Waste Food Oil Research Articles

High-performance bacterium-enhanced dual-compartment microbial fuel cells for simultaneous treatment of food waste oil and copper-containing wastewater

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) use the metabolic actions of microorganisms in an anode chamber to convert the chemical energy from wastewater into electrical energy. To improve the MFC power generation performance and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila was added to the anode chamber of a dual-compartment MFC. In this process, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila promotes the degradation of macromolecules such as bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in food waste oil. Additionally, the generated electrical energy reduced Cu2+ in the copper-containing wastewater in the cathode chamber to Cu monomers. The maximum power density of the MFC was 49.5 ± 3.5 mW/m2, the maximum removal efficiencies of COD and Cu2+ were 63.5 ± 5.8% and 96.5 ± 1.0%, respectively, and Cu2+ was reduced to brick-red Cu monomers. This study provides insights into the simultaneous implementation of food waste oil treatment and metal resource recovery.

Efficient valorization of food waste oils to renewable biodiesel by a Candida antarctica lipase B mutant that catalyzes the ester synthesis reaction in the presence of water

Food waste oil (FWO) is the most suitable raw material for economic biodiesel (BD) production, owing to its low price, sufficient supply, and waste disposal diversion. However, water in FWO inhibits BD production by Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) which must be overcome. Here, a mutant lipase CALB1422 that catalyzes the ester synthesis in the presence of water was developed. The CALB1422 showed 91.1 % and 72.6 % BD conversion rates for soybean oil containing 2 % and 8 % water, respectively; wild-type CALB was inhibited to 29.8 % in the presence of 2 % water. It is presumed that the water attraction of the mutation site freed the catalytic site from water, which was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation. From crude FWOs, the CALB1422 exhibited up to a 2.1-fold increased BD conversion yield against commercial lipase (Novozym 435). The mutant lipase is an efficient and reusable biocatalyst to produce sustainable BD from waste oils.

Fuel Utilization of Waste Food Oil by Pressure Dissolution and Stirring and Combustion Characteristics

Fuel Utilization of Waste Food Oil by Pressure Dissolution and Stirring and Combustion Characteristics

Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate from food waste oil by Pseudomonas alcaligenes with simultaneous energy recovery from fermentation wastewater.

Bioconversion of food waste oil (FWO) into biodegradable plastic is a promising method for converting waste into high-value products. In this study, a strain (Pseudomonas sp. H3) was isolated for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesis from FWO. After 72h of cultivation with 20g/L of FWO, the high cell dry weight (CDW) of 3.6g/L, PHA yield of 2.4g/L, and PHA content of 65wt% were obtained under the optimal temperature (25°C) and inoculum amount (6% (v/v)). Fed-batch fermentation was conducted in a 5 L bioreactor with a maximum CDW of 16g/L, PHA content of 54wt%, and PHA productivity of 0.23g/(L·h) after 36h. The PHA had a molecular weight of 54 782Da and a low polydispersity index of 1.41 with glass transition, melting, and degradation temperatures of -20°C, 34°C, and 210°C, respectively. To further utilize the wastewater after PHA production, anaerobic digestion was employed for CH4 production, and the CH4 yield was 284mL/g volatile solids. Microbial community analysis showed that the abundance of acetate-oxidizing bacteria and Methanobacterium significantly increased during anaerobic digestion. This study describes a new strain for the economical synthesis of biodegradable plastics and presents a novel framework for fully utilizing FWO with the production of PHA and CH4.

Biodiesel production using microbial lipids derived from food waste discarded by catering services

Biodiesel production using microbial oil derived from food waste discarded by the hospilatity sector could provide a sustainable replacement for diesel fuel. Discarded potato peels were used in solid-state fermentations of Aspergillus awamori for the production of glucoamylase (30 U/g) and protease (50 U/g). Hospitality food waste hydrolysis led to 98% (w/w) starch to glucose conversion yields. Crude hydrolyzates were used in shake flask fermentations with the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides Y-27012 leading to 32.9 g/L total dry weight (TDW) with 36.4% (w/w) intracellular lipid content. Fed-bath bioreactor cultures resulted in TDW of 53.9 g/L and lipid concentration of 26.7 g/L. Principal component analysis showed a fatty acid profile similar to soybean oil and solid food waste oil. Microbial oil was transesterified into biodiesel with satisfactory performance considering the European standard EN 14214. This work demonstrated that valorization of food waste for biodiesel production is feasible.

