Food Sources Of Energy Research Articles

USDA Summer Meals Programs: Meeting the Nutritional Needs of Children

BackgroundAlthough research shows that children from households with low incomes have diet quality that is better during the school year vs the summer, very little research exists around the nutritional quality of summer meals available to children through the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) summer meals programs. ObjectiveThe objective was to examine the extent to which summer meals contributed to meeting the daily nutritional goals from the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) for 9- to 13-year-olds. The current study also analyzed the types of food offered and the top food sources of energy and nutrients in summer lunches. DesignThis cross-sectional study analyzed a nationally representative sample of summer meal sites participating in the Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) or the Seamless Summer Option (SSO). SettingWeekly lunch menus were obtained from 731 summer meal sites operating in the summer of 2018 (SFSP sites: n = 578; SSO sites: n = 153). Main outcome measuresOutcome measures included the most frequently offered foods in the major food groups. The energy and nutrient content of lunches offered were estimated and compared with the daily nutritional goals provided by the 2015–2020 DGAs for 9- to 13-year-olds. Statistical analyses performedMenu data were entered into USDA’s SurveyNet and linked to the USDA’s Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies 2015–2016. Foods were classified into major and minor food groups from the USDA’s School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study. The energy and nutrient values were compared with the daily nutritional goals provided by the DGAs for children ages 9 to 13 years. ResultsSummer lunches provided substantial contributions toward the daily goals for energy and nutrients for 9- to 13-year-olds. SSO programs provided significantly more vegetables than SFSP programs (P < 0.05) and contained significantly higher amounts of vitamins A (P < 0.05), C (P < 0.05), and iron (P < 0.05). Sodium amounts were below the daily limit for 9- to 13-year-olds across both program types. ConclusionsAlthough SSO lunches offered more vegetables than SFSP lunches, lunches served in both SSO and SFSP contributed substantially toward the daily goals for energy and nutrients.

Pseudomonas ability to utilize different carbon substrates and adaptation influenced by protozoan grazing

Bacteria are major utilizers of dissolved organic matter in aquatic systems. In coastal areas bacteria are supplied with a mixture of food sources, spanning from refractory terrestrial dissolved organic matter to labile marine autochthonous organic matter. Climate scenarios indicate that in northern coastal areas, the inflow of terrestrial organic matter will increase, and autochthonous production will decrease, thus bacteria will experience a change in the food source composition. How bacteria will cope with such changes is not known. Here, we tested the ability of an isolated bacterium from the northern Baltic Sea coast, Pseudomonas sp., to adapt to varying substrates.We performed a 7-months chemostat experiment, where three different substrates were provided: glucose, representing labile autochthonous organic carbon, sodium benzoate representing refractory organic matter, and acetate – a labile but low energy food source. Growth rate has been pointed out as a key factor for fast adaptation, and since protozoan grazers speed-up the growth rate we added a ciliate to half of the incubations. The results show that the isolated Pseudomonas is adapted to utilize both labile and ring-structured refractive substrates. The growth rate was the highest on the benzoate substrate, and the production increased over time indicating that adaptation did occur. Further, our findings indicate that predation can cause Pseudomonas to change their phenotype to resist and promote survival in various carbon substrates. Genome sequencing reveals different mutations in the genome of adapted populations compared to the native populations, suggesting the adaptation of Pseudomonas sp. to changing environment.

Food sources of energy and nutrients among US college students: The Health Starts Here cohort study

Objective: Identifying the food sources contributing most to total energy percentage, macronutrients, vitamin and mineral consumption among college freshmen, and whether sex played a role. Participants: First-year undergraduate students (N = 269). Methods: Diet was assessed using a DHQ-III and estimated with food source composition tables. Nutrient intakes were expressed as a percentage of total dietary intakes for each food category. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine the differences between the two sexes for each food category. Results: A significant proportion of energy and nutrients is contributed by certain food categories, such as grain products, meat, poultry, fish; however, other less desirable sources of energy and nutrient are also identified, including sugary and sports drinks. Among female students, a greater portion of nutritional intakes came from healthier choices. Conclusions: A majority of total energy intake comes from food categories that are energy-dense but also provide essential nutrients.

