Concussion In Football Research Articles

Common Sports Injury in Football Players: A Review

Football is the most popular sport worldwide, played by athletes of all ages, it is associated with a high injury rate. The injuries occur during football games and practice due to a combination of high speed and full contact. The authors of different studies showed in their results that the incidence of football injuries a range from 0.5 to 45 injuries per 1000 hours of practice and games. Football injuries most commonly affect the knee and ankle joints, muscles, and ligaments of the thigh and calf. Most commonly affected region is lower extremity with an incidence of 61% to 90%. There are two types of risk factors intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors which are responsible for football injury. We found through this review of literature that ankle injuries are the most common injuries in football players. Other injuries which is also common in football players are such as, ligament of knee, hamstring strain, football concussion, wrist injury. Keywords: Footballers, Sports injury, High speed, Injury incidence.

The neurological risks of playing association football.

SummaryAims:The present study aims to provide a narrative review of the literature surrounding concussion and head injury in football and its clarity in evaluating the risk of long-term neurological disease.Findings:Epidemiological studies have shown correlations between participation in professional football and increased incidence of neurodegenerative disease and there have been reports of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in the brains of former players in autopsy. These findings have been assumed by some to be the result of repetitive brain injury from head injuries and/or from heading the ball over a player's career. Data linking increased heading exposure with dementia is conflicting, and studies are limited by the reliance on retrospection and undocumented reports of concussion. It remains unclear whether CTE is unique to sportsmen or a variant of dementia pathology endemic in the population.Conclusions:Although logically appealing, there is no current evidence that heading is the cause of neurodegeneration amongst footballers and risks should be balanced by the protective mental and physical benefits of the sport. Physicians have an important role in providing balanced views in this emotive and controversial area.

Targeting Rule Implementation Decreases Concussions in High School Football: A National Concussion Surveillance Study.

Background:Concussions occur at higher rates in high school football as compared with all other high school sports. In 2014, the National Federation of State High School Associations implemented rules defining illegal contact against a defenseless player above the shoulders to reduce concussions in football players in the United States. To the best of our knowledge, rates of emergency department (ED)—diagnosed concussions of high school football players before and after the 2014 rule implementation have not been compared.Hypothesis:It was hypothesized that (1) there would be lower rates of helmet-to-helmet and helmet-to-body-part concussions after rule implementation and (2) alternative mechanisms of concussion would not differ, as these would be less influenced by rule implementation.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) were analyzed for high school football players 14 to 18 years old sustaining a concussion from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2019. Data were collected on mechanism of injury, setting, and loss of consciousness. Raw data were used to calculate national estimates based on the assigned statistical sample weight of each hospital by the NEISS.Results:A total of 4983 (national estimate = 154,221) high school football concussions were diagnosed in US EDs; 58.8% of concussions occurred during competition and 41.2% during practice. Between 2009 and 2013 the rate of concussions diagnosed in EDs rose 10.7% as compared with a 6.2% decrease between 2015 and 2019 (P = .04). Between 2009 and 2013, the rate of helmet-to-helmet concussions rose 17.6% as compared with a 5.6% decrease between 2015 and 2019 (P = .03). There were no significant changes between other mechanisms of concussion before and after the 2014 rule implementation.Conclusion:We identified a decreased trend in overall and helmet-to-helmet high school football concussions diagnosed in the ED after implementation of the targeting rule. This study adds to the growing literature regarding the importance and efficacy of rule implementation in reducing sports-related concussions.

Who Will Take Ownership of Florida High School Football Concussion Figures?

This study explores the existence and documentation of varsity football player concussions and sport-related traumatic brain injuries at dozens of Florida high schools. The paper explores the legal creation and deference due the Florida High School Athletic Association as a regulatory body for Florida’s student-athletes, the lived experiences of sport-related brain injuries and whether the maintenance and publication of these concussive records implicates student-athletes’ privacy rights. For nearly two years, the Brechner Center for Freedom of Information at the University of Arizona pursued physical copies of redacted concussive documentation at dozens of Florida high schools and verified numerical accounts of how many varsity football players had been concussed in connection with play during the 2017-2018 school year.