Influence of Pollutant Concentration by Water Content in the Water Emulsified Waste Food Oil

Influence of Pollutant Concentration by Water Content in the Water Emulsified Waste Food Oil

Optimization of solid food waste oil biodiesel by ultrasound-assisted transesterification

Substitution of fossil diesel fuel by biodiesel is a realistic alternative due to its compatibility with commercial diesel engines. However, detractors consider that traditional raw materials used for biodiesel production may compete with human feeding (edible vegetables oils), land and water. So, new raw materials are needed. Annually, around 1.3 billion ton of food are discarded or wasted. This huge figure has led researchers to seek for new applications to this carbon source. The main goal of this work is biodiesel production optimization (with and without auxiliary energy assistance), and further characterization, by using the lipid fraction included in solid food waste, collected from local restaurants. Solid food waste oil (SFWO) characterization showed a fatty acid profile rich in oleic (C18:1), palmitic (C16:0) and linolenic (C18:2) acids, a remarkable fatty acid composition suitable for biodiesel production. Due to high free fatty acid content, acid esterification pre-treatment was conducted, followed by a basic transesterification optimization, by both conventional and ultrasound (US) assisted reactions. Response surface methodology was selected to perform the experimental design; optimal conditions for conventional transesterification were achieved at 6.08:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 1.28% w/w catalyst and 52.5 °C reaction temperature, providing 93.23% w/w fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) conversion. Biodiesel quality was also analyzed with excellent results considering cold properties (cold filter plugging point below −3 °C), although oxidation stability did not fulfill European standard limit. US-assisted reaction was also compared with conventional transesterification in terms of energy consumption and reaction time, providing significant savings in both energy and reaction time (40 min reduction). As a conclusion, US-assisted SFWO biodiesel meets most European standard limits, following circular economy. To extend its use, blends with diesel fuel and antioxidant addition are recommended, besides long-term engine tests.

Trends and Characteristics in 3,020 Stratovolcano Cross-Sections Drawn in a Volcanic Experiment Using Waste Food Oil

Trends and Characteristics in 3,020 Stratovolcano Cross-Sections Drawn in a Volcanic Experiment Using Waste Food Oil

Development of Treatment Technology Waste Food Oil by Gas Mixture Fuel

Development of Treatment Technology Waste Food Oil by Gas Mixture Fuel

Development of method and apparatus for converting food waste oil into FAME

Development of method and apparatus for converting food waste oil into FAME

Combustion Character of Water Emulsified Fuel Using Waste Food Oil

Combustion Character of Water Emulsified Fuel Using Waste Food Oil

Synergistic effect of mixed methanol/ethanol on transesterification of waste food oil using p‐toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst

In this study, inexpensive waste food oil was used as raw material, the p‐toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst, the methanol/ethanol as a transesterification agent to prepare biodiesel was reported. The results indicated that the mixed methanol/ethanol contributed to improving the biodiesel performance. Specifically, when mole percentage of ethanol in the total alcohol was 30%, the yield reached 99.55%, and heating value reached 40.47 MJ/Kg. It was higher than that of single methanol and single ethanol as transesterification agent, respectively. The concentration of saturated fatty acid esters in the biodiesel were also increased by mixed methanol/ethanol as transesterification agent (i.e. increase in the proportion of H in C/H), resulting in higher biodiesel heating value. The mixed methanol/ethanol also showed a good synergistic effect in the biodiesel preparation process. The solubility of ethanol in oil is superior to that in methanol, and ethanol plays a double role of the cosolvent and the transesterification agent. Methanol weakened the drawbacks of the steric effect and emulsification effect of ethanol. This study showed that the methanol can be partially substituted by ethanol. It reduced not only the dependence on methanol, but also the yield and heating value of biodiesel can be increased. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1547–1553, 2015

FOOD WASTE AS A SOURCE OF BIOFUELS

The demand for biofuels currently exceeds the supply. This investigation focused on the potential to produce biodiesel from oil extracted from garbage. Several sources of food waste were investigated in the United States and in Vietnam, and the oil content ranged from about 10% to nearly 30% of the dry mass. Conditions were optimized for preparation of biodiesel from the food waste oil. It was also found that the solid residue, after oil extraction, has a caloric value similar to that of brown coal, and thus is a potential source of solid fuel.

218 接触分解法を用いた廃食油からのバイオ軽油製造技術の開発(安定化・無害化,循環型廃棄物処理技術)

A demonstration examination was conducted to establish a technology for producing high quality biodiesel fuels consisting of olefin and paraffin from the waste food oils in the catalytic cracking method in which the newly developed catalyst is applied. A demonstration facility having a waste food oil processing capacity of 5L/h, and consisting of a catalytic reactor and fractionators was designed and constructed. Then the examination has led to an achievement of a biodiesel yield of approx.60% in weight and 67% in heat (calculated at 87% in heat when other components are included). Moreover, the quality of the biodiesel fuel complied with all regulations in the diesel fuel quality standards. A chassis dynamometer test in EC mode was conducted using a common rail engine vehicle. The fuel was a light oil blended with biodiesel fuel in content of 30%. The blended fuel was on a par with a commercially- available light oil in terms of fuel consumption rate, NOx emission and PM emission

The application of Py-GC/MS for the catalytic upgrading of oil separated from summer food waste leachate

The catalytic cracking of oil fractions separated from summer food waste leachate was investigated over BEA zeolite and Al-SBA-15 catalysts. In this study, a mixture of food waste oil fractions and catalyst was directly introduced to pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), with the resulting vapor phase products being simultaneously analyzed. Various acid compounds, including oleic acid, produced by the non-catalytic pyrolysis of food waste leachate were reformed into valuable compounds, such as oxygenates, hydrocarbons, and aromatics. The BEA zeolite catalyst showed higher selectivity for hydrocarbon compounds, especially aromatics, within the gasoline range due to its superior cracking ability originating from its highly acidic sites. Conversely, the cracking performance of the Al-SBA-15 catalyst, possessing mild acidic sites, was lower than that of the BEA zeolite. Increasing the amount of Al-SBA-15 catalyst enhanced the cracking activity and resulted in higher selectivity for hydrocarbons.