Analysis of differentiated regional dietary structures of adults aged 18-64 years in 15 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China in 2018

To analyze the status of energy and macronutrient intake among adults aged 18 to 64 years old in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) of China. A sample of 9481 adults aged 18-64 years from the data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2018 was analyzed. Three consecutive days of 24 h recalls combined with the weighing of household seasonings were used to collect information on food intake and condiment intake. Food consumption was converted into energy and various nutrient intakes by the China Food Composition Table. The median daily intakes of energy were 1942.28 kcal and 1951.14 kcal in urban and rural areas, 1796.94 kcal, 1972.89 kcal, 1989.61 kcal and 1908.98 kcal in northwest, southwest, southeast and northern regions, respectively. The energy supply ratio of protein and fat were 13.61% and 35.85%, respectively, higher than 12.31% and 34.45% in rural areas, while the energy supply ratio of carbohydrates in urban(49.62%) was lower than that in rural areas(52.18%). The energy supply ratios of fat in the southwest and southeast regions were 38.90% and 36.80%, respectively, while the energy supply ratios of carbohydrates were 47.70% and 47.93%. The main food sources of energy, protein, and fat are different in different regions. The percentage of energy, protein, and fat from animal foods decreased with increasing age groups. The adults with low-income levels had a high intake of carbohydrates but a low intake of protein, and the adults with high-income levels had high proportions of energy, protein and fat from animal food sources. The total energy intakes of residents in different regions are relatively ideal, but the dietary structures are still unreasonable, and the energy supply ratios of fat are relatively high, especially in the southwest and southeast regions. The intake and food sources of the three macronutrients are varied in different regions and urban and rural areas. Age and income level affect the food choices of residents.

Feeding trial evaluation of supplemental sodium and calcium use by pigeons

AbstractThe Pacific Coast band‐tailed pigeon's (Patagioenas fasciata monilis) conspicuous and well documented use of supplemental minerals has allowed wildlife managers to conduct counts of pigeons at sites with minerals to index their abundance; but despite at least 9 associated peer‐reviewed research publications since 1998, the reason that band‐tailed pigeons use mineral sites and necessity of that use remains unknown. I conducted feeding trials with pigeons during summers of 2009 and 2010 to evaluate maintenance and reproductive performance associated with access to supplemental minerals: one with 24 pairs of wild‐caught band‐tailed pigeons, and one with 30 pairs of wild‐caught rock pigeons (Columba livia). Data indicate that red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa var. arborescens) and cascara (Rhamnus purshiana) berries (natural food items) are high energy food sources for band‐tailed pigeons, and that band‐tailed pigeons can thrive on these berries without access to supplemental sodium and calcium. However, access to supplemental sodium could offer band‐tailed pigeons advantages in body weight maintenance or gain when consuming a diet low in sodium and high in potassium. Band‐tailed pigeons did not nest in this study; thus, it remains unknown if there are benefits to reproductive performance from access to supplemental minerals. Rock pigeons with access to supplemental sodium fledged ≥33% more young than those pigeons without access to supplemental sodium, and this was primarily associated with the increased number of clutches and increased fledging rate. Also, fledgling mass was greater ( ± SE = 35.5 ± 7.9 g, 95% CI = 19.3–51.8) for rock pigeons with access to supplemental sodium at fledging in 2010, but the difference was not statistically significant in 2009 (5.9 ± 22.9, 95% CI = − 43.2–55.0) possibly because of the nutritionally limited diet that year. Access to supplemental sodium could offer band‐tailed pigeons advantages in fecundity and hatchling survival rates (recruitment) through increased efficiency in food conversion. Natural mineral sites used by band‐tailed pigeons should be conserved until additional information is available for evaluation. Also, comparison of counts of band‐tailed pigeons at mineral sites over time and among sites must be interpreted cautiously until the factors (e.g., diet, weather, accessibility, supplemental mineral concentration, etc.) that influence the proportion of the local band‐tailed pigeon population that uses mineral sites can be determined.