A - 02 The Epidemiology of Concussion in Middle School Football

Abstract Objective Middle school is often the first exposure to American football for many children. However, research examining concussion in football has primarily focused on high school and older athletes. Therefore, we investigated the incidence of concussion and subsequent sport time loss (TL) in MS football. Methods Athlete exposure (AE) and injury rates (IR) were gathered by onsite Certified Athletic Trainers within public middle school for all events across the 2015/16–2019/20 school years. AE was defined as one athlete participating in one practice or game. TL was defined as the number of days between the injury and return to sport dates. Concussion rates per 1000AE with corresponding confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Injury rate ratios (IRR) with 95% CIs were compared IR between practices and games. CIs excluding 1.0 were considered significant. Results 75 concussions (IR = 1.38/1000AE, 95% CI = 1.06–1.69) occurred across 54,544 AEs. The concussion rate was significantly higher in games (n = 31, IR = 3.51, 95%CI = 2.27–4.75) than practices (n = 44, IR = 0.96, 95%CI = 0.68–1.25; IRR = 3.65, 95%CI = 2.30–5.77). The mean sport TL was 16.50 ± 8.25 days. Conclusions We observed middle school football concussion rates (practices and games) and associated TL from sport to be consistent with prior youth and high school football research. However, the concussion rate for middle school games was more than 3 times that of practices. This is similar to prior middle school football findings, but less than reported in high school football. Continued research evaluating modifiable risk factors for concussion in middle school football games and practices is needed.

Differences in Head Impact Exposures Between Youth Tackle and Flag Football Games and Practices: Potential Implications for Prevention Strategies

Background: Interventions designed to reduce the risk for head impacts and concussion in youth football have increased over the past decade; however, understanding of the role of regular game play on head impact exposure among youth tackle and flag football athletes is currently limited. Purpose: To explore head impact exposure among youth tackle and flag football athletes (age range, 6-14 years) during both practices and games. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Using the Vector MouthGuard sensor, the authors collected head impact data from 524 tackle and flag youth football athletes over the course of a football season. Quantities of interest were estimated from regression models using Bayesian methods. Results: For impacts ≥10g, a tackle football athlete had an estimated 17.55 (95% CI, 10.78-28.96) times more head impacts per practice compared with a flag football athlete (6.85 [95% CI, 6.05-7.76] and 0.39 [95% CI, 0.24-0.62] head impacts, respectively). Additionally, a tackle football athlete had an estimated 19.48 (95% CI, 12.74-29.98) times more head impacts per game compared with a flag football athlete (13.59 [95% CI, 11.97-15.41] and 0.70 [95% CI, 0.46-1.05] head impacts, respectively). Among tackle football athletes, the estimated average impact rate was 6.51 (95% CI, 5.75-7.37) head impacts during a practice and 12.97 (95% CI, 11.36-14.73) impacts during a game, resulting in 2.00 (95% CI, 1.74-2.29) times more ≥10g head impacts in games versus practices. Tackle football athletes had 2.06 (95% CI, 1.80-2.34) times more high-magnitude head impacts (≥40g) during a game than during a practice. On average, flag football athletes experienced an estimated 0.37 (95% CI, 0.20-0.60) head impacts during a practice and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.53-1.06) impacts during a game, resulting in 2.06 (95% CI, 1.29-3.58) times more ≥10g head impacts in games versus practices. Because of model instability caused by a large number of zero impacts for flag football athletes, a comparison of high-magnitude head impacts is not reported for practices or games. Conclusion: This study provides a characterization of the head impact exposure of practices and games among a large population of youth tackle and flag football athletes aged 6 to 14 years. These findings suggest that a greater focus on game-based interventions, such as fair play interventions and strict officiating, may be beneficial to reduce head impact exposures for youth football athletes.

The shifting media discourse surrounding head injuries in association football

Until recently, there has been a lack of significance placed on concussion in association football, particularly in mainstream media coverage. Contemporary incidents and research show that traumatic brain injuries, which may result in

A Qualitative Study of Youth Football Coaches' Perception of Concussion Safety in American Youth Football and Their Experiences With Implementing Tackling Interventions.

Due in part to concern about the potential long-term effects of concussion and repetitive head injuries in football, some programs have implemented tackling interventions. This paper explores youth football coaches' perception of football safety and their experiences implementing these interventions aimed at athlete safety. Using a qualitative approach, coaches were interviewed by means of a semi-structured protocol that covered: (a) demographics; (b) background and experiences; (c) personal relevance risks, safety, and benefits of youth football; (d) experiences with tackling technique; (e) experiences with mouth guard sensors; and (f) opinions on disseminating information on football safety. Most coaches felt that learning tackling at a young age helped prepare them for their playing later in life and believed that youth should begin playing tackle football at a young age. Coaches were mixed regarding their concerns about the risk for concussion and subconcussive head impacts. Still, most were receptive to changes in rules and policies aimed at making football safer. Findings from this study demonstrate that youth football coaches are important stakeholders to consider when implementing changes to youth football. Understanding coach perceptions and experiences may inform future efforts aimed to educate coaches on rules and policies to make the game safer for youth athletes.

