for abrasion, water, etc). Severity categories included the following: mild, moderate, and severe based on the following definitions using both provider assessment and the use of transport to a hospital: minor cases were considered non–life threats and did not result in a transport to a hospital; moderate cases were associated with transports to a hospital; and severe cases were life threats with transport to a hospital. ResultsWe studied 79 events over the study period. Event volumes were 16.45% high, 79.75% medium, and 3.80% low. A total of 670 cases presented, with a mean of 8.48 cases/event. The football category had the highest mean number of cases with 37.09 cases/event, for a total of 408 cases. The nonfootball, athletic event category had the lowest mean number of cases at 1.83 cases/event. Most (81.82%) of the football events were classified as large volume. Support cases were the most common presentation (43.13%), followed closely by medical complaints (41.94%). Most cases were mild in severity (95.97%). There were 27 cases requiring transport to hospital, with 3 cases being life-threatening. The average patient age was 33 years, with 60.3% female sex. These features are similar to the published information on large event medical attendance. ConclusionsIn this retrospective, descriptive study of a broad range of event type, the most common patient presentations at mass-gathering events were mild in severity, requiring minimal medical intervention. Both transports from the event to a hospital and the occurrence of life threats were uncommon. Our findings are similar to the data found in the existing medical literature.

Football Events and Their Association with Interpersonal Violence Deaths

ABSTRACT Background Major sporting events are associated with violence, creating societal and healthcare system burdens. However, these associations have not been objectively evaluated in low- and middle-income countries, where resources for violence prevention and injury control are limited. The objective of this study was to determine whether the days of football events were associated with changes in homicide rates in Cali, Colombia. Study design Ecologic study conducted during 2005 to 2008 using a time-series design. Football days were those in which the city's professional teams or the national team played nationally or internationally (279 days). Daily counts of homicides were obtained from the city's fatal injury surveillance system. Homicide rates were computed using population estimates to adjudicate person-years of exposure. In stepwise conditional autoregressive negative binomial regressions adjusted for victims’ demographics, known sociopolitical and cultural factors, weekends, holidays, trends and seasonality, homicide rates during football days were compared against homicide rates during non-football days. Results There were 1,352 homicides during football days and 4,767 homicides during non-football days (rate, 82 and 68 per 100,000 person-years respectively, p &lt; 0.001). There was an increased risk of homicides during home game days (IRR 1.11, 95%CI 1.01-1.21, p = 0.022) compared to non-football days. There was an increased risk of homicides during the day after football game (IRR 1.08, 95%CI 1.00-1.16, p = 0.041) compared to other days. The outcome of the games was not statistically significantly associated with increased risk of homicides. Conclusion This analysis suggests that football days were associated with increased risk of homicides in Cali, Colombia. Violence prevention and injury control efforts should be increased on days of home games and on the next day after football. The healthcare system should allocate and optimize resources these days, given the increased demand for trauma care. Educational and preventive civic interventions should be instituted around these events. How to cite this article Sánchez ÁI, Krafty RT, Puyana JC, Gutiérrez MI. Football Events and Their Association with Interpersonal Violence Deaths. Panam J Trauma Critical Care Emerg Surg 2013;2(1):26-32.