Edukasi Pedoman Isi Piringku Pada Anak Sekolah dalam upaya meningkatkan Pengetahuan Gizi Seimbang Pada Siswa Kelas 4, 5 dan 6 di SDN 005 Lubuk Baja Kota Batam

The Ministry of Health introduced the “Fill My Plate” program as a daily food guide to achieve good nutritional status. The concept of the contents of my plate visually shows the composition of the food on one plate for one meal. 50% of the contents of the plate in "fill my plate" consists of food sources of energy and builders. Objectives and Benefits of the activity to increase the knowledge of school children and teachers regarding the contents of my plate, increase public awareness in efforts to prevent obesity, as a training tool for nutrition students in providing nutrition and health education to the community. This activity was attended by school children in grades 4, 5 and 6 at SDN 005 Lubuk Baja. The result of this outreach activity is an increase in school children's knowledge regarding balanced nutrition. It is hoped that after counseling children will be able to eat balanced nutritional foods appropriately and adequately so that children can grow normally and not be obese.

Occurrence of Colletotrichum musicola causing anthracnose on Manihot esculenta.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is one of the main food sources of energy in developing countries owing to its starch-rich roots (Pinweha et al., 2015). Anthracnose is considered the most destructive disease of the aerial part of this crop (Bragança et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2019), and it is caused by species such as Colletotrichum plurivorum, C. karstii, C. fructicola, C. siamense (Liu et al., 2019), and C. theobromicola (Oliveira et al, 2016). In 2019, leaves with irregular necrotic spots, typical symptoms of anthracnose, were collected in Pará, Brazil. Commercial sampled fields showed 20% of incidence of anthracnose. Colletotrichum strains were isolated and cultured on potato dextrose agar at 25 ºC with a 12-h light photoperiod from surface-disinfected (70% alcohol and 1% sodium hypochlorite) lesion transition area. Five of the obtained isolates exhibited brown colonies on the upper and lower surfaces. Conidia were hyaline, cylindrical and aseptate, 12.82-15.23 μm × 3.52-5.25 μm in size. These phenotypic characters were similar to those belonging to C. orchidearum sensu lato (Damm et al. 2019). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-tubulin (TUB2), chitin synthase 1(CHS-1), and histone HIS3 partial gene were amplified and sequenced for one representative isolate (UFT/Coll89). Sequences were deposited in GenBank [Accession numbers: MT396235 (GAPDH), MT800856 (TUB2), MT800870 (CHS-1), and MT856672 (HIS3)]. BLASTn searches of CHS-1 and HIS3 sequences showed 100% identity to C. musicola. Maximum Likelihood Phylogenetic analysis, including previously published sequences of closely related species, placed the isolate from Cassava in the C. musicola clade with 100% support, and confidently it assigned to this species. Pathogenicity was proven with inoculations by spraying a conidial suspension (106 conida mL-1) on 3-month-old cassava plants (three unwounded leaves per plant). The plants were placed in a humid chamber at 25 °C for 48h, and a 12-h photoperiod. The negative control was represented by plants inoculated with sterile distilled water. The experiment was repeated twice. The same symptoms observed in the field were reproduced only in inoculated leaves, from which the pathogen was reisolated lesions fulfilling Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on the negative control. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. musicola joining a group of new and emergent species of Colletotrichum causing anthracnose in cassava producing regions around the world. The identification of this species causing cassava anthracnose is crucial to improve the disease control strategies and resistance breeding programs.