A Review of On-Field Investigations into the Biomechanics of Concussion in Football and Translation to Head Injury Mitigation Strategies.

This review paper summarizes the scientific advancements in the field of concussion biomechanics in American football throughout the past five decades. The focus is on-field biomechanical data collection, and the translation of that data to injury metrics and helmet evaluation. On-field data has been collected with video analysis for laboratory reconstructions or wearable head impact sensors. Concussion biomechanics have been studied across all levels of play, from youth to professional, which has allowed for comparison of head impact exposure and injury tolerance between different age groups. In general, head impact exposure and injury tolerance increase with increasing age. Average values for concussive head impact kinematics are lower for youth players in both linear and rotational acceleration. Head impact data from concussive and non-concussive events have been used to develop injury metrics and risk functions for use in protective equipment evaluation. These risk functions have been used to evaluate helmet performance for each level of play, showing substantial differences in the ability of different helmet models to reduce concussionrisk. New advances in head impact sensor technology allow for biomechanical measurements in helmeted and non-helmeted sports for a more complete understanding of concussion tolerance in different demographics. These sensors along with advances in finite element modeling will lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of injury and human tolerance to head impact.

The cost of a single concussion in American high school football: a retrospective cohort study.

Aim:The potential financial burden of American football-related concussions (FRC) is unknown. Our objective was to describe the healthcare costs associated with an FRC and determine factors associated with increased costs.Methodology/results:A retrospective cohort study of concussed high school football players presenting between November 2017 and March 2020 was undertaken; 144 male high school football players were included. Total costs were about $115,000, for an average direct healthcare cost of $800.10/concussion. Visiting the emergency department (β = 502.29, 95% CI: 105.79–898.61; p = 0.01), the initial post-concussion symptom scale score (β = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.11–0.66; p = 0.01) and a post-concussion syndrome diagnosis (β = 670.37, 95% CI: 98.96–1241.79; p = 0.02) were each independently associated with total costs.Conclusion:A granular understanding of cost-driving factors associated with FRC is the first step in understanding the cost–effectiveness of prevention and treatment methods.

The Effectiveness of Regulations and Behavioral Interventions on Head Impacts and Concussions in Youth, High-School, and Collegiate Football: A Systematized Review.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of regulations and behavioral interventions on head impacts and concussions in youth, high-school, and collegiate football, using a systematic search strategy to identify relevant literature. Six databases were searched using key search terms related to three categories: football, head-injuries, and interventions. Studies that met inclusion criteria were included in the study and underwent data extraction. Twenty articles met inclusion criteria and were included in the final systematized review. Of the 20 included studies, 8 studies evaluated interventions in high-school football, 5 studies evaluated interventions in collegiate football, 6 studies evaluated interventions in youth football, and 1 study evaluated interventions in both, high-school and collegiate football. The four categories of interventions and regulations included rule changes, training, education/instruction/coaching tactical changes, and tackle football alternatives. Studies evaluating the effectiveness of interventions and regulations on reducing head impact exposures or head injuries have shown mixed results. Some regulations may be more effective than others, but methodological design and risk of bias pose limitations to generalize effects.

An Image Registration-Based Morphing Technique for Generating Subject-Specific Brain Finite Element Models.

Finite element (FE) models of the brain are crucial for investigating the mechanisms of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, FE brain models are often limited to a single neuroanatomy because the manual development of subject-specific models is time consuming. The objective of this study was to develop a pipeline to automatically generate subject-specific FE brain models using previously developed nonlinear image registration techniques, preserving both external and internal neuroanatomical characteristics. To verify the morphing-induced mesh distortions did not influence the brain deformation response, strain distributions predicted using the morphed model were compared to those from manually created voxel models of the same subject. Morphed and voxel models were generated for 44 subjects ranging in age, and simulated using head kinematics from a football concussion case. For each subject, brain strain distributions predicted by each model type were consistent, and differences in strain prediction was less than 4% between model type. This automated technique, taking approximately 2 h to generate a subject-specific model, will facilitate interdisciplinaryresearch between thebiomechanics and neuroimagingfields and could enable future use of biomechanical models in the clinical setting as a tool for improving diagnosis.