O KONTROLI CHULIGAŃSTWA FUTBOLOWEGO W POLSCE ZE SZCZEGÓLNYM UWZGLĘDNIENIEM SYTUACYJNEJ PREWENCJI UWAG KILKA

The development of international measures of football hooliganism control has been proceeding along several paths and included a number of different aspects of broadly understood control over the phenomenon. One can define 4 periods differing in the football hooliganism control paradigms applied: the first period - stretching from 1960s to 1985, second - between 1985 and 1997, third - 1997 to 2000 and fourth - from 2000 up to the present day. Consider-ing the issue of situational prevention of football hooliganism, control measures could be divided into two groups, or levels. The first level was mostly concerned with 'hard' means, i.e. such based on activities that rendered breaking the law or upsetting the public order more challenging. This was done with simple techniques of isolating opposing groups of supporters from each other by police cordons, fencing out sections of stadiums, putting up barriers, or 'cages' for visiting fans. Other popular 'hard' means aimed at increasing the perpetrator's risk of being subject to negative consequences, which mostly meant intensified police presence at a stadium. The progression to level 2 control was triggered by results brought by research on crowd management techniques conducted after the 2000 European Championship. The new trend involved gradual balancing out the 'hard' and 'soft' means, the latter having the purpose of limiting provocation and excuses (promoting the atmosphere of a joyful festival at football events, avoiding 'arming' and confrontation by security personnel, employment of surveillance and emergency services, etc.). A comparison of the ways in which football hooliganism situational prevention developed with the integrated model of situational crime prevention brings an interesting insight into the effectiveness of the new situational trend, which is a method broadly employed in Western Europe to counter football hooliganism. According to R. Wortley, while the notion of opportunity reduction assumes that there already is an offender who is motivated or at least ambivalent and ready to commit a crime, the fact is that motivation to commit a crime may occur as a result of particular situational factors. Wortley defined 4 types of factors motivating a perpetrator to commit a crime, or the so-called precipitators: prompts, pressures, permissibility, and provocations. The integrated concept of situational prevention discussed in the article is a merger of the traditional methods of limiting crime opportunities, or the so-called 'hard' means, with a complementary set of techniques minimizing other situational factors proposed by R. Wortley, i.e. 'soft' means. D.B. Cornish and R.V. Clarke proposed a combination of the two approaches, which resulted in vastly broadened array of situational crime prevention techniques.

An Assessment of Sport Event Tourists’ Motivation with a Framework: A Case Study at a Southeast Conference Football Game

An Assessment of Sport Event Tourists’ Motivation with a Framework: A Case Study at a Southeast Conference Football Game The decision to travel and attend sport events is usually an important process for the travelers that involves many key factors such as motivation, time allowance, interests, destination image, past experience, personal factors, and economic condition. While a significant number of studies have been conducted on sport event attendees’ and tourists’ behavior, especially their motivation, there is little research to date that examines and understands why tourists attend college football events in a structured framework. The objective of this study is to find these reasons and construct an instrument for measuring sport tourists’ motivation that can be useful in organizing sport events and developing marketing plans. Three important factors were found: Economical Sport Event Tourism, Football Game Itself, and Being a Good Resident. The results of this study will be very useful for Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) and college sport event organizers to understand sport event tourists.

FOOTBALL EVENTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE DEATHS

BackgroundSporting events are associated with violence, creating societal and healthcare system burdens. However, these associations have not been objectively evaluated in low- and middle-income countries.AimTo determine whether football events were...

Nighttime assaults: using a national emergency department monitoring system to predict occurrence, target prevention and plan services.

BackgroundEmergency department (ED) data have the potential to provide critical intelligence on when violence is most likely to occur and the characteristics of those who suffer the greatest health impacts. We use a national experimental ED monitoring system to examine how it could target violence prevention interventions towards at risk communities and optimise acute responses to calendar, holiday and other celebration-related changes in nighttime assaults.MethodsA cross-sectional examination of nighttime assault presentations (6.01 pm to 6.00 am; n = 330,172) over a three-year period (31st March 2008 to 30th March 2011) to English EDs analysing changes by weekday, month, holidays, major sporting events, and demographics of those presenting.ResultsMales are at greater risk of assault presentation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.14, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] 3.11-3.16; P < 0.001); with male:female ratios increasing on more violent nights. Risks peak at age 18 years. Deprived individuals have greater risks of presenting across all ages (AOR 3.87, 95% CIs 3.82-3.92; P < 0.001). Proportions of assaults from deprived communities increase midweek. Female presentations in affluent areas peak aged 20 years. By age 13, females from deprived communities exceed this peak. Presentations peak on Friday and Saturday nights and the eves of public holidays; the largest peak is on New Year’s Eve. Assaults increase over summer with a nadir in January. Impacts of annual celebrations without holidays vary. Some (Halloween, Guy Fawkes and St Patrick’s nights) see increased assaults while others (St George’s and Valentine’s Day nights) do not. Home nation World Cup football matches are associated with nearly a three times increase in midweek assault presentation. Other football and rugby events examined show no impact. The 2008 Olympics saw assaults fall. The overall calendar model strongly predicts observed presentations (R2 = 0.918; P < 0.001).ConclusionsTo date, the role of ED data has focused on helping target nightlife police activity. Its utility is much greater; capable of targeting and evaluating multi-agency life course approaches to violence prevention and optimising frontline resources. National ED data are critical for fully engaging health services in the prevention of violence.