Formulation of stick laor (Eunice viridis) as an alternative food supplement for toddlers in stunting prevention

Adequate nutrition is needed as the basic capital of the child's growth and development process, especially protein. The occurrence of malnutrition conditions will affect the achievement of perfect growth. Based on this phenomenon, it is necessary to fulfill nutritional needs, especially the consumption of foods rich in energy and protein as well as micronutrients. Local food sources of energy and protein produced from Maluku Province are enbal, laor and moringa leaves. Laor (Eunice viridis) contains 29.8% protein, contains essential and non-essential amino acids, 229.26 mg calcium, 2.439 mg zinc and 3.149 mg iron per 100 grams of laor flour. The purpose of this study was to analyze the Physicochemical and sensory evaluation of stick laor (eunice viridis) as an alternative food supplement for toddlers in stunting prevention. The research method used in the first year of research was a RAL experimental design (Completely Randomized Design) which consisted of four treatments, namely the difference in comparison with the use of 5% laor flour was coded F1, for the use of 10% laor flour was coded F2 and the use of 15% laor flour coded F3. The variables measured were levels of protein, fat, carbohydrates, energy, zinc, Fe, calcium. Organoleptic test for taste, aroma, color and texture. The results showed that the highest content of energy, protein, fat, calcium, iron and zinc was F3, F2 had the best acceptability in terms of color, taste, aroma and texture. Sticks Laor increase the intake of energy, protein, and calcium for toddlers and increase serum calcium levels.&#x0D; Keywords: Sticks laor, food supplement, toddlers, stunting prevention

The Effectiveness of the Monitoring Card on the Motivation of Pregnant Women with Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in Monitoring Pregnancy Development in West Lombok Regency

Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is a condition in which a person's nutritional status is poor due to a lack of consumption of food sources of energy that contain macronutrients. The results of Basic Health Research 2013, showed that CED in pregnant women was 24.1%, decreased in 2018 by 17.3%, in West Lombok Regency in 2018, the prevalence of CED was 13.36%. , and increased in 2019 to 14.0%. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the monitoring card on the motivation of pregnant women with CED in monitoring pregnancy development in the West Lombok Regency. This study is a quasi-experimental study with a total sample of 52 people, which were divided into an intervention group and a control group. The data collected were in the form of pregnancy development monitoring data, pre-test and post-test data on the motivation of pregnant women. The results of the Independent T-test statistic in the pre-test showed that there was no difference in the mean motivation of pregnant women with CED (p-value: 0.828; p &gt; 0.05). While the post-test results obtained a P-value: 0.001 it can be concluded that there is a difference in the average motivation score between CED pregnant women who are given a monitoring card and CED pregnant women with the MCH Handbook. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the monitoring card is effective in increasing the motivation of pregnant women with CED in monitoring the progress of the pregnancy.

Current perspectives on the Nutrient composition and health benefits of yams (Discorea species)

Yams (Discorea spp) are food security crops which serve as invaluable food sources of energy, micronutrients and phytochemicals with numerous health benefits. They show a lot of genetic and compositional diversity. New biologically active compounds are being identified from wild yams. This review focuses on the nutrients, and phytochemicals found in yam species and their health benefits. The B group of vitamins, vitamin C, pro-vitamin A; copper; manganese; isoflavones; steroidal saponins; alkaloids; terpenes; and anthocyanidins are found in different species of yams. Wild yams such as Discorea villosa and Discorea hispida are used in ethnomedicine because of their phytochemical content. Diosgenin, dioscorin, dioscin dihydrodiscorine protodioscin, methyprotodioscin, prosapogenin, epifzelechin, glucopyranoside, phytoestrogen and allantoin are bioactive phytochemicals that may be found in yams. They are valuable as anti-cancer, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-ageing lipid lowering and hepatoprotective agents. Other claims based on traditional uses of yams have not been scientifically substantiated. Dioscorea species are likely to contain other unidentified secondary metabolites. Discorea species with other health promoting bioactive compounds should be identified; modern techniques should be used to extract yet unidentified compounds in Discorea and the food use and health benefits of yam species should be optimized.