Estimating drivers of concussions from punt returns in professional American football

ObjectivesTo estimate drivers of concussions during punt kick returns in football and consider rule change incentives to potentially reduce concussions. Study designThe design of the study was to analyze concussions during punt returns. MethodsNational Football League data of all punts from the 2016 and 2017 seasons are examined using propensity score matching (PSM) to estimate the causal effect of punt returns on the likelihood of a player concussion. ResultsThe PSM logistic regression estimates that the odds of a concussion increase 8.31, or are 731% higher, when a punt is returned versus not returned (log-odds b = 2.118, P < .001). Punt distance increases punt return likelihood, but time left in the game and the yard line where the punt is received reduces punt return likelihood. ConclusionsReturning a punt substantially increases the risks of a concussion. To reduce concussions in football, incentives should encourage punters to not make the punt returnable and encourage punt returners to not return the punt.

Youth Soccer Parents’ Perceptions of Long-Term Effects of Concussion

ABSTRACT Increased focus on sports-related concussion (SRC) in football in the media, and mandatory concussion education for parents of youth sport athletes, may result in parental concern that youth athletes will experience long-term effects from concussion. We sought to identify beliefs about long-term effects of concussion in parents of youth soccer athletes. Four hundred and eleven parents from soccer leagues in three states completed a survey assessing parents’ perceptions and knowledge of long-term effects of SRC. Nearly all youth soccer parents surveyed (96.5%) believe there are long-term effects from SRCs, 76% reported concern their child would sustain a concussion, and 71% had talked with their child about concussion symptoms/reporting. Parents ranked tackle football as having the highest risk for concussion, followed by soccer, ice hockey, cheerleading, and lacrosse. Parents of children that had previously sustained a concussion were 8.3x more likely to be concerned their child would sustain a concussion, and parents with a personal history of concussion were 2x more likely to consider not allowing their child to participate in youth sports. There are wide-spread beliefs among youth soccer parents regarding long-term effects of SRCs, and concerns their children will sustain concussions while participating in youth sports.

Psychometric properties of the standardized assessment of concussion in youth football: Validity, reliability, and demographic factors

The objective of this study was to determine the psychometrics (reliability, validity) of the original Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) in a youth sample (ages 11 to 13). Demographic factors of race, level of vocabulary knowledge, mother’s level of education were also considered. Over 150 youth football athletes completed the SAC and a brief battery of NIH Toolbox cognitive tests as part of a larger study on biomechanical factors in youth sport concussion. This was a within-subjects design (pre-season, post-season assessments), and correlational analysis of convergent and discriminant validity. Between groups analysis based on demographic differences was also employed. The pre-season SAC scores were not different by age; however, SAC scores were statistically different by race: t(155) = 3.162, p = .002, d = .519. Maternal level of education and participant vocabulary scores were related to racial group membership. Convergent and discriminant validity were established compared to NIH Toolbox tests of memory and speed. Pre–post-season tests for 108 participants established marginally acceptable test–retest reliability (ICC = .692). These data support the use of the original SAC in youth football although clinicians must be aware of racial differences in scores.

Altitude and Concussions in the NFL: Is There Really a “Mile-High” Effect?

Abstract Purpose The literature on altitude and concussions in football shows some evidence of protective effects of living and training and playing at high altitudes. We explored the likelihood of sustaining concussions within the AFC West division, specifically comparing games hosted at high altitude in Denver versus games hosted by at low altitudes in Los Angeles, Oakland, and Kansas City. Methods Information was recorded for all regular season AFC West division games (N= 42) occurring in the 2012–2018 seasons. Altitude for each stadium was calculated using DaftLogic’s Google Sandbox. Concussion incidence for the 2012–2018 seasons was collected from PBS Frontline’s Concussion-Watch and weekly injury reports (NFL.com). Chi-square analyses compared likelihood of: concussions occurring in High Altitude versus Low Altitude, a Broncos player sustaining a concussion in High Altitude versus Low Altitude, and a non-Broncos AFC West player sustain a concussion in High Altitude versus Low Altitude. Results Chi-square analyses revealed no greater likelihood of players sustaining concussions in High Altitude versus Low Altitude (p=.35), or of Broncos (p=1.00) or non-Broncos (p=.47) AFC West players sustaining concussions in High Altitude versus Low Altitude. Conclusion Altitude is not a significant factor for increased likelihood of concussions, and popular theories such as “the mile-high effect” are not supported by the data. We found no evidence for the proposed protective factor of living and training at high altitude for Broncos team members, as they showed an equal likelihood of sustaining a concussion at high and low altitude.