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Oil Fractions Separated from Food Waste Leachate Over Nanoporous Acid Catalysts

Oil fractions, separated from food waste leachate, can be used as an energy source. Especially, high quality oil can be obtained by catalytic cracking. In this study, nanoporous catalysts such as Al-MCM-41 and mesoporous MFI type zeolite were applied to the catalytic cracking of oil fractions using the pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Mesoporous MFI type zeolite showed better textural porosity than Al-MCM-41. In addition, mesoporous MFI type zeolite had strong Brönsted acidity while Al-MCM-41 had weak acidity. Significant amount of acid components in the food waste oil fractions were converted to mainly oxygenates and aromatics. As a result of its well-defined nanopores and strong acidity, the use of a mesoporous MFI type zeolite produced large amounts of gaseous and aromatic compounds. High yields of hydrocarbons within the gasoline range were also obtained in the case of mesoporous MFI type zeolite, whereas the use of Al-MCM-41, which exhibits relatively weak acidity, resulted in high yields of oxygenates and diesel range hydrocarbons.

Catalytic upgrading of oil fractions separated from food waste leachate

In this work, catalytic cracking of biomass waste oil fractions separated from food waste leachate was performed using microporous catalysts, such as HY, HZSM-5 and mesoporous Al-MCM-48. The experiments were carried out using pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to allow the direct analysis of the pyrolytic products. Most acidic components, especially oleic acid, contained in the food waste oil fractions were converted to valuable products, such as oxygenates, hydrocarbons and aromatics. High yields of hydrocarbons within the gasoline-range were obtained when microporous catalysts were used; whereas, the use of Al-MCM-48, which exhibits relatively weak acidity, resulted in high yields of oxygenated and diesel-range hydrocarbons. The HZSM-5 catalyst produced a higher amount of valuable mono aromatics due to its strong acidity and shape selectivity. Especially, the addition of gallium (Ga) to HZSM-5 significantly increased the aromatics content.

Kinetic study of hydroxide-catalyzed methanolysis of Jatropha curcas–waste food oil mixture for biodiesel production

Hydroxide-catalyzed methanolysis kinetic reaction model that considers the side effects of saponification of glycerides, esters and free fatty acids (FFAs) was proposed. Methanolysis of a mixture of Jatropha curcas–waste food oil that contains 1%wt FFAs under reaction temperature 50°C, mixing speed 900rpm, methanol to oil molar ratio 6:1 and KOH to oil mass ratio 1%wt, was accurately and completely described by the kinetic reaction model. Simulation and experiment results showed that the FFAs were neutralized by the hydroxide ion, resulting in production of water and more soap. This was undesired side reaction because it consumed more catalyst to achieve the same reaction rate. However, 1%wt FFAs content in the oil mixture and 2h reaction time of methanolysis produced biodiesel with 97.1%wt purity.

刈谷・知立市における廃棄物系バイオマス利用を考慮したごみ処理のインベントリ分析

Object. Environmental impact of waste processing including bio-waste recycling of Kariya and Chiryu cities, Aichi-prefecture was quantitatively analyzed by LCA procedure to propose the future waste management. In this study, the system boundary covers the generation, collection, treatment, recycling and landfill of municipal solid waste. We employed three scenarios for future waste management to evaluate the amount of GHG emission and landfill. Scenario-1, 2, and 3 introduced waste food oil recycling to bio diesel fuel, kitchen garbage recycling to bio-ethanol, and combustible waste recycling to bio-gas, respectively.Results and Discussion. Brief outlin6e of each scenario is as follows; in the case of scenario-1 the amount of GHG emission somewhat decreases due to the use of bio diesel fuel, in the case of scenario-2 that of GHG emission is not decreased because the consumption of bio-ethanol is small quantity and the amount of incinerated ash is not decreased, and in the case of scenario-3 that of GHG emission decreases due to the use of bio-gas truck fuels and the introduction of bio-gas power generation, and that of incinerated ash is not decreased.Conclusions. It is thought that combination of scenario-1 and Scenario-3 is desirable for the future waste management of Kariya and Chiryu cities because bio-waste recycling is effective to reduce the GHG emission.

Life Cycle Assessment for Utilization System of BDF from Waste Food Oil in Kyoto City

Life Cycle Assessment for Utilization System of BDF from Waste Food Oil in Kyoto City