Does the age, income and food expenditure of pregnant have an impact on the incidence of chronic energy deficiency

Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is the poor nutritional status of a person is caused by the lack of consumption of food sources of energy that contain macronutrients that lasts long or years. CED in pregnant women will cause problems for both mother and fetus. There are several factors that can cause CED in pregnant women including age, family income, food expenditure, etc. This study aims to determine the relationship age, family income, and food expenditure with CED in pregnant women in Makassar city on 2020. This study was conducted on 104 people. To detect CED in pregnant women by measuring the mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) using MUAC ribbon. Age, family income, and food expenditure are measured using questionnaires of modification from national social economic survey on 2017, and univariate analyses and bivariates using SPSS 24. The results of the study showed the relation of age with CED in pregnant women obtained significant value (p value = 0,305), relation of family income with CED in pregnant women obtained significant value (p value = 0,270), and relation of food expenditure with CED in pregnant women obtained significant value (p value = 0,452). There aren’t relationship age, family income, and food expenditure with CED in pregnant women in Makassar city on 2020.

Energy and macronutrient intakes of employees at different levels of work intensity in China from 2010 to 2012

To analyze the intake of energy and macronutrients of employees at different levels of work intensity in China. Based on the data of National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012, this paper analyzed the energy and macro nutrients intakes of employees at three levels of working strength. The energy intake of employees in China was 1952. 7 kcal/d, the intakes of protein, fat and carbohydrate were 62. 7 g/d, 76. 6 g/d and 254. 0 g/d, respectively, the energy supply ratios were 13. 1%, 34. 9% and 52. 4%, respectively. From food sources of energy, the percentage of total energy provided by cereals and animal foods was 47. 7% and 18. 2%, respectively. The percentage of protein from cereal, legumes and Animal food was 39. 8%, 6. 7% and 37. 5%, respectively. The percentage of fat from animal food was 34. 8%. From the age and work intensity groups, the energy intake was lower in the low age group and the light work intensity of employees. There was the lowest intake of protein and fats in high age groups with heavy work intensity. Energy levels form protein and fat were highest in the light intensity group. Energy supply from cereal food was the highest in the group with heavy work intensity and energy supply from animal food was the highest in the group with low age group and light work intensity. The intake of high quality protein and animal food fat decreased with the increase of age and work intensity. The energy intake of employees in China is lower than the recommended energy intake for Chinese residents, and fat provides a higher proportion of energy. Employees with high age and heavy work intensity have insufficient protein intake, and the unreasonable dietary structure was particularly prominent with them, and their nutritional status needs to be paid more attention.

Contribution of food groups to energy, grams and nutrients-to-limit: the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health/Estudio Latino Americano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS).

To quantify the energy, nutrients-to-limit and total gram amount consumed and identify their top food sources consumed by Latin Americans. Data from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS). ELANS is a cross-sectional study representative of eight Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Two 24-h dietary recalls on non-consecutive days were used to estimate usual dietary intake of 9218 participants with ages between 15-65 years. 'What We Eat in America' food classification system developed by United States Department of Agriculture was adapted and used to classify all food items consumed by the ELANS population. Food sources of energy, added sugars, SFA, Na and total gram amount consumed were identified and ranked based on percentage of contribution to intake of total amount. Three-highest ranked food categories of total energy consumed were: rice (10·3%), yeast breads (6·9%), and turnovers and other grain-based items (6·8 %). Highest ranked food sources of total gram amount consumed were fruit drinks (9·6%), other 100% juice (9·3%) and rice (8·3%). Three highest ranked sources for added sugars were other 100% juice (24·1 %), fruit drinks (16·5%), and sugar and honey (12·4%). SFA ranked foods were turnovers and other grain-based (12·6 %), cheese (11·9%), and pizza (10·3%). Three top sources of Na were rice (13·9%), soups (9·1 %) and rice mixed dishes (7·3 %). Identification of top sources of energy and nutrients-to-limit among Latin Americans is critical for designing strategies to help them meet nutrient recommendations within energy needs.