Trends in US High School Football Concussion Reporting, 2012-2017

Objectives: Football has been a sport with high concussion rates when examined independently (Rosenthal et al., 2014). Accurately describing injury trends in high school sports is necessary to identify student-athletes at the greatest risk of injury and where potential injury reduction interventions should be focused. With increased reported high school concussion injuries and associated state legislative requirements, increased incidence rates are needed. The purpose of this study was to provide updated high-school football concussion incidence rates. Methods: Data Source and Study Period This study used data from the Rank One Health Injury Surveillance Database (ROH ISD). Data for the current study were analyzed across 6 calendar years (2012 through 2017) from 1,999 high schools. Data from the current study examined high school football concussion data in males ages 14 to 18. The ROH ISD consists of a convenience sample of participating schools from 2012 to 2017. Exposure and injury data represent a convenience sample of US high schools. For the current study, only data provided across all 1,999 high schools were included. All 1,999 high schools included in the current study logged practice and game participation events for each individual athlete participating in football at the respective high school and athletic exposures (AEs) are an accurate representation of rostered athletes participating in either practices or games by age and calendar year. The ROH ISD was deemed Category 4 IRB exempt. Statistical Analysis Injury counts, practice exposures, game exposures, and distributions by event type (practice or game), age, and injury mechanism were examined. Injury rates per 1,000 AEs and injury rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated by event type. Injury proportion ratios (IPRs) were used to examine differences by calendar year. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated to compare event type by calendar year. All 95% confidence intervals (CIs) not containing 1.0 were considered statistically significant. Results: 997,308 male student-athletes participated in high school football. ATs recorded a total of 14,103 concussions in high school football from a total of 235,134 total injuries across all high school sports. High school football concussions accounted for 6% of all injuries in high school sports from 2012-2017. More concussions occurred in games (51.8%) than practices (48.2%). Decreases were found in annual injury rates for practices in high school football student-athletes from 2012 to 2016 with an increase in 2017. Decreases were found in annual injury rates for games from 2012 to 2016 with an increase in 2017. IPR decreased by year from 2012 to 2016 (with an increase in 2017. IRR and RR comparisons for games versus practices were significant from 2012 to 2017 (Table 1). Conclusion: This study marks the largest epidemiological high school football concussion incidence investigation to date. The findings from this study provide updated high school football concussion incidence rates and provide further evidence of differences in injury rates when comparing practices and games. The higher rates of concussions occurring in games relative to practices emphasize prior trends of injury risk relative to the level of competition. Overall, results highlight a decline in injury rates over time and lower rates of injury compared to prior high school football epidemiological concussion studies. [Table: see text]