The Current Investigation and Analysis for the Level of the Primary Schools’ Football Coach in Qingdao

As the leader of the football reform and the famous city in China, it’s certain that Qingdao’s development of the football in primary school has reprehensive. The primary school is the foundation of the basic level school and it also becomes the fertile ground which General Administration of Sport puts great effort to develop football in the school. However, the football coaches of the primary school are the executors and play a very important role in the whole system of the football events. So this thesis has invested and analyzed the current situation of the level of the primary school football coaches in Qingdao by means of questionnaires, interview and other methods. Through these ways we can find some problems that exist in the coaches. And we can put forward the appropriate measures to improve the comprehensive qualities of the football coaches in primary school and enhance the primary school in Qingdao developing smoothly.

A nova "Era Dunga": o treinador como um dispositivo

A Copa do Mundo é o evento futebolístico de maior protagonismo junto aos meios de comunicação. Neste sentido este artigo tem como objetivo central fazer uma análise sobre os discursos produzidos por uma parte da imprensa esportiva brasileira sobre a atuação de Dunga como treinador da Seleção Brasileira de Futebol. Fazendo uso da análise de discurso, no sentido que a utiliza Michel Foucault, analisou-se uma série de discursos publicados em diferentes veículos midiáticos (jornais, televisão, sites, revistas) no período compreendido entre os anos de 2006 ao início 2009. A conclusão do estudo mostra a existência de movimentos de resistência que a imprensa esportiva brasileira teve ao nome de Dunga. Destaca-se também o fato de Dunga representar outro perfil de técnico, referendando prioritariamente em seu capital de ex- jogador.

(En‐)gendering the European football family: the changing discourse on women and gender at EURO 2008

The World Cup 2006 and EURO 2008 have produced widespread images of mostly peaceful, colourful and international public crowds with both actual women and female elements being a constitutive part of these images. This combination of female roles and requisites with the traditional male positioning of football events, however, is not without inconsistencies. In our article, we take a closer look at the way this, as we see it, new symbolic European football family is shaped, in particular we look at the precarious positions given to women in this construction. Our analysis of relevant modes of inclusion and exclusion points at transgressions of national and sexual identity on certain levels, which might offer further possibilities of change. For the present, however, we argue that the (en‐) gendered football family remains locked within the boundaries of ethnical and sexual culture stereotypes and is inextricably linked to the commercial interests of the football industry.

From the stadium to the fan zone: host cities in a state of emergency

This article focuses on the repercussions of EURO 2008 in the city of Zurich and describes the new urban dimension of large‐scale football tournaments, using two complementary developments as a guide: first, the urbanization of football events, since they increasingly involve the host cities and their public spaces; and second, the gradual eventization of the host cities, as they increasingly attempt to use these events to further their own interests. The main thesis is that the stadium has become a spatial prototype for the temporary and long‐term changes observable in urban spaces, projecting its functional, economic, social and regulatory conditions into public spaces. Finally, the text accentuates the ‘state of emergency/state of exception’ as a key phrase in the multilayered discourses around the large‐scale event and its instrumentalization for a city's political and spatial reconfiguration.