PENGARUH KEBIASAAN KONSUMSI ENERGI, PROTEIN, DAN SENG TERHADAP KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA ANAK USIA SEKOLAH DASAR DI DESA TANJUNG LANGKAT KECAMATAN SALAPIAN KABUPATEN LANGKAT TAHUN 2018

Stunting is one form of nutritional abnormalities in terms of body size characterized by a short body condition to exceed the -2SD deficit below the WHO standard. The result of Riskesdas in North Sumatra found that the prevalence of stands for province by 2013 was 42.5%, which means an increase of 0.2% from the state of 2010 (42.3%). The prevalence of stunting in Kabupaten Langkat is quite high (54.7%). This study aims to determine the effect of consumption habits of energy sources, protein, and zinc to the incidence of stunting in school-aged children in Tanjung Langkat Village Kecamatan Salapian Kabupaten Langkat. &#x0D; This research is an observational analytic research with case control design. The number of research samples were 29 cases and 29 controls selected using stratified random sampling method. Data of energy consumption habits, protein, and zinc was done by interview using 24 hour food recall form and form food frequency and stunting data obtained from measurement of body height by using microtoise which processed by using Software WHO Anthroplus. Data analysis was done by univariante analysis, bivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis by using chi- square test and logistic regression test. &#x0D; The result of the analysis showed that there were three variables that had significant relation on the stunting event, energy consumption habits (p=0.036; OR=3.109), protein consumption habits (p=0.035; OR=3.148) and zinc consumption habits (p=0.002; OR=5,971). The most dominant factor influencing the stunting event is the consumption habit of zinc source with Exp. (B)=5.737. &#x0D; It is advisable to improve the provision of information and understanding to children and parents about the importance of consuming food sources of energy, protein, and zinc as well as expected to parents to pay attention and familiarize children consuming diverse types of food and suggested to the school to cooperate with puskesmas provide counseling related to the consumption of balanced nutritious foods, especially those that play a role in the growth of children.

Related Factors With The Event Of Less Chronic Energy In Pregnant Women

Chronic energy deficiency (KEK) is a state of malnutrition in unfavorable conditions. The need for pregnant women will increase from the usual exchange of almost all very active loads, especially in the third trimester. Therefore, an increase in the amount of food consumption needs to be increased, especially the consumption of food sources of energy to meet all the needs of the mother &amp; fetus, so if a little consumption will cause malnutrition or usually called KEK. The research objective was to determine the factors associated with the less chronic incidence in pregnant women. This research is a quantitative study, conducted with a descriptive-analytic, using a cross-sectional study approach. Cross-section design. The research sample was 44 respondents with Fisher's test. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between knowledge and the incidence of KEK in pregnant women using Fisher's test, the p-value is 0.004 (p &lt;0.05). , 05), there is no relationship between parity and SEZ occurrence using Fisher's test, the p-value is obtained at 0.533 (p&gt; 0.05). The conclusion in this study is that there is a relationship between knowledge and economic level with the incidence of KEK, there is no relationship between parity and the incidence of KEK in pregnant women. Suggestions for research to further expand the research sample not only to focus on pregnant women, but researchers can also examine adolescents and also pregnant women who experience chronic energy deficiency add research variables such as those that have not been researched, namely factors from disease infections and sources of disease. related to the incidence of KEK, Increasing the research period, with a longer period and it is hoped that more accurate and unusual research results can be obtained.

Grain Products Are a Top Source of Energy and Nutrients among Nova Scotian Adults Following a Gluten-Free Diet.