Concussions in the National Basketball Association: An Analysis from 1999-2018

Objectives:Several studies have examined the incidence and effects of concussions in professional football, baseball, and hockey, but there has been limited evaluation of the effects of concussions in National Basketball Association (NBA) players. This study aims to evaluate the epidemiologic trends of concussions, as well as the effects of concussions on in-game performance, in NBA players.Methods:Publicly available records were searched to include all players who sustained an in-game concussion while playing in the NBA from the beginning of the 1999 NBA season to the conclusion of the 2018 season. For each player the following variables were collected: date of injury, number of days and games missed before returning to game play, player efficiency rating (PER) in the season of injury, the season preceding the injury, and the season following the injury, position of the injured player, and the incidence of multiple concussions for a single player. Concussion trends before and after the institution of the NBA Concussion Protocol were calculated, as well as the effects on PER after return to play.Results:From the start of the 1999 season to the end of the 2018 season, 185 basketball-related concussions were incurred across 149 NBA players. All players were able to return to play following a first-time concussion after missing an average of 7.7 days and 3.5 games. The NBA Concussion Protocol was instituted ahead of the 2011-2012 season, prior to which there were 5.7 concussions recorded/season, with an average of 6.7 days and 3.0 games missed per first-time concussion. Following the institution of the concussion protocol, there were approximately 11 more concussions recorded/season (16.7 vs. 5.7, P = 0.007), with 1.7 more days missed (8.4 vs. 6.7, P = 0.27) and 0.9 more games missed (3.9 vs. 3.0, P = 0.24) per concussion, compared to prior seasons. Of the 149 players who suffered concussions, 27 were concussed multiple times (18.1%). There was no difference found in the incidence of recurrent concussions within the same season before vs. after the institution of the concussion protocol (4 vs. 5, P > 0.05). PER was almost identical for concussed players in the season prior to the injury, the season in which the injury occurred, and the season following the injury (13.93 vs. 13.94 vs. 13.91, P = 0.998).Conclusion:There has been a significant increase in the incidence of concussions in the NBA player following the institution of a league-wide concussion protocol. This likely reflects more accurate reporting secondary to advances in player education, medical knowledge, national media coverage, and standardized testing protocols. Despite this increase in reported concussions, the amount of time missed following injury has remained relatively constant. Player performance as reported by PER was not significantly affected by sustaining a concussion.Figure I.Incidence of concussions per NBA season from 1999 to 2018, with subsequent games missed by the injured player. The NBA Concussion protocol was instituted prior to the start of the 11-12 season. In the studied time frame, there were as few as two concussions/season, in both 02-03 and 03-04, and as many as 29 concussions/season in 17-18. Average games missed ranged from one game/concussion, in 03-04, to 6.3 games/concussion in 10-11.SeasonConcussions, nGames Missed, Mean ± SDDays Missed, Mean ± SDRepeat Concussions, nConcussions by PositionPoint GuardShooting GuardSmall ForwardPower ForwardCenter99-0041.3 ± 1.33.0 ± 0.800201100-0143.0 ± 1.47.0 ± 4.401021001-0271.4 ± 0.84.6 ± 4.213013002-0322.5 ± 1.54.5 ± 2.500100103-0421.0 ± 0 *3.0 ± 0.0 *00101004-0544.8 ± 4.89.0 ± 7.900120105-0691.5 ± 0.83.0 ± 1.523123006-0741.5 ± 0.54.5 ± 1.502010107-0883.1 ± 2.17.0 ± 5.1011222 08-09 101.8 ± 0.43.8 ± 1.110035209-1053.7 ± 1.39.3 ± 3.301211010-1196.3 ± 7.413.6 ± 14.8014220Before Concussion protocol, aggregate683.0 ± 3.66.7 ± 7.64(5.9%)12(17.6%)13(19.1%)16(23.5%)19(27.9%)8(11.8%)1H2184.2 ± 5.28.7 ± 0.20311163S-13145.8 ± 4.512.9 ± 10.902233442.5 ± 0.55.0 ± 2.001002114-15142.8 ± 2.36.3 ± 5.6005612IKS182.8 ± 1.76.3 ± 3.0145162JH7203.9 ± 5.58.2 ± 10.215352537-10293.8 ± 4.18.7 ± 9.5347387After Concussion protocol, aggregate1173.9 ± 4.48.4 ± 9.15(4.3%)19(16.2%)23(19.7%)22(18.8%)26(22.2%)27(23.1%)Overall from 99-00 to 17-181853.5 ± 4.17.7 ± 8.69(4.9%)31(16.8%)36(19.5%)38(20.5%)45(24.3%)35(18.9%)Summary of NBA concussion incidence and return to play times stratified by season from the 99-00 to 17-18 seasons. Incidence data includes all basketball related concussion within the studied timeframe. Return to play data includes only first-time concussions, and excludes pre-season or post-season injuries, players whose recovery overlapped with the last day of the regular season, and players who suffered concussions concomitantly with other injuries, due to concerns that these parameters would artificially affect the number of games missed.*There were only two concussions in this season, and one was excluded because it was a pre-season injury.

Medical assessment of potential concussion in elite football: video analysis of the 2016 UEFA European championship

ObjectiveThe objective is to determine if suspected concussions in elite football are medically assessed according to the International Conferences on Concussion in Sport consensus statement recommendations.SettingMen’s Union of European Football...

Return to play and risk of repeat concussion in collegiate football players: comparative analysis from the NCAA Concussion Study (1999–2001) and CARE Consortium (2014–2017)

ObjectiveWe compared data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Concussion Study (1999–2001) and the NCAA-Department of Defense Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium (2014–2017) to examine how clinical...