The EURO 2008 bonanza: mega‐events, economic pretensions and the sports–media business alliance

Public reports in the media prior to EURO 2008 hailed the economic impact of hosting the event on the national economy. Whereas in the USA spectator sports have been frequently used as a device for drawing public expenditures and subsidies over the greater half of the past century, in the regional context of Europe and the focus of football such argumentations have a much shorter history, dating back to the recent football mega‐events of the twenty‐first century. Sports mega‐events such as as the Olympic Games and the football World Cup have grown over the years and have thereby changed into commercial events, dominated by the power of satellite television and corporate interests. In comparison, the European Football Championships are much more limited in scope, yet we argue that their recent growth is based on the same socio‐economic changes. Why economic issues have become so important for contemporary sports mega‐events is a central question of this article. In an attempt to answer it, we take a critical look at several economic forecast studies and compare their assertions with the appreciation of the football event after its ending in Austria. We argue that the media, crucial actors of the ‘sports–media–business alliance’, played a leading role in the construction of the event’s bonanza image.

Direct Versus Indirect Supervision of Fellows Covering Football Events: A Survey of Fellows and Program Directors

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) program requirements mandate "adequate supervision," of residents, but there is little guidance for sports medicine fellowship directors regarding the transition from direct to indirect supervision of fellows covering football games. We sought to gather evidence of current supervision practices in the context of injury outcomes. Fellows and program directors of ACGME-accredited sports medicine fellowship programs were invited to complete an online survey regarding their experience and current supervision practice at football games. Criteria for transition to autonomy and desired changes in supervision practice were elicited. Player safety was quantified by noting the number of field-side emergencies, whether an attending was present, and whether better outcomes might have resulted from the presence of an attending. A total of 80 fellows and 50 program directors completed the online survey. Direct supervision was lacking in about 50% of high school games and 20% of college games. A resulting cost in terms of player safety was estimated to apply to 5% of serious injuries by fellows' report but less than 0.5% by directors' report. Written criteria for transitioning from direct supervision to autonomy were the exception rather than the rule. The majority of fellows and directors expressed satisfaction with the current level of supervision, but 20% of fellows would prefer more supervision through postgame review. Football games covered by fellows are often not directly supervised. Absence of an attending affected the outcomes of 5% or less of serious injuries. Transition to autonomy does not usually require meeting written criteria. Fellows might benefit from additional off-site supervision.

Small to Mid-Size Sporting Events: Are We Prepared to Recover from an Attack?

This article describes a fictional deadly attack by a lone-wolf terrorist during a high school football event in a small town, here in the United States. The authors begin by describing an attack and then focus on the response from the medical community, city, county, state, and federal government officials. Next, the authors make several recommendations on what actions are needed to develop an effective plan to combat terrorist activities during a small- to mid-size sports event. Among the actions needed, the authors focus on the following: response planning, emergency action plan, incident command, policies and procedures, and security staff training.

National well-being and international sports events

The widely proclaimed economic benefits of hosting major sporting events have received substantial criticism by academic economists and have been shown to be negligible, at best. The aim of this paper is to formally examine the existence of another potential impact: national well-being or the so-called “feelgood” factor. Using data on self-reported life satisfaction for twelve European countries we test for the impact of hosting and of national athletic success on happiness. Our data covers three different major events: the Olympic Games, the FIFA World Cup and the UEFA European Championship. We find that the “feelgood” factor associated with hosting football events is large and significant, but that the impact of national athletic success on happiness, while correctly signed, is statistically insignificant.

Os efeitos dos megaeventos esportivos nas cidades

A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar os efeitos ambientais, culturais, econômicos, políticos e sociais resultantes nas cidades sede de megaeventos esportivos, como: Jogos Olímpicos e Copa do Mundo. Esta apresentação se dará por meio da contextualização do tema a partir da conceituação dos termos cidade e megaevento, e do detalhamento do processo de captação dos Jogos Olímpicos, onde esses efeitos começam a se tornar evidentes. Posteriormente, serão mostrados alguns desses efeitos nos Jogos Olímpicos – Sidnei 2000 (Sydney 2000), Atenas 2004 (Athens 2004) e os já existentes de Pequim 2008 (Beijing 2008), como também a experiência da Copa do Mundo – Alemanha 2006 (Germany 2006), que demonstrou que eventos de futebol, podem e devem ser planejados, organizados e realizados dentro dos princípios do movimento olímpico, que têm como áreas prioritárias o esporte, a cultura e o meio ambiente.