To determine the food sources of energy and 13 core nutrients, 89 diet recalls were analyzed from an explanatory mixed-methods pilot study with adults following a gluten-free diet (GFD) for any reason. Nonconsecutive dietary recalls were collected through a web-based, Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour (ASA24®-Canada-2016) Tool. Mean nutrient intakes were compared with Dietary Reference Intakes. Food items (excluding supplements) were extracted and categorized according to the Bureau of Nutritional Sciences Food Group Codes. Percentages of total dietary intakes from food sources were ranked. Grain products were the highest ranked contributor of energy (21.4%), carbohydrate (30.3%), fibre (29.1%), and iron (35.3%). Breakfast cereals, hot cereals, yeast breads, and mixed grain dishes (mainly rice or pasta-based) were the most important nutrient contributors for grains, despite most (64.3%) commercial cereals and breads being unenriched. Legumes and seeds were not frequently consumed. Nutrient density in the GFD could be improved with more emphasis on gluten-free (GF) whole grains, legumes, seeds, and enriched breads and cereals. More research is needed on the nutrient composition of GF foods to identify food sources of folate, other B vitamins, zinc and magnesium-nutrients of concern for those requiring a GFD.

Food sources of energy and nutrients among Canadian adults following a gluten-free diet.

BackgroundThe gluten-free diet (GFD) involves the elimination of wheat and related grains. Wheat is a key fortification vehicle for nutrients such as iron and B vitamins. While there is growing evidence of low nutrients intake and poor diet quality amongst people following long-term GFD, few studies have used a dietary pattern approach to analyse top food sources of nutrients in today’s complex food environment. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify food sources of energy and nutrients from previously collected diet records of adults following a GFD.MethodsThree, 3-day food records were collected from 35 participants in a lifestyle intervention study (n = 240 records). All food items were categorised according to the Bureau of Nutritional Sciences Food Group Codes. Percentages of total dietary intakes from food groups were ranked.ResultsMean intakes of dietary fibre, calcium and iron (females) were lower than recommended, with half the sample consuming below the recommended proportion of energy as carbohydrate. Meat, poultry and fish were the top source of energy (19.5%) in the diet. Gluten-free (GF) grain products were the top source of carbohydrate, fibre and iron and second greatest source of energy. Amongst grains, breakfast/hot cereals, yeast breads, and mixed grain dishes were the greatest nutrient contributors, despite most commercial cereals and breads (65%) being unenriched. Legumes were not frequently consumed.ConclusionsGF grains were the top food source of carbohydrate, fibre and iron, despite few brands being enriched or fortified. It is a challenge to assess and monitor nutrient intakes on GFD due to the lack of nutrient composition data for B vitamins and minerals (other than iron). Dietary planning guidance for the appropriate replacement of nutrients provided by wheat is warranted.

P101 Comparison of Food Sources of Energy Among Adults that Skip Versus Consume Breakfast

<h3>Background</h3> Breakfast consumption is associated with lower rates of chronic disease and higher intakes of vitamins and minerals, including calcium, folic acid, and zinc. Skipping breakfast may further pose a threat to diet quality, which may result in less desirable food choices later in the day. Previously, breakfast consumption in children was examined, yet less is known regarding adults. <h3>Objective</h3> To examine the proportional contribution of food sources to energy intake for adults who skipped vs ate breakfast. <h3>Study Design, Setting, Participants</h3> This cross-sectional study used data from 31,514 adults, aged 18 years+, from the 2005-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were categorized according to whether they skipped (n = 4,993) or ate (n = 26,521) breakfast on the recorded day of intake. <h3>Measurable Outcome/Analysis</h3> Dietary intakes were assessed by a 24-hour dietary recall and meal occasions were self-designated by participants. Food sources were categorized into What We Eat in America Food Categories. Sums of energy were aggregated and used to determine the proportions of energy from each food source for the total day as well as during breakfast and snacks. <h3>Results</h3> Adults who skipped breakfast consumed greater proportions of total energy from mixed dishes, sweetened-beverages, alcoholic beverages, and sandwiches, and less energy from breads, plant-proteins, milk, fruit, and eggs than those who ate breakfast. Breakfast energy mainly came from breads, eggs, and milk. Snack energy came from sweetened-beverages, alcoholic beverages, sweets, and savory snack-foods for those who skipped breakfast. For adults who ate breakfast, it came from sweets, alcoholic beverages, and savory foods; however, they also consumed more plant-proteins and fruit than those who skipped breakfast. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Making 1 poor nutritional decision, such as skipping breakfast, likely leads to other poor nutritional decisions throughout the day. Educational efforts should address breakfast's role in promoting nutritional adequacy and improving overall diet quality.

Dietary pattern recognition on Twitter: a case example of before, during, and after four natural disasters

Little is known about what foods/beverages (F&B) are common during natural disasters. The goal of this study was to track high-frequency F&B mentions during four hurricanes affecting the coast of South Carolina for quantifying dietary patterns in Twitter. A listing of common F&B (n = 173) was created from the top food sources of energy, fat, protein, and carbohydrate in the USA. A sampling of > 500,000 tweets containing hashtag names (e.g., #HurricaneFlorence) or actual names (e.g., “Hurricane Florence”) of the four hurricanes was collected using Crimson Hexagon. ANOVA was used to examine differences in number of mentions in each food group pre- (6 days before), during (48 h of the hurricane), and post-hurricane (6 days after). Descriptive statistics were used to examine the most frequently mentioned F&B (threshold defined as ≥ 4 mentions/day for each F&B item or 10% of the foods mentioned) and whether F&B were top sources of energy/macronutrients. More than 5000 mentions of F&B were collected in our sample. Grains were the most frequently mentioned food group pre-hurricane, and dairy was most frequently mentioned during the hurricanes. The top five most commonly mentioned F&B overall were milk (n = 517), pizza (n = 511), turkey (n = 425), oranges (n = 384), and waffles (n = 346). Foods mentioned were commonly energy and protein dense. Five foods (pizza, waffles, milk, rolls, and bread) were categorized as a top contributor across energy and all three macronutrients. Social media may be a unique way to detect dietary patterns and help inform public health social media campaigns to advise people about stocking up on healthy, non-perishable foods ahead of natural disasters.

Food Sources and Nutrient Intakes of Filipino Working Adults.

Nutrition is an integral part of economic development, since it influences workers’ health and productivity. This study evaluated the usual nutrient intakes and food sources of working adults. We conducted a cross-sectional survey that involved 1264 selected working adults aged 19 to 59 years old from randomly selected job sectors. Quantitative dietary data was collected by a 2-day, non-consecutive 24 h recall, while a dietary diversity questionnaire was used to assess the types and frequency of foods consumed. Physical activity was measured using the World Health Organization global physical assessment questionnaire. The prevalence of inadequate intakes, defined as the percentage of adults with intakes less than the estimated average requirements (EAR) or acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) were estimated using the PC—Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE) program. The mean daily energy intake of working adults was 1768 kcal/day or 74% of the Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) for this age group. The percentage contribution to the total energy of fats (58%) and proteins (34%) were excessively high. Consumption of fruits and vegetables was only 30% and 40% of the recommended nutrient intake, respectively. Salt intake was 52% above the adequate intake. Nutrient inadequacy was high in almost all nutrients, including iron (99%), folate (97.9%), riboflavin (95.8%), calcium (94.7%), vitamin C (87.3%), and thiamin (76.6%). The top five food sources of energy included rice (35.6%), pork (15.1%), fats and oils (4.7%), chicken (4.4%), and bread (3.8%). Energy and nutrient intakes of working adults is extremely sub-optimal due to the consumption of few nutrient-dense foods. This may pose a triple burden of malnutrition if left unsolved.